I

" " " ,

(2 ) (1.5 ) (2 ) (3 ) (2 ) (1 ) (1 )

! ! ! ! ! !

What is a Communication Networks ?

!

! !

Set of nodes interconnected to provide exchange of information Computer networks: built from general purpose devices Provides communications that are
" " "

Reliable Efficient Error-free

Building Blocks

Nodes: PC, special-purpose hardware

" " "

Hosts (end system) Routers (switches) Nodes run protocols

Network protocols: define format and control data exchange Links: coax cable, optical fiber, wireless link
"

point-to-point multiple access

"

What is a Communication Networks (cont)

!

A network can be defined recursively as...

"

two or more nodes connected by a link, or

"

two or more networks connected by two or more nodes

Hierarchical structure

Types of Computer Networks

!

Local Area Networks (LAN): Small geographical coverage, high speed Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN): City coverage, medium speeds Wide Area Networks (WAN): wide coverage, smaller speed

Why have a Communication Network ?

Why have a Communication Network ? (cont)

Efficient use of communication facilities

Telecommunication Networks
! ! !

Telephone Network Computer Network (e.g. Internet) Variation in

" " "

Physical media (cable, fiber, air, etc) Geographic coverage Services and applications

Affects Architecture Functionality

Single network to carry all services has been a goal for a long time
"

Integrated Digital Services Network (ISDN), B ISDN

then came the Internet

Strategies
!

Circuit switching: carry bit streams

"

original telephone network

Packet switching: store-and-forward messages

"

Internet

Circuit Switched Networks

!

Example is Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) " Connection-oriented " Reliable " One-to-one or limited one-to-many " Routing decided at call setup time

Packet Switched Networks

!

Routing decisions made dynamically " Datagrams " Reliable/unreliable " Connection-oriented / Connectionless

Internet Milestones
!

! ! ! !

1962: Paul Baran (Rand Corporation) proposes packet switching 1969: U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency funds a project on packet switched networks. ARPANET created with four nodes 1974: Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish basic mechanisms of TCP 1982: TCP/IP protocol suite defined for ARPANET 1984: Domain Name System introduced 1986: NSFNET (56 Kbps) created 1992: Tim Berners-Lee (CERN) designs World Wide Web

NSFNET (1990)

Internet (1998)

Design Principles
!

Network design goals:

" " "

Cost effective connectivity Scalability Reliability

! ! ! !

Communication services Switching and multiplexing Application requirements Service decomposition and layered architectures
" "

OSI model TCP/IP protocol stack

Basic Concepts and Problems

! ! ! ! ! ! !

Switching/Multiplexing Routing Addressing Flow/Congestion Control Security Interoperability Quality of Service (QoS)