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Computer Aided Modeling and Analysis Laboratory 7. Prescribed kinematic and temperature conditions on the boundaries ( constraints ) are applied to the global equilibrium equations, thereby reducing the number of degrees of freedom and eliminating rigid-body modes. 8. The resulting global equilibrium equations are then solved using computer algorithms. The output is post processed. Initially, the output should be compared to data or benchmarks, or otherwise validated, to establish that the model correctly represents the underlying mechanical system. If not satisfied, the analyst can revise the finite-element model and repeat the computations. When the model is validated, post processing, with heavy reliance on graphics, then serves to interpret the results, for example, determining whether the underlying design is satisfactory. If problems with the design are identified, the analyst can then choose to revise the design. The revised design is modeled, and the process of validation and interpretation is repeated. MESH DEVELOPMENT Finite-element simulation has classically been viewed as having three stages: preprocessing, analysis, and post processing. The input file developed at the preprocessing stage consists of several elements: 1. control information (type of analysis, etc.) 2. material properties (e.g., elastic modulus) 3. mesh (element types, nodal coordinates, connectivities) 4. applied force and heat flux data 5. supports and constraints (e.g., prescribed displacements) 6. initial conditions (dynamic problems) In problems without severe stress concentrations, much of the mesh data can be developed conveniently using automatic-mesh generation. With the input file developed, the analysis processor is activated and raw output files are generated. The postprocessor module typically contains (interfaces to) graphical utilities, thus facilitating display of output in the form chosen by the analyst, for example, contours of the Von Mises stress. Two problems arise at this stage: Validation and interpretation. The analyst can use benchmark solutions, special cases, or experimental data to validate the analysis. With validation, the analyst gains confidence in, for example, the mesh. He or she still may face problems of interpretation, particularly if the output is voluminous. Fortunately, current graphical-display systems make interpretation easier and more reliable, such as by displaying high stress regions in vivid colors. Postprocessors often allow the analyst to zoom in on regions of high interest, for example, where rubber is highly confined. More recent methods based on virtual-reality technology enable the analyst to fly through and otherwise become immersed in the model. The goal of mesh design is to select the number and location of finite-element nodes and element types so that the associated analyses are sufficiently accurate. Several methods include automatic-mesh generation with adaptive capabilities, which serve to produce and iteratively refine the mesh based on a user-selected error tolerance. Even so, satisfactory meshes are not necessarily obtained, so that model editing by the analyst may be necessary. Several practical rules are as follows: 1. Nodes should be located where concentrated loads and heat fluxes are applied.
Computer Aided Modeling and Analysis Laboratory 2. Nodes should be located where displacements and temperatures are constrained or prescribed in a concentrated manner, for example, where pins prevent movement. 3. Nodes should be located where concentrated springs and masses and their thermal analogs are present. 4. Nodes should be located along lines and surface patches, over which pressures, shear stresses, compliant foundations, distributed heat fluxes, and surface convection are applied. 5. Nodes should be located at boundary points where the applied tractions and heat fluxes experience discontinuities. 6. Nodes should be located along lines of symmetry. 7. Nodes should be located along interfaces between different materials or components. 8. Element-aspect ratios (ratio of largest to smallest element dimensions) should be no greater than, for example, five. 9. Symmetric configurations should have symmetric meshes. 10. The density of elements should be greater in domains with higher gradients. 11. Interior angles in elements should not be excessively acute or obtuse, for example, less than 45or greater than 135. 12. Element-density variations should be gradual rather than abrupt. 13. Meshes should be uniform in subdomains with low gradients. 14. Element orientations should be staggered to prevent bias. In modeling a configuration, a good practice is initially to develop the mesh locally in domains expected to have high gradients, and thereafter to develop the mesh in the intervening low-gradient domains, thereby reconciling the high-gradient domains. There are two classes of errors in finite-element analysis: Modeling error ensues from inaccuracies in such input data as the material properties, boundary conditions, and initial values. In addition, there often are compromises in the mesh, for example, modeling sharp corners as rounded. Numerical error is primarily due to truncation and round-off. As a practical matter, error in a finite-element simulation is often assessed by comparing solutions from two meshes, the second of which is a refinement of the first. The sensitivity of finite-element computations to error is to some extent controllable. If the condition number of the stiffness matrix (the ratio of the maximum to the minimum eigen value) is modest, sensitivity is reduced. Typically, the condition number increases rapidly as the number of nodes in a system grows. In addition, highly irregular meshes tend to produce high-condition numbers. Models mixing soft components, for example, rubber, with stiff components, such as steel plates, are also likely to have high-condition numbers. Where possible, the model should be designed to reduce the condition number.
Types of supports
Type of support
TRUSS
Determine the force in each member of the following truss. Indicate if the member is in tension or compression. The cross-sectional area of each member is 0.01 m and the Youngs modulus is 200x109 N/m2
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Step2: Select the "File: New" command. The "New" dialog will appear. Select the "FEA Model" icon and press the "New" button. Step3: Select Linear Statics Stress With Linear Material model
Step5: Create a new Analysis file truss1 and save-this will open us the Working environment
Step6: Go for Plane 1 <XY-Top> , right click it and select Sketch. Now the Drawing Environment opens.
Step7: Go for Geometry in the menu bar for the creation of line element.
Step9: Start the line by pressing enter i.e start from 0,0. Then Y=2.8 Enter
Step 10: Go for Plane 1 <XY-Top> , right click it and select Sketch again to come out of the Drawing Environment.
Step 11: A New Part 1 Will be generated. In Part1 kindly select Element type and right click to define it . Select Truss from the list.
Step 12: Select the Element Definition, right click for Modify Element Definition, A new dialog box opens give cross-sectional area as 0.01m2.
Step13: Select Material, right click to modify material and select AISI !005 Steel from the List to assign it to the truss
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Step14: Defining boundary condition: Select the Vertices from Selection-Select from menu bar
Move the cursor to near the A node and select it. The Node will highlight, then right click in the screen and select Nodal Boundary condition and select fixed.
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. Select Y Direction and give -2800 as nodal force ve sign for force acting downwards
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Computer Aided Modeling and Analysis Laboratory Move the cursor to near the C node and select it. The Node will highlight, then right click in the screen and select Nodal Boundary condition and select all expect TY.
Step15: Go for Analysis in the menu bar and select Parameters. Select all in the output tab.
Step 15: Go for Analysis in the menu bar and select Perform Analysis.
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Computer Aided Modeling and Analysis Laboratory Step16: After analysis completes, Go for Results Element Force And moments Axial Forces. The Model will show the results.
Select Nodes from selection-select menu bar Select all nodes and right click to add probe to selection:
FORCE ACTING ON AB=1700 AC=2000 BC=-2500(Compression) Step17: After analysis completes, Go for Reaction Vector Reaction Forces-Y. The Model will show the results.
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Reaction Force FY: 2800 Repeat for X Direction FX: 1500 -1500 Step 18: Select Automatic result generation to complete the tutorial
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Exercises on Truss
1) Determine the reaction force, displacement and elemental stress for the truss shown below. Given: Material : Mild steel E = 209X103N/mm2 A= 100mm2
2) Determine the reaction force displacement and elemental stress for the truss shown below.
3) Determine the reaction force displacement and elemental stress for the truss shown below
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BARS
Determine the Displacement in the direction of force applied for a bar of constant cross Section area.
Step2: Select the "File: New" command. The "New" dialog will appear. Select the "FEA Model" icon and press the "New" button. Step3: Select Linear Statics Stress With Linear Material model
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Computer Aided Modeling and Analysis Laboratory Step5: Create a new Analysis file Bar 1 and save-this will open us the Working environment. Step6: To create the bar we need to draw line in YZ plane, to go to drawing environment right Click the YZ plane and select sketch.
Step 8: Remove the construction only and press enter to start line and enter the value 1m in Y direction to complete the Line. Step 9: To come out of the drawing double Click the YZ plane. Step 10: Assign Beam Element for the Line by right Clicking the Element type.
Step 11: To assign the Cross section, right click the Element definition, select the colum value the Cross-Section Libraries iron will appear. Press this icon to get the library. Select round from the List and assign value 0.1m. Click ok to accept.
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Step12: Select Material, right click to modify material and select AISI 1005 Steel from the List to assign it to the truss
Step13: Defining boundary condition: Select the Vertices from Selection-Select from menu bar
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Click on the left side end vertices and right Click to add the constraints. Select Fixed.
Click on the Right side end vertices and Right click to add force
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With this step we conclude the boundary condition assigning. Step14: Go for Analysis in the menu bar and select Parameters. Select all in the output tab.
Step 15: Go for Analysis in the menu bar and select Perform Analysis.
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Computer Aided Modeling and Analysis Laboratory Step 16: Now the result window opens. Select the Results- displacement -magnitude to know the displacement
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A
275
C
150
D
375
D1=25mm
160
D2 = 20mm
240
D3 = 25mm
160
(Ans: Deformation = 0.285 mm) 4) The composite bar shown in fig is subjected to a tensile force of 30kN. Youngs modulus of brass and steel are 99777.6N/mm2 and 2x 105 N/mm2 respectively. Find the extension of the bar. (Ans: 0.186mm)
D1=30mm, Steel
P = 30KN
400
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50KN
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Beams
1) Determine the maximum bending stress and strain developed in the beam and Maximum deflection of the beam due to applied load. Also plot SFD and BMD for the cantilever beam shown below. Material used is Steel AISI 4130.
Step2: Select the "File: New" command. The "New" dialog will appear. Select the "FEA Model" icon and press the "New" button. Step3: Select Linear Statics Stress With Linear Material model
Step5: Create a new Analysis file : Cantilever BEAM and save-this will open us the Working environment.
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Computer Aided Modeling and Analysis Laboratory Step6: To create the bar we need to draw line in XY plane, to go to drawing environment right Click the XY plane and select sketch.
Step 8: Remove the construction only and press enter to start line and enter the value 1m in X direction to complete the Line, then enter 2 m in X direction , again enter 3.5 m in X direction, press ESC twice to exit from sketch. Or Step 9: To come out of the drawing double Click the XY plane. Step 10: Assign Beam Element for the Line by right Clicking the Element type.
Step 11: To assign the Cross section, right click the Element definition, and select the column value the Cross-Section Libraries icon will appear.
Press this icon to get the library. Select Rectangular section and enter the values as below. b=.01m h=.008m Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Don Bosco Institute of Technology 26
Press Ok. Again OK. Step12: Select Material, right click to modify material and select AISI 4130 Steel from the List to assign it to the beam.
Step13: Defining boundary condition: Select the Vertices from Selection-Select from menu bar
Click on the left side end vertices and right Click to add the constraints. Select Fixed.
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Computer Aided Modeling and Analysis Laboratory Click on the 2nd and 3 rd vertices and Right click to add force. Assign the value -20KN in Y direction. Similarly select 4 th vertices assign -10KN load in Y direction.
With this step we conclude the boundary condition assigning. Step14: Go for Analysis in the menu bar and select Parameters. Select all in the output tab.
Step 15: Go for Analysis in the menu bar and select Perform Analysis.
Step 16: Now the result window opens. Select the Results- displacement -magnitude to know the displacement
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ANSWERS
Displacement: 0.326395m
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Computer Aided Modeling and Analysis Laboratory Max strain about axis 3= -6.938E-18m/m Min Value -0.00430442m/m
Computer Aided Modeling and Analysis Laboratory 5) With elements selected go to Inquire >Add shear diagram( axis 2) to get SFD. 6) To get the magnitude of Shear force at required points.. Results>Element forces and Moments>Local 2 force
7) With rectangular selection ON and Vertices selection ON, Select all vertices >right click> Add probes to selection. 8) View >display >features.
For BMD
1) 2) 3) 4) Keep the displacement plot in the results area. Results options> Deselect Show displaced model Right click >select vector plot. With Rectangular select ON, select elements- select complete line(Selection>shape> rectangle and selection> select> Elements) 5) With elements selected go to Inquire >Add Moment diagram (axis 3) to get BMD. 6) To get the magnitude of bending moment at required points.. Results>Element forces and Moments>Local 3 moment
7) With rectangular selection ON and Vertices selection ON, Select all vertices >right click> Add probes to selection. 8) View >display >features.
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Computer Aided Modeling and Analysis Laboratory 2) Determine the maximum stress and strain developed in the beam and Maximum deflection of the beam due to applied load. Also plot SFD and BMD for the beam shown below. Material used is Steel AISI 4130.
3) Determine the maximum stress and strain developed in the beam and Maximum deflection of the beam due to applied load. Also plot SFD and BMD for the beam shown below. Material used is Steel AISI 4130.
4) Determine the maximum stress and strain developed in the beam and Maximum deflection of the beam due to applied load. Also plot SFD and BMD for the beam shown below. Material used is Steel AISI 4130.
6) Plot SFD and BMD for the beam shown below. Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Don Bosco Institute of Technology 32
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