Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
AFFILIATED COMPANIES
Guide on Improvement for Structural Connections and Sample Structural Details Service Experience and Modifications for Tankers
July 1995
Copyright@ 1995 American Bureau of Shipping Two World Trade Center, 106th Floor New York, NY 10048 U.S.A.
1.0
GENERAL This Guide identifies the influential parameters and provides guidelines on improvement of structural connections. It also provides for reference illustrations of local structural failures experienced in some existing tankers and the corrective measures as compiled by the Tanker Structure Cooperative Forum (1986) and from the American Bureau of Shipping's data files.
2.0
INFLUENTIAL PARAMETERS For design of structural details, due consideration is to be given to the following influential parameters.
2.1 Loading Patterns and Nominal Stresses The load distribution among the surrounding structural members and the corresponding nominal stresses at the location considered should be examined for the combined load cases specified in 512A3.5.2 of the Rules. It is important to consider the combined effects of all the simultaneously imposed load components, rather than only one selected dominating load component. The stress distribution may be obtained from a 3D finite element structural analysis as specified in &2A5.3 of the Rules or by other equivalent means.
2.2 Stress Concentration Due to load transmission and diffusion at a structural connection, it is inevitable that some form of stress concentration is going to occur in the loaded structure. Therefore, particular attention is to be paid to structural notches, abrupt changes in structural properties and excessive distortions and deformations; such as locations at the bracket toes, cut-outs, terminations of heavily loaded members, the connection of flexible elements with much stiffer members, the ends of unbalanced structural members, just to name a few. For ship structures designed with relatively low working stresses and high safety margins, the
detrimental effects of such stress concentrations may not be readily apparent. On the other hand, for structures designed with relatively high working stresses and low safety margins, damaging effects of such stress concentrations could appear sooner than the anticipated period of time. Appropriate stress concentration factors (SCF's) obtained from either experimental data or structural analyses are required to evaluate the design of structural details.
2.3 Weld Effects and Fatigue Strength Another important factor to be considered is the effects of welding on the properties of material (heating effects) and on structural continuity (profile of the weld deposit and undercuts). This factor which highly depends on the welding methods, processes and workmanship is vital for assessing the fatigue strength of the joint. To date, the welding effects on the fatigue strength are primarily determined by experimental data presented in the form of S-N curves and characteristics of the test specimens, as shown in the Appendix 5/2AA of the Rules.
3.0
CONSIDERATIONS FOR DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL DETAILS In light of the discussions given in 5/2A5.4, it is apparent that the necessary criterion for the design of structural details is simply to offer a well balanced joint which is "compatible" with the anticipated working stresses. To this end, the solution is to be tailored to a specific location of a specific design. In addition, there is no unique solution to the problem. Many alternatives may exist. The designers/builders would have to exercise their judgment based on their fabrication facilities, techniques and experience. The information offered below is provided for reference.
3.1 Structural Configuration and Arrangement of Brackets When selecting the structural configurations and sizing the brackets connecting primary supporting members, due consideration is to be given to the load transmission and the
relative stiffnesses of the members to be connected. A smooth pattern of load transmission is essential. The connecting bracket is to be of sufficient size to withstand the highly concentrated loads and to shift the critical spots (bracket toes) to the lower stressed regions. An appropriate stiffening system is also required for large brackets to prevent local structure instability and tripping. Sample illustrations are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 for damages experienced in existing tankers with recommended modifications.
To prevent local distortions and to minimize the magnifying effects of structural notches, consideration is to be given to additional brackets and collar plates (or lugs) at the critical joints and cut-outs, respectively. Sample illustrations are shown in Fig. 3 for local damages recorded and the recommended modifications. Alternatively, different stiffening systems may be considered to minimize the critical spots in highly stressed regions. For example, utilization of the horizontal stiffeners with appropriate tripping brackets for floors in the double bottom, instead of vertical stiffeners would eliminate the critical spots at the face bar toes on the flange of longitudinal as shown in Fig. 3c.
To minimize the stress concentration at hard spots, such as bracket toes, tapered face plate, and welded connections of the face plate of transverses and bulkhead plating, the welded joints may be softened by providing a large radius at bracket toes or a cope hole with proper reinforcement of the surrounding panel to prevent local instability. Some sample illustrations are shown in Fig. 4. To minimize the detrimental effects of knuckles in structural elements, sample illustrations are shown in Fig. 5.
4.0
Figure 4 - Examples for Hard Spot Effects a) b) c) d) e) Tapered Face Plate of Horizontal Girder Connection of Transverse Face Plate and Bulkhead Plating Bracket Toe on Bottom Transverse Bracket Toe on Longitudinal Sniped Tripping Bracket on Horizontal Girder
Modification
Existing
/....,ci
C at` 77 .564/ r.A 4346 . ( -AV z3x7- _fAze" .FACE ,,,. 4...4.7&:, 43 kr
, -7 -,. ,, 0..c7,s r/AF:,s- 4. -2) ,6y c-,41,L c is. , ,,e6-AS , e 6 2 ::,, 77a A N ,se V 5
"\-----c
2.
/ 4-1 : \ / --1 -. . .
S.
/ .
/ . 7
. TB.
....--
. '
- .....,,-- .
11 11111
--e A ,,,,, -- - / & ..7:' e .,00R...2. -,sT/ ,=.. --..,:s /iv /4/..4r of--7 7 04-4 c-,e ET -
Z3077-C3 ..4-1
--/.e..Z2e,e
,A 1 A Cr-e--e E -. ---------,-----.......-----/NA .+D .'^ a Z./.4.7-5 .... A C., -.7(.4?,,E- 70e-6.:5126- ..4.6 'ID 25, e--4-C , 7- 7- ,5 7---4,) t 0. - c C,)
Modification
Existing
:04 47
e tJ
oc/c-e.,e .23eic,eLANcPec:kvi,E 0 U5
4f:3 e./Ce*Z.
,Z)4_47.5;
,
.4
Modification
Existing
GM.
A
LONGITUDINAL BULKHEAD
--
C=Ell
MIIN 4 -
\\NE FULLPENETRATION
INSERTED PLATE VVITH NCREASED THICKNESS TRIPPING BRACKET i4.*
AINS.
FRACTURE
Gm sui
*
G
* LUGS
. \ \ , .
\ \ \ / \
L
1
r).
1Y0S... 7---1$4c , ,
Modification
Existing
G. A , c,.-
-.4c.i.,... 7-...e--
/is/
Fir
.I/ 5. .Q ri c .4 c...
7Z-;"/7.e S S 7..r,c,,
A
I -.
11 .
.L.
,.....L. .
A
-
_..i._
0 , T.
1 .5 112)
air
Figure 1(d) Reinforcement at Connection of Bottom Girder and Oii tight Bulkhead
Modification
Existing
De- v e Lafi 6--zAt Li A 77.e.41Y...5,7/ 0 1,/ (T0 A V01.0 Co../ycer)--,e.4 770 /V A r 70E ,e A
TRANSVERSE
0.7, BULKHEAD
BOTTOM
TRANSVERSE
FRACTURE
VIEW A - A
VIEW A - A
Figure 2(a) Connection of Centerline Girder and Oil tight Trans Bulkhead
Modification
Existing
SHELL WEB
. okams .
SIDE LONGITUDINAL FRACTURE ..........----------------...... ...: .4;. c., 7",,1 .5'elp?POR... 7- C 4c./.7-,,,Ye- eY/C--,,4 Si-- -fc"--S 1 c-.-- ...e._ OFY C-Y 7-C.1 2.) . Mt f -",, ,F' -.C-74,_, ./..A SCE SHELL
I I
ihamit:
AIME IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
10
Modification
Existing
11
Modification
Existing
AZ e)/7701>e,44, ,
e.i30770,-/
12
Modification
Existing
reA
14/5 2)
13
Modification
Existing
7")
- , coriR6Ns4-76-- ,
CY
1
{
.46/6-r; ,''
IN wAY
r---a- A
Kt/,-2 6- ` or f, 54
.' H
IMO=
iaACrel.e e -R
N
.
r.n.i
&*-7
I EU
\-43 O771
I
Fir
111,111M11111,
k.
Zoiya-L
VFW A - A
14
Modification
Existing
AJv5,
1 g
[...+6,
CO 4. 4
A7e., 4C-27Ae
ViEw A A
..517, e4.C. OR .rf 41,0 4.0
Vtaki,
A-A
7.
IMENTIMMINAIIIIRbwqms) .
c rti.
4 477=A2 e147
E"
LA/
7>E3ti
A- A
15
Modification
Existing
......oviz. z...4_, - Z -447,./ )-5 ,--e, _-, A-7 e 42.0-- .e. .,-- - 7- 7-o 8-
,c,.A..24 A - 41c 6 ..--4.-47 A-.'' ,.%,,,y.eD . ay 7,4,0,5 4,7-,, ,, 4....e- -- 7-0. ..7... I 3"
J(J
...., . \ \ \ . )--1
-r Aiv e_..2----..45 ,.= 4 e.,4_c.L...7-..40, Gam' 7., A.i-,, c...e.-&47:-75.54 m ..64, , -,41-c.,=. .e4-? ..-7.-=" -...w./Pe F. ,
. \ \ \ \ . .
i:4;iw---6 1
1 1 t 11) 14t)
it it3
.......4-7-7-' ..A.,y4te--Z 5.-E, a 4,,,,Icove--.4_.4,
16
Modification
Existing
LONGITUDINAL BULKHE.,1,0
FRACTURE
AV fs, )
(
0 Al iSSio
R,
17
Modification
Existing
,/....V.S.e
7' ..
FRACTURE ,------,---
,c26- /v6-7-e..4 ri ON -,
OA
kvE4. .0
e.e..Aciez7
\ V.
P.e4av/A>E
s..
\ 4"
\
\
77 4,5. s BO 1 i OM TRANSVERSE
T , B.
..-4,Szca. ..-z-4c.. ,,,=.47-.F. 0,4G) . . ,4,..E..-.8, di5er-,=c)AZ 6' .50r=: No.se 7.-
18
19
Modification
Existing
VS e
LA.G.e-
c ive:3
,.c-0A-C .7%-ze_ 6 .
4k
i '
110R/2 0/V7:44
e
kVA ,f,,e 7:e..4 /Y-5. ,
..8 .7 6
s A 7-6 --e....
ro .54c.S.hWYw-- 1.- ,-Ar...C. /,1 * Liu --P'4,e 7-7,4- e....L y A/ 4 4 .61,L) .r.4 /V k
,41Y.?.. 1N 1..44? , -4,-7- _Z-"S ,,5 C 0 ii d:W :''-errir.:- )))/ - E 4) ,.' 5.)vi,a2) 7., /APi./61_
.::.e."1-c--e--7"-,
20
Modification
Existing
F:.<2,4C
ety.(./c..4
c../c724Q_A, 4-
21
22
F B
Longitudinal
23