Acknowledgement

Its a general phenomenon that any technical education is incomplete without a formal exposure to the real world industry and the related field of work and being a part of a technical program the same held true for us. RELIANCE COMMUNICATION, the major earthshaking technical venture by one of the biggest business houses of India THE RELIANCE GROUP was the ideal place that a student would like to be exposed in order to get firsthand experience of the corporate world and to understand the physical implementations of world class technologies in the real world scenario. At the outlet I would like to extend my sincere thanks &gratitude to MR. Bhavi Meena sir ,State coordinator-ADA Group, Rajasthan to give me an opportunity to do my project in a highly reputed company. He has nurtured my talent and enhanced my knowledge to a great extent.

I am very grateful & thankful to Mr. Rajendra Gautam sir, for their valuable guidance & consistent support. Through this column, it would be our utmost pleasure to express our warm thanks to them for their encouragement, co-operation and consent without which we mightnt be able to accomplish this TRAINING. It gives us immense pleasure in submitting this REPORT on Reliance mobile and data communication. Lastly thanks to all our team who helped in procurement of our goal.

Preface
The GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally GroupeSpcial Mobile), is a standard set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe technologies for second generation (or "2G") digital cellular networks. Developed as a replacement for first generationanalog cellular networks, the GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony. The standard was expanded over time to include first circuit switched data transport, then packet data transport via GPRS. Packet data transmission speeds were later increased via EDGE. The GSM standard is succeeded by the third generation (or "3G") UMTS standard developed by the 3GPP. GSM networks will evolve further as they begin to incorporate fourth generation (or "4G") LTE Advanced standards. "GSM" is a trademark owned by the GSM Association. The GSM Association estimates that technologies defined in the GSM standard serve 80% of the global mobile market, encompassing more than 1.5 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories, making GSM the most ubiquitous of the many standards for cellular networks. The ubiquity of implementation of GSM standard has been an advantage to doth consumers, who may benefit from the ability to roam and switch carrier without replacing phones, and also to network operators, who can choose equipment from many GSM equipment vendors. GSM also pioneered low-cost implementation of the short message service (SMS), also called text message, which since been supported on other mobile phone standards as well. The standard includes a worldwide emergency telephone number feature (112).

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr.no Topic 1. About Reliance 2. GSM Introduction 3. GSM Architecture 4. Channels * Logical Channels * Traffic Channels * Control Channels * Cell Broadcast Channels GSM Interfacing * The Radio Interfacing (MS to BTS) * Abis Interfacing (BTS to BSC) * A Interface(BSC to MSC) * Interfaces between GSM Entities 6. Call Flow * Introduction * Mobile Station Initialization * Request For Service * Authentication, Authorization and Security * IMSI Attach and Detach * Location Update and Periodic Registration * Outgoing voice call * Incoming voice call * SMS and Special Services 7. Call Handover 5.

1. INTRODUCTION TO RELIANCE TELECOMM.

Infocomm is the synergy of information and communication services brought about by the digitalization and convergence. In the fast moving and competitive knowledge era telecommunication is not only a driver of growth but also competitiveness. Reliance telecommuncation is revolutionizing telecommunication in India by provisioning services that would match with the leading operators of the most developed countries. These services are the outcome of state-of-the-art network technologies that have been inducted in the Reliance telecommunication network. The network consists of the latest switching, transmission and access technologies. The core of the network consists of fiber deployed throughout the country. Deployed over the fiber media are the DWDM and SDH transmission technologies in ring topology to provide ultra-high bandwidth capacity and failure proof backbone. Besides circuit switched technologies, the backbone also has IP architecture and uses MPLS technology to carry data on an overlay network. In addition gigabit Ethernet will provide broadband services on wire line access.

Fig. Hierarchy of Services Telecommunication networks are the infrastructure for provisioning telecommunication services. The Reliance telecommunication network consists of 70,000 kilometers of optical fiber cables spanning the length

and breadth of India. These cables can carry thousands of billions of bits per second and can instantly connect one part of the country with another. This physical network and its associated infrastructure will cover over 600 cities and towns in 18 of the country's 21 circles, 229 of the nations 323 Long Distance Charging Areas (LDCAs) and broadband connectivity to over 190 cities. This infrastructure will be backed by state-of-the-art information management systems and a customer-focused organization. An interesting aspect of the network is the manner in which these fibers are interconnected and deployed. Reliance's architecture is so fault-tolerant that the chances of failure are virtually nil. Reliance's ring and mesh architecture topology is the most expensive component to implement, but assures the highest quality of uninterrupted service, even in the event of failure or breakage in any segment of the network. Reliance has 77 such rings across the country with at least three alternative paths available in metros. Connected on this topology, the service has virtually no chance of disruption in quality performance. Access networks determine the services that can finally be delivered to customer. The network has wire line access technologies based on fiber as well as copper. Fiber in the access network makes broadband services easy to deploy. The wireless access network deployed for CDMA 1X is spectrum efficient and provides better quality of voice than other networks and higher data rates. CDMA 1X also provides an up gradation path to future enhancements. Through the term broadband connotes relative access speeds, it now generally refers to access speeds of 1.5 Mbps and higher. As content on the Internet and intranet becomes multimedia, broadband technologies are important for accessing the content and to provide video based corporate services. Reliance telecommunication has extended fiber in its access network. This gives the network a capacity to have very high access speeds. Reliance has deployed broadband based on gigabit Ethernet. This will enable Reliance to provision broadband services of high quality and performance.

Mobile Telephony
The impact of mobile technologies has been immense. Mobile communication is now viewed as a necessity and is one of the fastest growing and most demanding technologies. Mobile systems have evolved over time. When discussing different developments we speak of system generations.

First generation (1G) systems were analog with reasonably reliable networks but limited service offerings and did not permit roaming between networks. Second generation (2G) mobile systems are digital and bring significant advantages in terms of service sophistication, capacity and quality. GSM is a 2G technology. The increasing demand for wireless access to the Internet has led to further developments within 2G systems. Thus we speak of 2.5G systems. General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) is an example of a 2.5G technology and is a standardized packet switched technology enabling mobile use of the Internet. Other standard and optional features of digital mobile networks have appeared over time including Intelligent Network (IN) features, mobile positioning features, SMS (Short Message Service) and developments in signaling and network management software. Since there are several 2G systems using incompatible radio technologies, on different frequency spectra, they cannot capture a real worldwide mass-market in the long-term. These factors have led to the concept of third generation (3G) systems which will allow communication, information and entertainment services to be delivered via wireless terminals. The foundation for these services has already been laid in 2G systems, but in order to support such services we need higher capacity on the radio links as well as compatibility between systems in order to provide seamless access worldwide. An example of a 3G system is Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS).

2.What is GSM?
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally GroupeSpcial Mobile), is a standard set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe technologies for second generation (or "2G") digital cellular networks. It is based on multiple radio cells (cellular mobile phone network). Developed as a replacement for first generation analog cellular networks, the GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony.

The standard was expanded over time to include first circuit switched data transport, then packet data transport via GPRS. Packet data transmission speeds were later increased via EDGE. "GSM" is a trademark owned by the GSM Association which estimates that technologies defined in the GSM standard serve 80% of the global mobile market, encompassing more than 1.5 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories, making GSM the most ubiquitous of the many standards for cellular networks. GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM networkmacro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen metres; they are mainly used indoors. Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business environments and connect to the service providers network via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells. Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain and propagation conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several tens of kilometers. The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is 35 kilometers. There are also several implementations of the concept of an extended cell, where the cell radius could be double or even more, depending on the antenna system, the type of terrain and the timing advance.

Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using an indoor picocell base station, or an indoor repeater with distributed indoor antennas fed through power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from an antenna outdoors to the separate indoor distributed antenna system.

3.GSM Architecture
The GSM network is divided into two systems. Each system comprises a number of functional units or individual components of the mobile network. The two systems are:

In addition, as with all telecommunications networks, GSM networks are operated, maintained and managed from computerized centers. System Model

Abbreviations:

Center

The SS is responsible for performing call processing and subscriber related functions. It includes the following functional units:

The BSS performs all the radio-related functions. The BSS is comprised of the following functional units:

The OMC performs all the operation and maintenance tasks for the network such as monitoring networktraffic and network alarms. The OMC has access to both the SS and the BSS.

Mobile services Switching Center (MSC)

The MSC performs the telephony switching functions for the mobile network. It controls calls to and from other telephony and data systems, such as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), public data networks, private networks and other mobile networks. Gateway Functionality Gateway functionality enables an MSC to interrogate a network's HLR in order to route a call to a Mobile Station (MS). Such an MSC is called a Gateway MSC (GMSC). For example, if a person connected to the PSTN wants to make a call to a GSM mobile subscriber, then the PSTN exchange will access the GSM network by first connecting the call to a GMSC. The same is true of a call from an MS to another MS. Any MSC in the mobile network can function as a gateway by integration of the appropriate software.

Home Location Register (HLR)

The HLR is a centralized network database that stores and manages all mobile subscriptions

belonging to a specific operator. It acts as a permanent store for a person's subscription information until that subscription is canceled. The information stored includes:

information The HLR can be implemented in the same network node as the MSC or as a stand-alone database. If the capacity of the HLR is exceeded, additional HLRs may be added.

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

The VLR database contains information about all the mobile subscribers currently located in an MSC service area. Thus, there is one VLR for each MSC in a network. The VLR temporarily stores subscription information so that the MSC can service all the subscribers currently visiting that MSC service area. The VLR can be regarded as a distributed HLR as it holds a copy of the HLR information stored about the subscriber. When a subscriber roams into a new MSC service area, the VLR connected to that MSC requests information about the subscriber from the subscriber's HLR. The HLR sends a copy of the information to the VLR and updates its own location information. When the subscriber makes a call, the VLR will already have the information required for call set-up.

Gateway MSC (GMSC)

The Gateway Mobile Switching Centre (GMSC) is a special kind of MSC that is used to route calls outside the mobile network. Whenever a call for a mobile subscriber comes from outside the mobile network or the subscriber wants to make a call to somebody outside the mobile network the call is routed through the GMSC. In practice, the GMSC is just a function that can be part of a MSC.

Authentication Center (AUC)

The main function of the AUC is to authenticate the subscribers attempting to use a network. In this way, it is used to protect network operators against fraud. The AUC is a database connected to the HLR which provides it with the authentication parameters and ciphering keys used to ensure network security.

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

The EIR is a database containing mobile equipment identity information which helps to block calls from stolen, unauthorized, or defective MSs. It should be noted that due to subscriberequipment separation in GSM, the barring of MS equipment does not result in automatic barring of a subscriber.

BASE STATION SYSTEM (BSS) COMPONENTS

Base Station Controller (BSC) The BSC manages all the radio-related functions of a GSM network. It is a high capacity switch that provides functions such as MS handover, radio channel assignment and the collection of cell configuration data. A number of BSCs may be controlled by each MSC. Base Transceiver Station (BTS) The BTS controls the radio interface to the MS. The BTS comprises the radio equipment such as transceivers and antennas which are needed to serve each cell in the network. A group of BTSs are controlled by a BSC.

NETWORK MONITORING CENTERS

Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC) An OMC is a computerized monitoring center which is connected to other network components such as MSCs and BSCs via X.25 data network links. In the OMC, staff are presented with information about the status of the network and can monitor and control a variety of system parameters. There may be one or several OMCs within a network depending on the network

size. Network Management Center (NMC) Centralized control of a network is done at a Network Management Center (NMC). Only one NMC is required for a network and this controls the subordinate OMCs. The advantage of this hierarchical approach is that staff at the NMC can concentrate on long term system-wide issues, whereas local personnel at each OMC can concentrate on short term, regional issues. OMC and NMC functionality can be combined in the same physical network node or implemented at different locations. MOBILE STATION (MS) An MS is used by a mobile subscriber to communicate with the mobile network. Several types of MSs exist, each allowing the subscriber to make and receive calls. Manufacturers of MSs offer a variety of designs and features to meet the needs of different markets. The range or coverage area of an MS depends on the output power of the MS. Different types of MSs have different output power capabilities and consequently different ranges. For example, handheld MSs have a lower output power and shorter range than car-installed MSs with a roof mounted antenna. Ranges for different types of MSs GSM MSs consist of: Identity Module (SIM) Unlike other standards, in GSM the subscriber is separated from the mobile terminal. Each subscriber's information is stored as a "smart card" SIM. The SIM can be plugged into any GSM mobile terminal. This brings the advantages of security and portability for subscribers. For example, subscriber A's mobile terminal may have been stolen. However, subscriber A's own SIM can be used in another person's mobile terminal and the calls will be charged to subscriber A.

4.PHYSICAL AND LOGICAL CHANNELS

GSM uses a variety of channels in which the data is carries. In GSM, these channels are separated into physical channel and logical channel. The physical channels are determined by the timeslot, whereas the logical channels are determined by the information carried within the physical channel. Each timeslot on a TDMA frame is called a physical channel. Therefore, there are 8 physical channels per carrier frequency in GSM. Physical channels can be used to transmit speech, data or signaling information. TDMA channel concept A physical channel may carry different messages, depending on the information that is to be sent. These messages are called logical channels.

LOGICAL CHANNELS
Many types of logical channels exists each designed to carry a different message to or from an MS. All information to and from an MS must be formatted correctly, so that the receiving device can understand the meaning of different bits in the message. For example in the burst used to carry traffic, some bits represent the speech or data itself, while others are used as a training sequence. There are several types of burst. The broadcast control channel (BCCH), which continually broadcasts, on the downlink, general information on the cell, including base station identity, frequency allocations, and frequencyhopping sequences. The information is transmitted within system information (SI) blocks, which can be of different types according to the information that is carried out. The frequency with which an SI is retransmitted on the BCCH varies with the type of information. The frequency control channel (FCCH), used by the MS to adjust its local oscillator (LO) to the BTS oscillator, in order to have a frequency synchronization between the MS and the BTS. The synchronization channel (SCH), used by the MS to synchronize in time with the BTS, and to identify the cell. As listed below, four channels comprise the common control channels (CCCH). Among these, the first three are used for the MS-initiated call or for call paging (notification of an incoming call toward the MS):

The random access channel (RACH) is used for the MS access requests to the network, for the establishment of a call, based on a slotted aloha method. The paging channel (PCH) is defined to inform the MS of an incoming call. The access grant channel (AGCH) is used to allocate some physical resource to a mobile for signaling, following a request on the RACH. The cell broadcast channel (CBCH) may be used to broadcast specific news to the mobiles of a cell. The dedicated control channels are: The stand-alone dedicated control channel (SDCCH), utilized for registration, authentication, call setup, and location updating. The slow associated control channel (SACCH), which carries signaling for the TCH or SDCCH with which it corresponds. The information that is transmitted on this channel concerns the radio link control (RLC), such as the power control on the corresponding TCH or SDCCH, or the time synchronization between the MS and the BTS. The fast associated control channel (FACCH), carries the signaling that must be sent by the network to the MS to notify that a handover is occurring. Several logical channels are mapped onto the physical channels. The organization of logical channels depends on the application and the direction of information flow (uplink/downlink or bidirectional). A logical channel can be either a traffic channel (TCH), which carries user data, or a signaling channel

5.GSM Interfaces
Um interface: The air or radio interface standard that is used for exchanges between a mobile (ME) and a base station(BTS/BSC). Abis interface: This is a BSS internal interface linking the BSC and a BTS, and it has not been totally

standardized. The Abis interface allows control of the radio equipment and radio frequency allocation in the BTS. A interface: The A interface is used to provide communication between the BSS and the MSC. The interface carries information to enable the channels, timeslots and the like to be allocated to the mobile equipments being serviced by the BSSs. The messaging required within the network to enable handover to be undertaken is carried over the interface. B interface: The B interface exists between the MSC and the VLR. It uses a protocol known as MAP/B protocol. As most VLRs are collocated with an MSC, this makes the interface purely an internalinterface. The interface is used whenever the MSC needs access to data regarding a MS located in its area. C interface: The C interface is located between the HLR and a GMSC or a SMS-G. When a call originates from outside the network, i.e. from the PSTN or another mobile network it has to pass through the gateway so that routing information required to complete the call may be gained. The protocol used for communication is MAP/C, the letter C indicating that the protocol is used for the Cinterface. In addition to this, the MSC may optionally forward billing information to the HLR after the call is completed and cleared down. D interface: The D interface is situated between the VLR and HLR. It uses the MAP/D protocol to exchange the data related to the location of the ME and to the management of the subscriber. E interface: The E interface provides communication between two MSCs. The interface exchanges data related to handover between the anchors and relay and relay MSCs using the MAP/E protocol. F interface: The F interface is used between an MSC and EIR. It uses the MAP/F protocol. The communications along this interface are used to confirm the status of IMEI of the ME gaining access to the network. G interface: The G interface interconnects two VLRs of different MSCs and uses the MAP/G protocol to transfer subscriber information, during e.g. a location update procedure.

H interface: The H interface exists between the MSC the SMS-G. IT transfers short messages and uses the MAP/H protocol. I interface:The I interface can be found between the MSC and the ME. Messages exchanged over the I interface are relayed transparently through the BSS.

5.GSM Cellular Architecture

Cell A cell is the basic unit of a cellular system and is defined as the area of radio coverage given by one BS antenna system. Each cell is assigned a unique number called Cell Global Identity (CGI). LOCATION AREA (LA) A Location Area (LA) is defined as a group of cells. Within the network a subscribers location is linked to the LA in which they are currently located. The identity of the current LA is stored in the VLR. When an MS crosses the boundary between two cells belonging to different LAs, it must report its new Location Area to the network1. If it crosses a cell boundary within a LA, it does not report its new cell location to the network. When there is a call for an MS, a paging message is broadcast within all the cells belonging to the relevant LA. MSC SERVICE AREA An MSC service area is made up of a number of LAs and represents the geographical part of the network controlled by one MSC. In order to be able to route a call to an MS, the subscriber's MSC service area is also recorded and monitored. The subscriber's MSC service area is stored in the HLR. MSC service area PLMN SERVICE AREA A Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) service area is the entire set of cells served by one network operator and is defined as the area in which an operator offers radio coverage and access to its network. In any one country there may be several PLMN service areas, one for each

mobile operator's network.

GSM FREQUENCY BANDS

Currently, there are several types of networks in the world using the GSM standard, but at different frequencies. -900 is the most common in Europe and the rest of the world. Its extension is E-GSM. -1800 operates in the 1,800-MHz band and is used mainly in Europe, usually to cover urban areas. It was also introduced to avoid saturation problems with the GSM900. -1900 is used primarily in North America. -850 is under development in America. -400 is intended for deployment in Scandinavian countries in the band previously used for the analog Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) system. The system is based on frequency-division duplex (FDD), which means that the uplink (radio link from the mobile to the network-that is, mobile transmit, base receive), and downlink (from the network to the mobile-that is, base transmit, mobile receive) are transmitted on different frequency bands. For instance, in the 900-MHz E-GSM band, the block 880-915 MHz is used for transmission from mobiles to network, and the block 925-960 MHz is used for the transmission from network to mobiles gives a summary of uplink and downlink frequency bands for the different GSM systems. Frequency-related specifications

6.Call Flow
Introduction A mobile station (MS) can be in one of the following states: MS is powered off or the SIM card is deactivated MS power is on and the SIM card is activated. An attached MS can be: o Idle MS has no dedicated channel allocated. It just listens to base stations broadcasted signals (called o beacon signal) to remain attached o Active (dedicated) MS has a dedicated connection to the network

There are some communications activities between the MS and the network when an MS changes its state. When it is switched-off its data in the VLR and the HLR get updated (detached state) so that no incoming call will try to page the MS. When an MS is switched-on it starts the initialization procedure in order to find the network and synchronizes itself to a right frequency (beacon frequency) and TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) slot. After that the MS gets through the association procedure in order to anchor itself to the basestation (idle state). When an MS is idle it still listens the paging channels for an incoming call, periodically resynchronize itself and measures the signal strength of its own as well as its neighboring cells (for the purpose of location update). An MS enters an active state when it requests for a service. At first it gets a dedicated data channel for a variety of authentication and security procedure. This channel is also used for SMS transfer (send/receive). If it is a voice call request then a dedicated voice channel is allocated before releasing the dedicated data channel. Mobile Station Initialization When a mobile station is switched on it starts initializing itself through the following three phases. 1. Frequency Synchronization 2. Time Synchronization 3. Network and cell information acquisition Frequency Synchronization The frequency synchronization is the process of finding the beacon frequency. The synchronization process has two logical steps which are stated below.
Step

1: Find out a GSM signal When a mobile station (MS) is switched on it starts scanning the GSM frequencies it supports. The GSM bands include 850 MHz and 1900 MHz (in North America) and 900 and 1800 MHz (Europe and rest of the world). Each band contains many 200 kHz frequency channels (called GSM frequency channels). The purpose of this scanning is to find if there is any radio signal in the GSM frequency band(s). The mobile station does this scanning by setting its receiver to a GSM frequency channel, measures radio signal strength and compares the signal strength with the threshold in order to make a decision if

this signal level can be considered as enough. Usually, an MS has two threshold power levels: 1. Lower power threshold: The power measurement below this level is not acceptable. In that case an MS continues frequency scanning. 2. Higher power threshold: The power measurement above this level is acceptable. In that case an MS will lock its frequency and proceed with next level of the synchronization. When the measured signal falls in between those two power levels an MS accepts this conditionally and moves to Step 2. Step 2: Check if the frequency is a beacon frequency (Frequency Synchronization) When an MS finds an acceptable GSM signal it checks if this frequency is the beacon frequency. A radio base station includes one GSM frequency which sends the beacon signal (and few more frequencies for user traffic and control signals). and start searching for a new frequency (back to Step 1). frequency and proceeds to the time-synchronization phase. A beacon signal contains a time-slot filled with a pure carrier signal (called Frequency Correction/Correlation Channel or FCCH). This is the identity of a beacon that a mobile station searches for in order to make sure that this frequency is, indeed, a beacon frequency (base frequency). The purecarrier signal means unmodulated carrier (sinusoidal waveform). While the beacon frequency can be any valid GSM frequency the time-slot for the unmodulated carrier (that is, the slot for FCCH) has a fixedand specific location. FCCH serves the following two purposes: 1. It indicates that this is the beacon channel 2. It helps synchronize with the carrier frequency (and phase) The mobile station detects this unmodulated carrier sinusoid, locks itself with the carrier frequency (and phase), and proceeds to the time-synchronization phase. Detect the start of a time-slot (Time Synchronization)

The time synchronization is the process of finding the bit and time-slot boundary. The FCCH channel (a time-slot in beacon frequency with pure carrier waveform) is immediately followed by a time-slot calledSynchronization CHannel (SCH). This channel provides the means of time synchronization. The data packet (GSM call it burst) includes a training sequence (a known bit sequence) which help perform bit synchronization. Another purpose of the training sequence is to train the receiver equalizer so that it can dynamically optimize itself for a better radio reception. The information in SCH channel includes:

Network Color Code (NCC) Base-station Color Code (BCC) At this stage an MS already frequency and time synchronized, and it detected the operating companys identity. If the identity is its own service provider the MS will proceed to next phase (collection of further information about the cell and the network). Otherwise, it will go back to frequency synchronization phase and try with new frequencies. Network and Cell Information Acquisition When a mobile station is successful in synchronizations it reads four time-slot long Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH) for the system information. This channel has a specific timeslot relative to the FCCH/SCH channels. The information in the BCCH channel includes: o Mobile Country Code (MCC) o Mobile Network Code (MNC) o Location Area Code (LAC) a list of neighboring cells beacon frequencies access and access grant channels)

(RxLevAM)

At this stage an MS is fully furnished with necessary information and synchronization in order to

communicate with the network. A mobile station is not yet to be attached to the network. It requires IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) attach and location update procedure. The IMSI attach procedure lets the network record that the mobile station is powered on and is ready to make or receive calls. The location update procedure lets the network record which location the MS is now anchored. To proceed with those tasks the mobile station must make a service request to the network. Request for Service Channel Request for Start of a Communication For any calls (for example, voice, data stream, SMS, attachment/registration/association, and location updating) a mobile station requires sending a request to the network, and hence it needs a channel for that. This channel is called Random Access CHannel (RACH). All the RACH channels in a cell have specific locations (frequency and time-slots). A mobile station, which is already initialized with the network (that is, it is already set with FCCH-SCH-BCCH channels), knows the location. Whenever a mobile station initiates a call it just sends a dedicated channel request using the RACH channel. There is a possibility that more than one mobile station may try to send their requests at the same time using the same RACH. In that case there will be a collision and the information from the mobile stations are destroyed, and the mobile station must resend the request. The process of such sending and resending, if required, follows the Aloha random access procedure. When the radio base station (GSM calls it Base Transceiver Station or BTS) receives a valid request it simply forwards the request to the Base Station Controller (BSC) for decision. The BSC selects an unused data channel, called Stand-alone Dedicated Control CHannel (SDCCH). This is a duplex data channel. As name suggests that it is a dedicated channel between the mobile station and the network; it is a data channel in order to carry further dialog between the mobile station and the network; and it is standalone channel as it is not associated to any traffic channel. The possible dialog includes:

A QUICK LOOK AT THE CALL ESTABLISHMENT TO A MOBILE STATION

voice call, send an SMS or just location update, for examples) The BSC sends the ID of the selected SDCCH to the BTS and asks to activate the channel. The BTS does so and sends back an acknowledgement to the BSC. The BSC then asks the BTS to assign the channel to the mobile station. The BTS uses another channel called Assignment Grant CHannel (AGCH) to let the mobile station know which SDCCH channel have been assigned.

When the BTS and BSC were exchanging the messages the mobile station listens to the AGCH channel for the reply to its request. Like RACH channel the AGCH channels have specific locations which wereadvertized by the network in its BCCH channel broadcast. Service Request As soon as a mobile station (that requested for a channel) receives a radio resource (SDCCH or TCH in signaling-mode) it sends a service request using the assigned channel. The message includes the code of the requested service which can be, for examples, - Response to a paging - New call initiation - Location update or association after being powered on The following diagram illustrates how a mobile station requests for an incoming call connection after being paged. The message SABM (Set Asynchronous Balance Mode) is a command to BTS that contains the code of the requested service. The UA (unnumbered acknowledgement) message is sent by the BTSto acknowledge the SABM. In this example it is a paging response, which typically means: extend the call to the mobile station. The likely result of this response is a ring to the mobile station, if everything goes well. The everything includes a series of authentications and security check/setup and also the traffic channel (TCH) assignment. The following figure did not include the final response of the request. Authentication, Authorization and Security When an MS requests for a service the network verifies authenticity, service profile, and then setup the encryption schemes, if required. All these dialogs between the mobile stations and network are carried by the allocated dedicated channel (SDCCH or TCH in signaling mode). The communications at this phase are in between the MS and the MSC. The BSC and the BTS forwards the messages transparently using appropriate protocol data unit (message format). Outgoing Voice Call Initiation Process For initiating a voice call an MS sends a voice call request message. Like all other service requests the MS gets an SDCCH data channel for this service. On the SDCCH the MS sends a message to inform the network that its wants a voice connection. The MSC undergoes through the authentication procedure first. Then it sets the ciphering key for voice encryption, if enabled. Finally, the MS sends the call initiation message to the MSC including the dialed numbers. The MSC checks the subscription profile if the MS can make such a call. Then the MSC starts the voice channel (traffic channel) assignment procedure.

A QUICK LOOK AT THE CALL ESTABLISHMENT FROM MOBILE STATION

Assignment of Traffic Channel When the MSC is set to establish a voice call it asks the network side (other MSC and/or PSTN switches) to establish a path to the called party (an MS or a PSTN telephone), and also asks the MS side (the BSC) to assign a traffic channel between the MS and MSC. The MSC also sets the MSs state busy in order to handle an incoming call, if any, appropriately. The selection of the voice channel between the BSC and MSC is decided by the MSC whereas the channel between the BTS and MS (the TCH channel) is up to the BSC. The BSC activates a free TCH channel preferably from the serving cell. If there is no free channel then the BSC may try to find one from the neighboring cell, if it works. In that case a location update is also required (it is like hand over before

the call establishment). Finally, the activated TCH channel is assigned to the MS by sending anassignment command to the MS over the SDCCH channel. Not that the TCH channel accompanies SACCH (slow associated control channel) and FACCH (fast associated control channel). SACCH is a separate channel and used for dynamic performance adjustmentof the link (such as timing advance and power control). The FACCH is, indeed, a TCH channel butmomentarily turns as a signaling channel to quickly carry a control signal and backs to traffic mode. ThisFACCH is used for call setup, release and handover signaling since there is no SDCCH channel available anymore (released after TCH assignment). When the TCH is assigned the MS in tunes its transmitter to the assigned TCH and sends SABM (Set Asynchronous Balance Mode) message which carries an indication of a successful seizure of the channel. The UA (unnumbered acknowledgement) message is sent by the BTS to acknowledge the SABM. Finallythe SDCCH channel is released. Call Confirmation, Acceptance and Release When the caller MS successfully seizes the TCH channel it sends the assignment complete message to the network in the channel assignment phase. Then the MSC waits for an address complete message from the other end (the terminating-switch), which indicates that the called party is ringing. The MSC sends the caller MS an alert signal as soon as it receives the address complete message from the terminating switch. The MS now sends the connect request message to the MSC. The originating MSC returns an acknowledgement to the MS, and waits for an answer message (which confirms that the called party responded) from the terminating switch. The MSC completes the connection as soon as itreceives that message. The following diagram depicts the message transactions between the caller MS and the network. The called side is covered in the next section Incoming Voice Call Interrogation The interrogation is a process of allocating an MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming Number) to a visiting MS (mobile station) so that the switch (the MSC) can connect an incoming call to the visitor MS. The MSRN is a temporary telephone number (MS-ISDN) given to a visiting called-MS in order to connect that call. The necessity of MSRN can be understood if we understand how a switch/MSC connects a call.

The fixed telephone systems (PSTN/ISDN) and cellular mobile systems, such as GSM, use the same number space (according to ITU E.164 format). For fixed telephony we call it PSTN/ISDN number and for GSM phone we call it MS-ISDN number. The telephone numbering plan allocates a chunk of telephone numbers to a switch (PSTN and Cellular MSC alike). This is typically a fixed allocation. That is, an MSC has a fixed set of telephone numbers in its possession. When an MS is given a number from an MSC, that particular MSC becomes the home for that MS. If an MS moves to the area of another MSC then that MS is a visitor there. That is, an MSC can host an MS of another MSC (the visitor or guest). If the MSC would follow the standard call-connection procedure then it could not connect an incoming call to a visitor MS since its Ms-ISDN is not one of its own . When someone calls a visitor MS the system (with the help of HLR and VLR) locates the MSC who is currently hosting the visitor. The problem is that the hosting MSC cannot connect the call using the original MSISDN of that visitor-MS since the number does not belong to that MSC. To get around this problem the following procedure is devised.

whereabouts. If the call is from a PSTN/ISDN phone then the call request reaches to the Gateway MSC who contacts the home-HLR. Let us call this MSC an interrogator-MSC. -MSISDN number. The IMSI identifies the MS, and the VLR identity in effect locates the MSC (where the called-MS is currently visiting to) since VLR is always Attached to an MSC. ing the destination MSC/VLR is not enough to connect the call. The destination MSC cannot connect the call -MSISDN does not belong to it. HLR contacts the destination MSC/VLR to allocate one of its visitor-MS (which is the MSRN). HLR. The VLR also remembers this -MSC. e interrogator-MSC replaces the original destination MSISDN with the MSRN and proceeds with standard call

Paging For an incoming call the MSC/VLR require to page the MS. The MSC/VLR comes at a point of paging when it finds that: - The called MS is in its area and currently associated and idle, or busy but has call waiting service - MSRN is allocated for a visiting MS, if there is no MSRN already allocated Otherwise, the MSC will not page, and the caller will get an appropriate message. For the purpose of paging, an MSC finds the LAI (Location Area Identity) and the Paging Group Number(PGN) of the called-MS from the VLR. The LAI identifies the location area, which in turn, indicates which BTSs will broadcast the page. The PGN indicates what paging channel will be used for this page (since that is the paging channel the MS is listening to). It may happen that the MS moved to a new location area but the location is yet to be updated. In that case the, the location-area-wide paging will fail. When it fails the MSC goes for an MSC-wide paging before reporting a call connection failure. The MSC sends a Paging Command (a Layer 3 SS7 command) to all the BSCs of a particular location area (if this is a LA-wide paging) or to all the BSCs of that MSC (if it is an MSC-wide paging). This paging message includes the IMSI/TMSI of the MS, the LAI and the paging group number. The BSC acts on the message: - Using the LAI the BSC determines the CI (Cell Identity) of the cells involved. - The BSC sends a paging command to the BTSs. The message includes the IMSI/TMSI, the PGN, and the Channel number. The channel number includes channel type (here it is downlink CCCH, which is the PCH) and the time slot number. Each of the BTS sends the paging message over the designated PCH channel Call Receive When an MS receives a page it sends a request of service message to the network and gets an SDCCH channel assigned. After passing through the standard authentication and security procedures the Ms receives a call initiation message from the network. This message informs the MS that it is a voice call. The MS sends call confirmed message to the network to tell that it is ready to accept the call. The

network in return assigns the voice channel (the TCH channel) to the MS and sends the assignment command. The MS sends assignment complete message to confirm that it seized the channel. The MS also generates the ring tone for itself and sends alert message to the network. The terminating MSC then let the other side of the network (the caller side) know that the Ms is ringing. If the user of the MS answer the call the MS sends the connect message to the network. The network acknowledge the connect request. Finally the link is established between the two users.

7.Handover
The process of changing cells during a call is called handover in GSM terminology. To choose the best target cell, the MS and the RBS perform measurements. Because the MS contributes to the handoverdecision, this type of handover is often called Mobile Assisted HandOver (MAHO). LocatingAn MS continuously measures signal strength and quality on its own cell and signal strength on the BCCH carriers of the neighboring cells. The measurements are carried out on the downlink while MS is in active mode. The measurement results are sent to the RBS on SACCH at regular intervals. The serving RBS measures signal strength and quality on the uplink. Measurements sent to BSC The measurements from the RBS and MS are sent to the BSC in the form of measurement reports. Based on these reports, the BSC decides if a handover is necessary and to which cell. This is called locating. Assoon as a neighboring cell is considered to be better than the serving cell, a handover is attempted. Another reason for attempting a handover, apart from signal strength and quality, is when the Timing Advance (TA) used by MS exceeds a threshold value set by the operator. This usually happens when the .MS is moving over the cell border to another cell. When the MS has changed cells, the new RBS informs the MS about the new neighboring BCCH carriersso measurements can be taken again. If the MS has also switched to a new LA, a location updating type normal takes place after the call has finished. Handover can be used for load balancing between cells. During a call setup in a congested cell, the MS can be transferred to a cell with less traffic if an acceptable connection quality is likely to be obtained. Another area where forced handover is a useful tool is maintenance. Channels can be released from traffic if necessary, for example, RBS maintenance. There are several types of handover, including: -cell handover

led by different BSCs, but the same MSC/VLR Intra-Cell Handover A special type of handover is the intra-cell handover. It is performed when the BSC considers the quality of the connection too low, but receives no indication from the measurements that another cell would be better. In that case the BSC identifies another channel in the same cell which may offer a better quality, and the MS is ordered to retune to it. Handover between Cells Controlled by the Same BSC When performing a handover between two cells controlled by the same BSC, the MSC/VLR is not involved. However, the MSC/VLR will be informed when a handover has taken place. If the handover involves different LAs, location updating is performed once the call is finished. Handover: cells controlled by the same BSC 1. The BSC orders the new RBS to activate a TCH. 2. The BSC sends a message to the MS, via the old RBS, containing information about the frequency and time slot to change to and also the output power to use. This information is sent to the MS using FACCH. 3. The MS tunes to the new frequency, and transmits handover access bursts in the correct time slot. Since the MS has no information yet on TA, the handover bursts are very short (only 8 bits of information). 4. When the new RBS detects the handover bursts, it sends information about TA. This is also sent via FACCH. 5. The MS sends a Handover Complete message to the BSC via the new RBS. 6. The BSC tells the old RBS to release the old TCH. Handover between Cells Controlled by Different BSCs but the Same MSC/VLR When another BSC is involved in a handover, the MSC/VLR must also be involved to establish the connection between the two BSCs. Handover: different BSCs but the same MSC/VLR 1. The serving (old) BSC sends a Handover Required message to the MSC containing the identity of the target cell. 2. The MSC knows which BSC controls this cell and sends a Handover Request to this BSC. 3. The new BSC orders the target RBS to activate a TCH. 4. The new BSC sends a message to the MS via the MSC and the old RBS.

5. MS tunes to the new frequency and transmits handover access bursts in the correct time slot. 6. When the new RBS sends information about TA. 7. MS sends a Handover Complete message to MSC via the new BSC. 8. MSC sends the old BSC an order to release the old TCH. 9. The old BSC tells the old RBS to release the TCH. Handover between Cells Controlled by Different MSC/VLRs Handover between cells controlled by different MSC/VLRs can only be performed within one PLMN and not between two PLMNs. Cells controlled by different MSC/VLRs also means that they are controlled by different BSCs.

Handover: cells controlled by different MSCs 1. The serving (old) BSC sends a Handover Required message to the serving MSC (MSCA), with the identity of the target cell. 2. MSCA identifies that this cell belongs to another MSC, (MSCB), and requests help. 3. MSCB allocates a handover number to reroute the call. A Handover Request is then sent to the new BSC. 4. The new BSC orders the target RBS to activate a TCH. 5. MSCB receives the information, and passes it on to MSCA together with the handover number. 6. A link is set up to MSCB, possibly via PSTN. 7. MSCA sends a handover command to the MS, via the old BSC. 8. The MS tunes to the new frequency and transmits handover access bursts in the correct time slot. 9. When the new RBS detects the handover bursts it sends information about TA. 10. The MS sends Handover Complete message to the old MSC via the new BSC and the new MSC/VLR. 11. A new path in the group switch in MSCA is established, and the call is switched through. 12. The old TCH is deactivated by the old BSC (not shown in the picture). The old MSC, MSCA, retains main control of the call until the call is cleared. This is because it contains the information about the subscriber and call details such as charging. After call release, the MS must perform location updating because a LA never belongs to more than one MSC/VLR service area. The HLR is updated by the VLRB, and will in turn tell VLRA to delete all information about the mobile subscriber.

SITE VISIT :Components placed at the site are following:1) Tower 2) Shelter(room) 3) Antenna:GSM antenna Microwave(MW) antenna 4) base transceiver(BTS):Indoor(IDU) Outdoor(ODU) 5) Cables:IF cable (establish connection between MW antenna and BTS) Feeder cable (establish connection between GSM antenna and BTS) 6) Diesel generator(DG) 7) SMPS(switched-mode power supply) 8) Battery bank(BB) 9) A.C. 10) RSEB(Rajasthan state electricity board) 11) PIU(power interface unit) 12) SDM Depending upon the installation we have three types of sites :GBT(ground base tower) RTT(roof top tower) RTP(roof top pole)

THE RELIANCE EXPERIENCE

Think big think fast think ahead. Ideas are no ones monopoly.
Well after coming in direct contact with people working for one of the biggest companies in India and understanding the ideologies, the technology, and the commitment that the employees of the company show to reach their deadline all cumulatively contribute in maintaining an annual turnover of the company that is 3 % of the entire nations GDP. The 30 days long internship at MCN, Jaipur has exposed me to an environment where ideas and work are the only merit points that pave the path to success for you. Reliance telecommunication, the dream project of Late Shri. Dhirubhai H. Ambani has matured quite a lot since it was launched last December and is in constant phase of growth. The project as perceived by my standards is a product of intense amount of centralized planning and commissioning. This unique philosophy of least manned organization and complete centralized control over every activity has borne fruit for the company and thus the growth figures prove the point. The internship at Reliance facility in Jaipur has proved to be an enriching experience that will definitely go a long way in choosing the right field of specialization in terms of a carieer. The internship program was the ideal launch pad with which I presume the next leap will definitely be something special and on the same lines of thought the idea of working as a full time employee of Reliance will always enthuse towards the unlimited avenues of growth. To end the quote from the visionary behind the company seems worth consideration.

Give the youth a proper environment. Motivate them. Extend them the support they need. Each one of them has infinite sources of energy. They will deliver.