Conjunctions (Conjunciones) Las conjunciones son empleadas para enlazar entre s las palabras y/o oraciones.

Hay dos tipos de conjunciones y la posicin que tiene dentro de una oracin depende del tipo. Adems, hay tres formas de conjunciones. Las conjunciones ms comunes son "and," "but" y "or".

Ejemplos: She works at a bank and goes to university. She works at a bank and goes to university. (Trabaja en un banco y va a la universidad.)

I like to swim in the ocean, but only if the water is warm.

I like to swim in the ocean, but only if the water is warm. (Me gusta nadar en el ocano, pero slo si el agua es caliente.)

We can study now or later. We can study now or later. (Podemos estudiar ahora o ms tarde.)

Types of Conjunctions (Los tipos de conjunciones) 1. Conjunciones coordinantes: Este tipo de conjuncin se utiliza cuando queremos enlazar dos frases que tienen el mismo valor. o Ejemplos: o She likes to sing and dance She likes to sing and dance. (Le gusta cantar y bailar.)
o

I want to move to London so I am studying English.

I want to move to London so I am studying English. (Quiero mudarme a Londres, por lo tanto estoy estudiando ingls.)
o

They are moving to Barcelona, however they really like Madrid. They are moving to Barcelona, however they really like Madrid. (Se mudan a Barcelona sin embargo les gusta mucho Madrid.)

and, but, however, or, so, then, therefore, yet.... Posicin: Siempre van entre las frases o palabras. 2. Conjunciones subordinantes: Se utiliza este tipo de conjuncin cuando una de las frases depende de la otra (frase subordinada). La frase subordinada no tiene sentido sin la otra. La mayoria de conjunciones son subordinantes. o Ejemplos: o I have been working at the bank since 2005. I have been working at the bank since 2005. (Llevo trabajando en el banco desde 2005.)
o

She is studying English so that she can move to London. She is studying English so that she can move to London. (Est estudiando ingls para que pueda mudarse a Londres.)

They went to the beach although it was raining. They went to the beach although it was raining. (Fueron a la playa aunque estaba lloviendo.)

although, as, after, before, if, since, so that, until, when... Posicin: En general van adelante de la frase subordenada. Nota: Hay tres formas de conjunciones: simple (de una sola una palabra), compleja (ms de una palabra y generalmente seguido por "as" o "that") o correlativa (rodean a un adjetivo o a un adverbio, tales como "if...then").

Ingls After After Although Although And And As As as as as...as as long as as long as as soon as as soon as as well as as well as Because Because before before both and both...and But But either or either...or even if even if even though even though however however If If in case in case in order to in order to moreover moreover

Espaol despus de aunque y como, cuando, mientras tan...como siempre que, con tal de que en cuanto, tan pronto... como adems de, as como, tambin porque antes de no slo, sino tambin, tanto...como pero, sino o...o aunque aunque sin embargo si en caso de que, por si para, con objeto de adems

Coordinante Subordinante X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

neither nor neither...nor nevertheless nevertheless Nor Nor now that now that Or Or Once Once Since Since So So so that so that Then Then therefore therefore though though unless unless until until when when whereas whereas whether

ni...ni sin embargo, no obstante ni ahora que o una vez que desde que as que para que Entonces por lo tanto, por consiguiente Aunque a menos que hasta que Cuando mientras que Si

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

whether whether or whether...or yet yet

si...o sin embargo, no obstante X

Conjunctions (Conjunciones) Leccin gramtica: Conjunctions 1-I looked _____ I didn't see him. aand b but cor das 2-She speaks slowly _____ clearly. a and bbut cor dboth 3-She speaks fast, _____ I understand her. aand b but cor das 4-What would you like, coffee _____ tea? aand bbut c or dboth 5-I have been living in Barcelona _____ 1999.

aas buntil cfor d since 6-_____ it stopped raining, we went to the beach. a After bSince cHowever dUntil 7-He went to the Alps on holiday this year, _____ he usually prefers the beach. atherefore Tu respuesta b however cso dsince Incorrect! 8-John is not ____ fast ____ you. aboth, and beither, or c as, as dwhether, or

9-Heather is moving to Florida _____ she got a new job. a because

bfor cand dalthough 10-I am saving my money _____ I can buy a new car. abecause balthough c so that dif

omparatives and Superlatives (Los comparativos y superlativos) Al igual que en espaol, cuando queremos hacer comparaciones contrastamos cualidades o atributos por medio de adjetivos en sus diversos grados. Grades of Adjectives (Grados de adjetivos) 1. El grado positivo es la cualidad en el grado ms simple. o Ejemplos: o Juan runs fast. Juan runs fast. (Juan corre rpido.)
o

Angela's room is clean. Angela's room is clean. (La habitacin de Angela est limpia.)

I am tall. I am tall. (Soy alto.)

New York is big.

New York is big. (Nueva York es grande.) fast, hard, smart, pretty, clean, large, small, old, easy... 2. El grado comparativo puede ser de superioridad, inferioridad o igualidad. Para comparativos de superioridad o inferioridad, el adjetivo es seguido por "than". Para comparativos de inferioridad, usamos "not as...as" o "less" delante del adjetivo. Y para comparativos de igualidad, el adjetivo va entre "as...as". o Ejemplos: o Comparativos de superioridad o Juan runs faster than Mark. Juan runs faster than Mark. (Juan corre ms rpido que Mark.)
o

Angela's room is cleaner than Sue's. Angela's room is cleaner than Sue's. (La habitacin de Angela est ms limpia que la de Sue.)

I am taller than Beth. I am taller than Beth. (Soy ms alto que Beth.)

New York is bigger than Los Angeles. New York is bigger than Los Angeles. (Nueva York es ms grandeque Los Angeles.)

o o

Comparativos de inferioridad Mark doesn't run as fast as Juan. Mark doesn't run as fast (slower) as Juan. (Mark no corre tan rpido como Juan.)

Sue's room is not as clean as Angela's. Sue's room is not as clean (dirtier) as Angela's. (La habitacin de Sue no es tan limpia como la de Angela.)

Beth is not as tall as me.

Beth is not as tall (shorter) as me. (Beth no es tan alta como yo.)
o

Los Angeles is not as big as New York. Los Angeles is not as big (smaller) as New York. (Los Angeles no es tan grande como Nueva York.)

o o

Comparativos de igualidad Mark is as fast as Juan. Mark is as fast as Juan. (Mark corre tan rpido como Juan.)

Sue's room is as clean as Angela's. Sue's room is as clean as Angela's. (La habitacin de Sue es tan limpia como la de Angela.)

Beth is as tall as I am. Beth is as tall as I am. (Beth es tan alta como yo.)

Los Angeles is as big as New York. Los Angeles is as big as New York. (Los Angeles es tan grande como Nueva York.) Nota: Podemos modificar un comparativo con un cuantificador (much, a lot, a little, slightly...).

Ejemplos: Juan runs a lot faster than Mark. Juan runs a lot faster than Mark. (Juan corre mucho ms rpido que Mark.)

I am slightly taller than Beth. I am slightly taller than Beth. (Soy un poco ms alta que Beth.)

3. El grado superlativo denota la calidad en el grado ms alto y como espanol, se usa "the" delante del adjetivo. o Ejemplos:

Juan is the fastest. Juan is the fastest. (Juan es el ms rpido.)

Angela's room is the cleanest. Angela'a room is the cleanest. (La habitacin de Angela es la ms limpia.)

I am the tallest. I am the tallest. (Soy el ms alto.)

New York is the biggest city in the United States. New York is the biggest city in the United States. (Nueva York el la cuidad ms grande de los Estados Unidos.)

o o

Ejemplos: His smartest student is Lisa. His smartest student is Lisa. (Su estudiante ms lista es Lisa.)

New York is coldest in January. New York is coldest in January. (Nueva York es ms frio en enero.)

Nota: Si el adjetivo es posesivo, no se usa "the". Adems no se usa "the" si comparamos algo con si mismo. Form (Forma) Hay unas reglas para formar el comparativo y superlativo. 1. Para adjetivos de una slaba: Comparativo aade: "-er" (faster faster) Superlativo aade: "-est" (fastest fastest)

2. Para adjetivos de una slaba que terminan en "e":

Comparativo aade: "-r" (nicer nicer)

Superlativo aade: "-st" (nicest nicest)

3. Para adjetivos de una slaba que terminan en constanante + vocal + constanante: Comparativo aade: constanante + "er" (hotter hotter) Superlativo aade: constanante + "-est" (hottest hottest)

4. Para adjetivos de dos silabas que terminan en "y": Comparativo sustituye "y" por: "-ier" (funnier funnier) Superlativo sustituye "y" por: "-iest" (funniest funniest)

5. Para adjetivos de dos o ms silabas: Comparativo aade: "more"/"less" (more beautiful, less beautiful more beautiful) Superlativo aade "the most"/"the least": (the most beautiful, the least beautiful the most beautiful)

6. Adjetivos irregulares: Adjetivo Good Good Bad Bad Far Far Comparativo Better better Worse worse Further further Superlativo Best best Worst worst furthest furthest

List of Comparatives and Superlatives (Lista de comparativos y superlativos) Lista de los adjetivos ms comunes, con su forma comparativa y superlativa. Adjetivo Angry Bad Big Bitter Black Bland Bloody Blue Bold Bossy Brave Brief Bright Broad Busy Calm Cheap Chewy Chubby Classy Clean Clear Clever Close Cloudy Clumsy Coarse Cold Cool Comparativo Angrier Worse Bigger Bitterer Blacker Blander Bloodier Bluer Bolder Bossier Braver Briefer Brighter Broader Busier Calmer Cheap Chewier Chubbier Classier Cleaner Clear cleverer closer cloudier clumsier coarser colder cooler Superlativo angriest worst biggest bitterest blackest blandest bloodiest bluest boldest bossiest bravest briefest brightest broadest busiest calmest cheaper chewiest chubbiest classiest cleanest clearest cleverest closest cloudiest clumsiest coarsest coldest coolest Espaol enfadado, enojado malo grande amargo, resentido, agrio negro soso sanguinolento deprimido audaz mandn valiente breve brillante, luminoso ancho, amplio ocupado, ajetreado tranquilo barato correoso, gomoso rechoncho elegante limpio, sano claro, despejado listo, ingenioso cerca nubiado torpe spero, grosero fro fresco

Crazy Creamy Creepy Crispy Cruel Crunchy Curly Curvy Cute Damp Dark Deadly Deep Dense Dirty Dry Dull Dumb Dusty Early Easy Faint Fair Fancy Far Fast Fat Few Fierce Filthy Fine Firm Fit

crazier creamier creepier crispier crueler crunchier curly curvier cuter damper darker deadlier deeper denser dirtier drier duller dumber dustier earlier easier fainter fairer fancier further/farther faster fatter fewer fiercer filthier finer firmer fitter

craziest creamiest creepiest

loco cremoso espeluznante, repugnante crispiest crujiente cruelest cruel crunchiest crujiente curliest rizado, crespo, quebrado curviest curvo cutest mono dampest hmedo darkest oscuro, moreno deadliest mortal, mortfero deepest profundo densest denso dirtiest sucio driest seco dullest aburrido, soso, tonto, romo dumbest estpido dustiest polvoriento earliest pronto, temprano easiest facl faintest leve, tenue, vago, ligero fairest claro, sereno, recto, justo fanciest lujoso furthest/farthest lejos, distante fastest rpido fattest gordo fewest pocos fiercest fiero, encarnizado filthiest aaqueroso, obsceno finest fino firmest firme, estricto fittest apto, en forma

Flaky Flat Fresh Friendly

flakier flatter fresher friendlier

flakiest flattest freshest friendliest

Full Funny Gente

fuller funnier gentler

fullest funniest gentlest

Gloomy

gloomier

gloomiest

Good Grand

better grander

best grandest

Grave Greasy Great Greedy

graver greasier greater greedier

gravest greasiest greatest greediest

Gross Guilty Hairy Handy

grosser guilter hairier handier

grossest guiltiest hairiest handiest

Happy Hard Harsh Healthy Heavy

happier harder harsher healthier heavier

happiest hardest harshest healthiest heaviest

desconchado llano, liso, plano fresco, nuevo, original agradable, amable, amistoso lleno, completo gracioso, curioso, raro tierno, afectuoso, suave oscuro, abatido, decado bueno grandioso, ambicioso, impotente grave grasiento grande, genial goloso, codicioso, vido asqueroso, grosero, craso culpable velludo, peludo prctivo, til, habilidoso, maoso feliz, contento, alegre duro, difcil spero, duro sano, saludable pesado, grueso, fuerte, duro

High Hip Hot

higher hipper hotter

highest hippest hottest

Humble Hungry Icy Itchy Juicy

humbler hungrier icier itchier juicier

humblest hungriest iciest itchiest juiciest

Kind

kinder

kindest

Large Late

larger later

largest latest

Lazy Light Likely Little Lively Lonely Long Loud Lovely Low Mad Mean

lazier lighter likelier littler livelier lonlier longer louder lovelier lower madder meaner

laziest lightest likeliest littlest liveliest lonliest longest loudest loveliest lowest maddest meanest

Messy

messier

messiest

Mild Moist

milder moister

mildest moistest

alto, elevado, agudo moderno caliente, caluroso, picante humilde hambriento helado, fro pica jugoso, zumoso, suculento amable, benvolo, carioso grande tarde, restrasado, reciente perezoso ligero, claro probable pequeo, poco animado, vivo solitario largo fuerte, alto precioso, bello, lindo bajo enfadado, enojado, loco malo, mezquino, tacao sucio, desordenado, desastroso afable, suave, leve hmedo

Narrow Nasty Naughty Near Neat Needy New

narrower nastier naughtier nearer neater needier newer

narrowest nastiest naughtiest nearest neatest neediest newest

Nice

nicer

nicest

Noisy Odd Oily Old Plain Polite Por Pretty Proud Pure Quick Quiet Rare Raw Rich Ripe Risky

noisier odder oilier older/elder plainer politer poorer prettier prouder purer quicker quieter rarer rawer richer riper riskier

noisiest oddest oiliest oldest/eldest plainest politest poorest prettiest proudest purest quickest quietest rarest rawest richest ripest riskiest

estrecho, escaso asqueroso, desagradable malo, travieso, picante cercano, prximo ordenado, aseado, pulcro necesitado nuevo, fresco, reciente, moderno simpatico, agradable, bueno ruidoso, clamaroso raro, extrao grasiento, aceitoso viejo, anciano, antiguo claro, sencillo educado, corts pobre bonito, lindo, hermoso orgulloso, soberbio, digno puro rpido tranquillo, silencioso raro crudo, agrietado rico, abundante maduro, curado arriesgado,

Roomy Rough Rude Rusty Sad

roomier rougher ruder rustier sadder

roomiest roughest rudest rustiest saddest

Safe Salty Sane Scary Shallow Sharp Shiny Short Shy Silly Simple Sincere Skinny Sleepy Slim Slimy

safer saltier saner scarier shallower sharper shinier shorter shyer sillier simpler sincerer skinnier sleepier slimmer slimier

safest saltiest sanest scariest shallowest sharpest shiniest shortest shyest silliest simplest sincerest skinniest sleepiest slimmest slimiest

Slow Small Smart

slower smaller smarter

slowest smallest smartest

peligroso espacioso spero, tosco, bruto, ronco maleducado, grosero, tosco oxidado triste, lamentable, penoso seguro salado cuerdo, sensato espantoso, asustadizo superficial, poco profundo afilado, cerrado, agudo brillante, reluciente corto, bajo, chaparro tmido tonto sencillo, simple, facl sincero, genuino flaco adormilado, sooliento delgado, fino viscoso, pegajoso, empalagoso lento pequeo listo, inteligente, agudo

Smelly Smoky Smooth Soft Son Sore Sorry Sour Spicy

smellier smokier smoother softer sooner sorer sorrier sourer spicier

smelliest smokiest smoothest softest soonest sorest sorriest sourest spiciest

Steep Stingy Strange Strict Strong

steeper stingier stranger stricter stronger

steepest stingiest strangest strictest strongest

Sunny Sweaty Sweet Tall Tan Tasty Thick

sunnier sweatier sweeter taller tanner tastier thicker

sunniest sweatiest sweetest tallest tannest tastiest thickest

Thin Thirsty Tiny Tough

thinner thirstier tinier tougher

thinnest thirstiest tiniest toughest

apestoso humeante, ahumado liso, suave, llano, fluido blando, suave pronto dolorido lamentable agrio, cido picante, especiado, sazonado empinado, pronunciado tacao, rcano, raqutico raro, extrao, desconocido estricto, rgido fuerte, slido, intenso, marcado soleado, radiante sudoroso dulce alto bronceado, moreno rico, sabroso, apetitoso grueso, denso, espeso, poblado delgado, fino sediento diminuto, minsculo fuerte, resistente, duro, difcil

True

truer

truest

Ugly Warm

uglier warmer

ugliest warmest

Weak Wealthy Weird Wet

weaker wealthier weirder wetter

weakest wealthiest weirdest wettest

Wide Wild

wider wilder

widest wildest

Windy Wise Worldly Worthy Young

windier wiser worldlier worthier younger

windiest wisest worldliest worthiest younges

cierto, verdadero, leal, fiel feo caliente, templado, clido dbil, flojo rico, pudiente raro, extrao mojado, hmedo, lluvioso ancho, amplio, extenso salvaje, silvestre, descontrolado ventoso sabio, sensato, prudente mundano, terreno virtuoso, digno joven

Like / as (Como) "Like" y "as" a menudo se confunden en ingls. Ambos se pueden utilizar para hacer comparaciones o hablar de similitudes. Es muy comn en ingls americano utilizar "like" en lugar de "as". Sin embargo, es generalmente considerado informal utilizarlo en esta forma. La siguiente es una explicacin de los diversos usos de estas dos palabras. Like (Como) Uses (Usos) 1. "Like" es una preposicin" que significa "parecido a" o "lo mismo de". No se puede utilizar "as" de este modo. Como una preposicin, "like" est seguida por un sustantivo o un pronombre.

Estructura verbo + "like" + sustantivo/pronombre

o o

Ejemplos: She dances like a professinal. She dances like a professional. (Baila como una profesional.)

Like me, my friend John loves the cinema. Like me, my friend John loves the cinema. (Como yo, a mi amigo John le encanta el cine.)

Michael speaks English like a native. Michael speaks English like a native. (Michael habla ingls como un nativo.)

2. Tambin, se utiliza "like" para decir que algo es tpico de alguien. o Ejemplos: o It's so like Ben to be late. It's so like Ben to be late. (Es tan tpico de Ben llegar tarde.)
o

It's just like Helen to laugh in uncomfortable situations. It's just like Helen to laugh in uncomfortable situations. (Es tan tpico de Helen rer en situaciones incmodas.)

3. Cuando utiliza "like" con el verbo "look" significa "parecer" or "parecerse". o Ejemplos: o I look like my mother. I look like my mother. (Me parezco a mi madre.)
o

It looks like it is going to rain. It looks like it is going to rain. (Parece que va a llover.)

He looks like he hasn't slept in weeks.

He looks like he hasn't slept in weeks. (l parece como que no ha dormido en semanas.) 4. Tambin utilizamos "like" para presentar ejemplos. o Ejemplos: o I play many sports like football, basketball and tennis. I play many sports like football, basketball and tennis. (Juego muchos deportes como ftbol, baloncesto y tenis.)
o

There are many things we can do to protect the environment, like recycling or using renewable energy sources. There are many things we can do to protect the environment, like recycling or using renewable energy sources. (Hay muchas cosas que podemos hacer para proteger el medio ambiente, como reciclar o utilizar fuentes de energa renovables.)

Some people, like my friend Carol, don't like to travel. Some people, like my friend Carol, don't like to travel. (Algunas personas, como mi amiga Carol, no le gusta viajar.)

As (Como) Uses (Usos) 1. "As" significa "en la misma manera" o "en la misma condicin de". A diferencia de "like", "as" est seguido por un sujeto y un verbo. o Ejemplos: o She worked hard on the project, as she always does. She worked hard on the project, as she always does. (Trabaj duramente en el proyecto, como lo hace siempre.)
o

Nobody paints as Picasso did.

Nobody paints as Picasso did. (Nadie pinta como Picasso lo hizo.) Estructura "as" + sujeto + verbo 2. Se utiliza "as" en frases comparativas. o Ejemplos: o John can run as fast as Peter. John can run as fast as Peter. (John puede correr tan rpido como Peter.)
o

My dad doesn't have as much energy as he used to have. My dad doesn't have as much energy as he used to have. (Mi padre no tiene tanta energa como sola tener.)

3. Como "like", se usa "such as" para presentar ejemplos. o Ejemplos: o I play many sports, such as football, basketball and tennis. I play many sports, such as football, basketball and tennis. (Juego a muchos deportes como el ftbol, baloncesto y tenis.)
o

There are many things we can do to protect the environment, such as recycling or using renewable energy sources. There are many things we can do to protect the environment, such as recycling or using renewable energy sources. (Hay muchas cosas que podemos hacer para proteger el medio ambiente, como reciclar o utilizar fuentes de energa renovables.)

Some people, such as my friend Carol, don't like to travel.

Some people, such as my friend Carol, don't like to travel. (Algunas personas, como a mi amiga Carol, no les gusta viajar.) 4. Cuando sea una preposicin, "as" significa el papel o profesin de algo o alguien. o Ejemplos: o She started working as a teacher 5 years ago. She started working as a teacher 5 years ago. (Empez a trabajar como profesor hace 5 aos.)
o

We used to live here, but now we are using the apartment as a painting studio. We used to live here, but now we are using the apartment as a painting studio. (Vivamos aqu antes, pero ahora estamos utilizando el piso como un estudio de pintura.)

"As" can be used as a conjunction or a preposition. "As" can be used as a conjunction or a preposition. ("Como" puede ser usado como una conjuncin o una preposicin.)

5. Nota: Ten cuidado, el uso de uno sobre otro puede cambiar el sentido. o Ejemplos: o As your teacher, I suggest you study more. As your teacher, I suggest you study more. [Significa: I am your teacher]
o

Like your teacher, I suggest you study more. Like your teacher, I suggest you study more. [Significa: I agree with your teacher, we have a similar opinion]

6. Se utiliza "as" en algunas expresiones. o Ejemplos:

As you know, this is not the first time your son has been a problem in class. As you know, this is not the first time your son has been a problem in class. (Como ya sabe, esto no es la primera vez que su hijo ha sido un problema en clase.)

As expected, Ben was late for class again today. As expected, Ben was late for class again today. (Como se esperaba, Ben lleg de nuevo tarde a clase hoy.)

As I said, I hope this is the last time you are late. As I said, I hope this is the last time you are late. (Como ya he dicho, espero que esta sea la ltima vez que llegas tarde.)

Here is the report, as requested. Here is the report, as requested. (Aqu est el informe, como solicit.)

Comparatives and Superlatives (Los comparativos y superlativos) Leccin gramtica: Comparatives and Superlatives You answered no questions correctly. 1-My mother is _____ than my father. aold b older cthe oldest dthe old 2-What is _____ movie you have ever seen? afunny

bfunnier c the funniest dthe funny 3-That movie was bad, but it wasn't _____ I have ever seen. abaddest bworsest cworse d the worst 4-Rachel's hair is not as _____ as Sarah's. a long blonger cthe longest dmore long . 5-Yesterday's exam was _____ than the one last month. adifficult bdifficulter cthe difficultest d more difficult 6-Peter is as ____ as Alex. a fast bfaster cthe fastest

dthe faster 7-I think Mary is _____ woman I have ever seen. abeautiful b the most beautiful cthe beautifulest dthe beautifuler 8H-er room is only a little bit _____ than mine. a bigger bthe bigger cbig dhe biggest 9-He is _____ when he is playing football. athe happier b happiest cthe happy dhappyest . 10-Michael's house is _____ from the train than Betty's. afar bthe furthest cthe farther

Like / as (Como)

Leccin gramtica: Like / as 1-Howard sings with __________ much confidence __________ a professional. aas, as 2-Howard sings __________ a professional. alike 3-It is just __________ Jenny to forget my birthday. alike

4-Peter's work __________ a consultant keeps him very busy. aas . 5-__________ your boss, I think you need to work harder. [= I am your boss] aAs 6-__________ your boss, I think you need to work harder. [= I am not your boss] aLike 7-Vanessa won the race, __________ expected. aas . 8-You're bedroom is a mess. It's __________ a bomb exploded in there! alike 9-It looks __________ it's going to be another beautiful day.

alike 10-He blamed everyone else for his mistakes __________ he always does. aas