SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING DYNAMICS EM202

LABORATORY MANUAL


Lecturer / Tutor: Ms. Krishnawathy / Ms. Nor Fazilah

Name : ______________________________________
ID : ______________________________________
Course : ______________________________________



FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE & BUILD
ENVIRONMENT
UCSI UNIVERSITY
2011

EXPERIM ENT 1 STATI C FRI CTI ON
Object ive:
In t hi s l ab, you w i l l make some basi c measur ement s of f r i ct i on. You w i l l measur e t he coef f i ci ent s of
st at i c f r i ct i on bet w een sever al combi nat i ons of sur f aces usi ng an i ncl i ned pl ane bet w een t hr ee of t he
combi nat i ons of sur f aces.
Thi s exper i ment enabl es t he students to determine the static coefficient of friction (
s
) bet w een
speci mens of di f f er ent mat er i als on di f f er ent sur f ace usi ng t he angl e of r epose met hod.

Theory:
The coef f i ci ent of st at i c f r i ct i on
s
can be measur ed exper i ment all y f or an obj ect pl aced on an i nclined
pl ane (a.k.a. r amp, a.k.a. hi ll ). The coef f i ci ent of st at i c f r i ct i on i s r el at ed t o t he cr i t i cal angl e
c
f or t he
r amp, at w hi ch t he obj ect j ust begi ns t o sl ide. Usi ng what w e have cover ed i n cl ass, you can der ive t his
relat ionship your sel f ! At t hi s cr i t i cal angl e, st at i c f r i ct i on pr event i ng t he obj ect f r om sl i di ng dow n t he hi l l
i s j ust exact l y equal t o t he component of t he obj ect s w ei ght al ong t he hi ll . If t he component of t he
w ei ght al ong t he hi ll w ere j ust a l i t t l e gr eat er , i t w ould over come f r i ct i on, and t he obj ect w oul d st ar t t o
sl i de dow n.

Learning Out come:
Upon compl et i on of exper i ment , st udent i s abl e t o
1. Measure the static coefficient of friction (
s
) bet w een var i ous speci mens on di f f er ent pl ane
sur f aces gi ven t he mass and nor mal f or ce.
2. Fi nd t he r el at i ons bet w een t he st at i c coef f i ci ent of f r i ct i on (
s
) w i t h r epose angl e, .

M at erial and Apparat us:
Incl i ned Pl ane Appar at us (LS-12006), speci men (al umi ni um, st eel , br ass, w ood), pl ane sur f ace (st eel
and pl ast i c), cor d, pul l ey and w ei ght bl ocks (10g, 20g, 50g, 100g).

Experiment al Procedure:
PART I
1. Pl ace t he appar at us as show n i n Fi gur e 1 on t abl e. M ake sur e i t i s l evel l ed.
2. Choose a speci men, i dent i f y t he mat er i al , w ei gh t he speci men (R) and cal cul at e i t i n r ecor di ng i t i nt o
t he t abl e.
3. Wi t h pl ane i n t he hor i zont al posi t i on, pl ace t he speci men somew her e at t he mi d span.
4. At t ach a cor d t o t he speci men and pass t he cor d over t he pul l ey. Suspend a mass hanger ont o t he
end t he cor d.
5. At f i r st , bal ance t he speci men w i t hout sl i di ng acr oss t he pl ane by addi ng l oad ont o t he hanger
gr adual ly.
6. Once t he speci men i s i n equi l i br i um, add w ei ght bl ocks ont o t he hanger gr adual l y unt i l t he
speci men j ust st ar t s t o move. Recor d t he w ei ght i n New t on.
7. Repeat t he pr ocedur es (2) t o (6) t hr ee t i mes t o comput e t he aver age Fr i ct i onal For ce, F and Nor mal
For ce, R.
8. Repeat t he pr ocedur es (2) t o (7) by usi ng speci mens of di f f er ent mat er i al s.
9. Repeat st ep (8) on di f f er ent sur f aces and r ecor d your f i ndi ngs.
10. Gi ven, F
s
=
s
R. Comput e t he st at i c coef f i ci ent of f r i ct i on,
s
.

PART I I

11. Repeat st eps 1-3.
12. Sl ow l y r aise t he hor i zont al pl ane unt i l t he speci men j ust st ar t s t o sl i de. Not e t he angl e, .
13. Repeat t he pr ocedur es (7) and (8) by usi ng speci mens of di f f er ent mat er i al s.
14. Repeat pr ocedur e (13) on di f f er ent sur f aces and r ecor d your f i ndi ngs.
15. Gi ven,
s
= Tan . Comput e t he st at i c coef f i ci ent of f r i ct i on,
s
.


Result s/ Finding:
PART I
1. 1. 1 St eel surf ace
Trial
Aluminium St eel Brass W ood
R (N) F (N) R (N) F (N)

R (N) F (N)

R (N) F (N)

1
2
3
Aver age

s


1. 2 Plast ic surf ace
Trial
Aluminium St eel Brass W ood
R (N) F (N) R (N) F (N)

R (N) F (N)

R (N) F (N)

1
2
3
Aver age

s

Fi gur e 1
PART I I
2. 2.1 St eel Surf ace
Trial
Aluminum St eel Brass W ood

1
2
3
Aver age

s


2. 2 Plast ic Surf ace
Trial
Aluminum St eel Brass W ood

1
2
3
Aver age

s


Discussions:
1. Compar e t he val ues of t he static coefficient of friction (
s
) obt ai ned i n t w o exper i ment s above and
expl ai n.
2. What i s t he cr i t i cal t angent i al f or ce t hat w i l l cause t he sur f aces t o st ar t t o sl i de?
3. Determine the relation between the static coefficient of friction (
s
) and t he angl e of i ncl i nat i on ().
4. Compar e t he st at i c coef f i ci ent of f r i ct i on (
s
) of di f f er ent sur f aces and expl ai n t he di f f er ences.
5. Pr ove t hat
s
= Tan . Incl ude a di agr am of al l t he f or ces on t he speci men as i t sl i des dow n t he
i ncl i ned pl ane.

EXPERIM ENT 2 KI NETI C FRI CTI ON
Object ive:
In t hi s l ab, you w i l l measur e t he coef f i ci ent s of ki net i c f r i ct i on bet w een sever al combi nat i ons of sur f aces
usi ng an i ncl i ned pl ane bet w een t hr ee of t he combi nat i ons of sur f aces.
Thi s exper i ment enabl es t he st udent s t o det er mi ne t he ki net i c coef f i ci ent of friction (
k
) bet w een
speci mens of di f f er ent mat er i als on di f f er ent sur f ace usi ng t he angl e of r epose met hod.

Theory:
You can calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction,
k
, usi ng a var i at i on of t he met hod you used f or t he
coef f i ci ent of st at i c f r i ct i on. For t he coef f i ci ent of ki net i c f r i ct i on, you can use t he same f r ee body
di agr am but now , t he combi nat i on of W
H
and t he f or ce of f r i ct i on w i l l need t o add up such t hat t he
bl ock w i ll sl i de at a const ant speed. Thi nk of New t on s f i r st and second l aw s w hen you set up t hi s
equat i on.

Learning Out come:
Upon compl et i on of exper i ment , st udent i s abl e t o
1. M easur e t he ki net i c coefficient of friction (
k
) bet w een var i ous speci mens on di f f er ent pl ane
sur f aces gi ven t he mass and nor mal f or ce.
2. Der i ve a r el at i onshi p bet w een t he cr i t i cal angle, and the coefficient of kinetic friction (
k
).
3. Compar e t he val ues of
s
f r om Exper i ment 1 and
k
f r om Exper i ment 2.

M at erial and Apparat us:
Incl i ned Pl ane Appar at us (LS-12006), speci men (al umi ni um, st eel , br ass, w ood), pl ane sur f ace (st eel
and pl ast i c), cor d, pul l ey and w ei ght bl ocks (10g, 20g, 50g, 100g).

Experiment al Procedure:
PART I
1. Pl ace t he appar at us as show n i n Fi gur e 2 on t abl e.
2. Choose a speci men, i dent i f y t he mat er i al , w ei gh t he speci men (R) and cal cul at e i t i n r ecor di ng i t i nt o
t he t abl e.
3. Wi t h pl ane i n t he hor i zont al posi t i on, pl ace t he speci men somew her e at t he mi d span.
4. At t ach a cor d t o t he speci men and pass t he cor d over t he pul l ey. Suspend a mass hanger ont o t he
end t he cor d.
5. At f i r st , bal ance t he speci men w i t hout sl i di ng acr oss t he pl ane by addi ng l oad ont o t he hanger
gr adual ly.
6. Once t he speci men i s i n equi l i br i um, add w ei ght bl ocks ont o t he hanger gr adual l y unt i l t he
speci men moves i n a const ant speed. * You might have t o t ap t he bl ock t o get i t movi ng. Ensur e t hat
t he bl ock does not accel erat e. Recor d t he w ei ght i n New t on.
7. Repeat t he pr ocedur es (2) t o (6) t hr ee t i mes t o comput e t he aver age Fr i ct i onal For ce, F and Nor mal
For ce, R.
8. Repeat t he pr ocedur es (2) t o (7) by usi ng speci mens of di f f er ent mat er i al s.
9. Repeat st ep (8) on di f f er ent sur f aces and r ecor d your f i ndi ngs.
10. Gi ven, F
k
=
k
R. Comput e t he ki net i c coefficient of friction,
k
.


PART I I

11. Repeat st eps 1-3.
12. Sl ow l y r ai se t he hor i zont al pl ane unt i l t he speci men st ar t s t o sl i de at a const ant speed. Not e t he
angl e, .
13. Repeat t he pr ocedur es (7) and (8) by usi ng speci mens of di f f er ent mat er i al s.
14. Repeat pr ocedur e (13) on di f f er ent sur f aces and r ecor d your f i ndi ngs.
15. Gi ven,
k
= Tan . Comput e t he ki net i c coefficient of friction,
k
.



Result s/ Findings:
PART I
1. 1. 1 St eel surf ace
Trial
Aluminium St eel Brass W ood
R (N) F (N) R (N) F (N)

R (N) F (N)

R (N) F (N)

1
2
3
Aver age

k


1. 2 Plast ic surf ace
Trial
Aluminium St eel Brass W ood
R (N) F (N) R (N) F (N)

R (N) F (N)

R (N) F (N)

1
2
3
Aver age

k

Fi gur e 2
PART I I
2. 2. 1 St eel Surf ace
Trial
Aluminum St eel Brass W ood

1
2
3
Aver age

s


2. 2 Plast ic Surf ace
Trial
Aluminum St eel Brass W ood

1
2
3
Aver age

s


Discussions:
1. Compar e t he val ues of t he ki net i c coefficient of friction (
k
) obt ai ned i n t w o exper i ment s above and
expl ai n.
2. Det er mi ne t he r el at i on bet w een t he ki net i c coefficient of friction (
k
) and t he angl e of i ncl i nat i on
().
3. Compar e t he ki net i c coefficient of friction (
k
) of di f f er ent sur f aces and expl ai n t he di f f er ences.
4. Does the value of
k
dependent on t he sur f ace mat er i al ? Expl ai n.
5. Compare the kinetic coefficient of friction (
k
) and static coefficient of friction (
s
) obt ai ned f r om
Exper i ment 1.

EXPERIM ENT 3 W ORK DONE BY VARI ABLE FORCES
Object ive:
1. To det er mi ne t he w or k done by var i abl e ef f or t .
2. To show t hat w or k done by ef f or t i s equal t o t he change i n pot ent i al ener gy of t he l oad.

Theory:
We have i nt r oduced i n l ect ur e t he concept s of w ork


and kinet ic energy



w hi ch ar e r el at ed by t he w ork-kinet ic energy t heorem



Learning Out come:
Upon t he compl et i on of exper i ment , st udent i s abl e t o det er mi ne t he w or k done by vari abl e ef f or t f r om
gr aph and show t he r el at i on bet w een w or k done and change i n pot ent i al ener gy of t he l oad.

M at erial Apparat us:
Wor k Done by Var i abl e For ce Appar at us (LS-12042), 2 pul l eys, cor d, mass bl ocks (10g, 20g, 50g, 100g),
l ong r ul er .

Experiment al Procedure:


1. Pl ace t he appar at us as show n i n Fi gur e 3 on a l evel l ed f l oor .
2. Pl ace t he cor d ont o bot h of t he pul l eys.
3. Hang t he 100g w ei ght hanger s ont o t he r espect i ve hooks on t he cor d.
4. M easur e t he i ni t i al height of t he ef f or t hei ght , h
e
f r om t he f l oor and r ecor d i t .
5. Appl y addi t i onal w eight s (F
l oad
) by 50g t o t he l oad hanger t o pr oduce mor e ef f or t w i t hout addi ng any
addi t i onal w eight t o t he ef f or t hanger (F
ef f or t
).
6. M easur e t he hei ght of t he ef f or t hanger f r om t he f l oor , h.
7. Repeat st ep 5 and 6 by addi ng mor e w ei ght on t he l oad hanger .
8. Dr af t s a t abl e w i t h t he dat a(s) obt ai ned and pl ot a gr aph of F
l oad
agai nst di spl acement f or t he ef f or t
hanger , H.
9. Fr om t he gr aph, f i nd t he ar ea under t he gr aph and t hi s w i l l be t he t ot al w or k done.

Fi gur e 3
Result s/ Findings:

Ef f or t hanger i ni t i al hei ght , h
E
= ______

F
ef f or t
(N) F
l oad
(N) h

(mm) H = h
E
h







Discussions:

1. Expl ai n t he gr aph obt ai ned i n pr ocedur e (9).
2. If t he amount of w or k done can be comput ed usi ng t he f ol l ow i ng equat i on:

Pr ove t hat t he amount of w or k done by t he ef f or t l oad i f equal s t o t he change i n
gr avi t at i onal pot ent i al ener gy of t he l i f t ed l oad. Wher e,

W = mg(h
L
h
E
)
EXPERIM ENT 4 Rolling Disc & Axle
Object ive:
To det er mi ne t he mass moment of i ner t ia of di sc usi ng t he equat i on i nvol vi ng t he sum of mass and r adi i
of di sc and axl e.

Theory:
The moment of i ner t i a I of a body i s a measur e of how har d i t i s t o get i t r ot at i ng about some axi s. The
moment I i s t o r ot at i on as mass m i s t o t r ansl at i on. The l ar ger t he I, t he mor e w or k r equi r ed t o get t he
obj ect spi nni ng, j ust as t he l ar ger t he mass m, t he more w or k r equi r ed t o get i t movi ng i n a st r aight l i ne.
The moment of i ner t i a i s al w ays def i ned w i t h r ef er ence t o a par t i cul ar axi s of r ot at i on of t en a
symmet r y axi s, but i t can be any axi s, even one t hat i s out si de t he body. The moment of i ner t i a of a
body about a par t i cul ar axi s i s def i ned as:
(1)
w her e t he sum i s over al l par t s of t he body (l abel l ed wi t h an i ndex i ), m
i
i s t he mass of par t i , and r
i
i s t he
di st ance f r om par t i t o t he axi s of r ot at i on.
For a di sk w i t h an axi s t hr ough t he cent r e of symmet r y, t he moment of i ner t i a i s
(2)

Learning Out come:
Upon t he compl et i on of exper i ment , st udent shoul d be abl e t o comput e t he val ue of M oment of Iner t i a,
I f r om measur i ng t he masses and r adii of di sk and axl e usi ng equat i on (1).

M at erial and Apparat us:
Rol l i ng Di sc, Axl e, Wei ghi ng Scal e



Procedure:



1. Use t he appr opr i at e measur i ng t ool t o measur e t he di amet er s t o f i nd t hei r r adi i , r f or t he
axl e and R f or t he di sk. Ref er Fi gur e 4 f or r ef er ence.
2. Take about 3 r eadi ngs and t abl e t hem accor di ngl y. Comput e t he aver age of your
measur ement s and est i mat e t he uncer t ai nt y i n r.
3. Gi ven t hat t he mass of l ar ge di sc and axl e i s 2.94kg and mass of smal l di sc and axl e i s 1.14kg.

Assumpt ions:
Di sc and axl e ar e made of mi l d st eel . Gi ven t he densi t y of mi l d st eel i s 7860
kg
m
3
.
Result s/ Findings:

1. Lengt h of t he axl e, laxle = __________
Tr i al s
M ass of axl e
(kg)
m
axl e

M ass of di sc
(kg)
M
di sc

Radi i of di sk
(mm)
R
Radi i of axl e
(mm)
r
1
2
3
Avg

Discussions:
1. Usi ng Equat i on (2), f i nd I
di sk
and I
axl e
separ at el y and t hen comput e .
2. Is I
axl e
si gni f i cant , compar ed t o I
di sk
, or can i t be i gnor ed? Di scuss.
Fi gur e 4
EXPERIM ENT 5 Rolling Disc On An Inclined Plane
Object ive:
To det er mi ne t he mass moment of i ner t i a of a r oll ing t he di sc dow n an i ncl i ned pl ane usi ng ener gy
conser vat i on met hod.

Theory:
Consi der t he w heel , consi st i ng of di sk and axl e, r ol l i ng dow n an i ncl i ned set of r ai l s af t er st ar t i ng f r om
r est at t he t op, l i ke so:



The t ot al ener gy at any t i me i s t he sum of t he t r ansl at i onal ki net i c ener gy, t he r ot at i onal ki net i c ener gy,
and t he gr avi t at i onal pot ent i al ener gy.
. (3)
Her e, M i s t he t ot al mass of di sk + axl e, v i s i t s t r ansl at i onal speed, i s i t s angul ar vel oci t y, and h i s t he
hei ght of t he cent r e of mass. Ini t i all y, t he w heel i s at r est at hei ght ho, so i t s i ni t i al ki net i c ener gy (bot h
t r ansl at i onal and r ot at i onal ) i s zer o and i t s t ot al ener gy i s al l pot ent i al .

Learning Out come:
Upon t he compl et i on of exper i ment , st udent shoul d be abl e t o comput e moment of i ner t i a, I by t i mi ng
t he w heel as i t r ol l s dow n i ncl i ned r ai ls and usi ng t he pr i nci pl e of conser vat i on of ener gy.

M at erial and Apparat us:
Incl i ne pl ane wi t h adj ust abl e hei ght , 2 st opper bl ocks, di sc w i t h axl e, measur i ng t ape, l ong r ul er , and
st op w at ch.
Procedure:
Diagram 1


Diagram 2




0. 7m

H
Fi gur e 5
1. Pl ace t he i ncl i ned pl ane appar at us on a l evel sur f ace and ensur e t hat t he t op sur f aces of t he t w o
r ai l s ar e l evell ed. Wi pe of f any gr ease and di r t , w hi ch may be on t he t op of t he r ai l s.
2. M easur e f r om t he t abl e t op t o t he under si de of t he f r ont r ai l at each end (a, b) and r ecor d t he
hei ght i n t abl e. M easur e t he over al l l engt h of t he r ai l (L
o
) and not e t he val ue. Ref er Di agr am 1.
3. Rai se t he movabl e end of t he r ai l s t o t he l ow est l evel so t hat t he r ai l s ar e al most l evel l ed. Pl ace t he
l ar ge di sc on t he r ai l s at t he suppor t end and mar ks i t s posi t i on. * Hol d on t he di sc near t he st ar t
bl ock so t hat once i t s r el eased i t shoul d roll f r eely al ong t he r ail .
4. Usi ng t he measur i ng t ape, measur e about 0.7m al ong t he r ai l f r om t he cent r e pi vot of t he di sc axl e
and f i x t he st opper bl ock so t hat t he l i near di st ance t r avell ed by t he di sc i s 0.7m al ong t he r ai l . Ref er
Di agr am 2 and Fi gur e 5.
5. Remove t he di sc and r ai se end of t he r ail f or about 25mm. M easur e t he hei ght a and b f r om t he
t abl e t op.
6. Pl ace t he l ar ge di sc on t he hi gh end of t he r ai l s and l i ne up t he axl e per pendi cul ar t o t he r ai l s.
Hol di ng i t w hi l e pr epari ng t o use t he st opw at ch.
7. M easur e t he t i me t aken f or t he r el eased di sc t o r ol l i t sel f 0.7m dow n t he i ncl i ned r ai l s. Repeat t hi s
pr ocedur e 3 t i mes and r ecor d t he aver age t i me t aken int o t he t abl e.
8. Rai se t he suppor t by anot her 25mm hei ght and r epeat t he st ep 5 and 6. And r epeat st ep 7 t w i ce.
9. Repeat t he w hol e exper i ment f or t he smal l di sc.
10. Pl ot t he gr aph of l og t agai nst l og H f or bot h of t he di sc on gr aph paper .
11. Ref er t o Appendi x 1 f or t he det ai l cal cul at i on.
12. Gi ven t hat t he mass of l ar ge di sc i s 2.94kg and mass of smal l di sc i s 1.14kg.












Result s/ Findings:

Discussions:
1. St ar t i ng f r om equat i on 1.3 der i ve equat i on 1.8. Show t he st eps cl ear l y.
2. To der i ve equat i on 1.8, you need t o know t he val ue of r . Dr aw a si mpl e sket ch t o def i ne r .
3. Fi nd t he moment of i ner t i a, I usi ng equat i on 1.8.
4. Equat i on 1.8 i n t he appendi x i nvol ves g, t he accel er at i on of gr avi t y. Thi s seems t o suggest t hat you
w oul d get a di f f er ent val ue f or I i f you conduct ed t he same exper iment on t he moon, w her e g i s
di f f er ent . But t he def i ni t i on of I does not depend on l ocat i on. Li ke t he mass m, t he moment I of an
obj ect i s t he same on t he moon as on t he Ear t h or anyw her e el se. So how do you expl ai n t he
pr esence of g i n Equat i on 1.8?








Incl i nat i on of r ai l s (mm) Rol l i ng Ti me (sec)
Feet end, a Suppor t end, b Di f f er ence, h Height , H Log H
Lar ge di sc Smal l di sc
t Log t t Log t
a
o
b
o
- - - - - - -
a
1
b
1

a
2
b
2


a
3
b
3


a
4
b
4



























EXPERIM ENT 6 Oscillat ing Disc
Object ive:
To det er mi ne t he mass moment of i ner t i a of di sc speci men usi ng osci ll at i ng t he di sc w i t h added
pendul um.
Theory:
The moment of i ner t i a I of a body i s a measur e of how har d i t i s t o get i t r ot at i ng about some axi s. The
moment I i s t o r ot at i on as mass m i s t o t r ansl at i on. The l ar ger t he I, t he mor e w or k r equi r ed t o get t he
obj ect spi nni ng, j ust as t he l ar ger t he mass m, t he more w or k r equi r ed t o get i t movi ng i n a st r aight l i ne.
The moment of i ner t i a i s al w ays def i ned w i t h r ef er ence t o a par t i cul ar axi s of r ot at i on of t en a
symmet r y axi s, but i t can be any axi s, even one t hat i s out si de t he body. The moment of i ner t i a of a
body about a par t i cul ar axi s i s def i ned as:
Learning Out come:
Upon t he compl et i on of exper i ment , st udent shoul d be abl e t o det er mi ne t he mass moment of i ner t i a
of di sc speci men by usi ng osci l l at i ng di sc met hod.

Procedure:



Fi gur e 6
1. Pl ace t he kni f e edge appar at us as show n i n Fi gur e 6 on t he l evel t abl e.
2. Scr ew i n t he pendul um pr ovi ded i nt o one si de of t he di sc axl e.
3. Pl ace t he di sc w i t h i t s axl e per pendi cul ar t o t he kni f e edge.
4. Usi ng t he st opw at ch, t i me a count ed number of smal l ampl i t ude osci ll at i on of t he assembly (6 t o 10
cycl es) f or at l east f i ve r epeat s.
5. Recor d t he number of cycl es t oget her w i t h t he t i me t aken i nt o t he t abl e pr ovi ded.
6. Repeat pr ocedur es (1) t o (5) w i t h a di f f er ent mass of t he pendul um.
7. Repeat pr ocedur es (1) t o (6) w i t h t he smal l er di sc.
8. Det er mi ne t he moment of i ner t i a val ues by r ef er r i ng t o appendi x 2 f or t he det ai l cal cul at i on.
9. Gi ven t hat t he mass of l ar ge di sc i s 2.94kg and mass of smal l di sc i s 1.14kg.

Result s/ Findings:

1. M ass of pendul um: __________________






TRIALS
LARGE DISC SM ALL DISC
No of sw i ng
Ti me (sec)
No of sw i ng
Ti me (sec)
t
1
t
2
t
avg
t
1
t
2
t
avg

1
2
3
4
5
Aver age
2. M ass of pendul um: __________________


M ass of l ar ge di sc, M
L
=
M ass of smal l di sc, M
S
=
Radi us of axl e, r =
Ef f ect i ve l engt h of pendul um, l =

Discussions:
1. Usi ng equat i on 2.5, cal cul at e t he per i od of osci l at i on, T f or each of t he di sc.
2. How does t he Val ue of T di f f er w i t h t he mass of t he pendul um and si ze of t he di sc? Di scuss.
3. Cal cul at e t he moment of i ner t i a of each di sc gi ven t he equat i ons i n Appendi x 3.
4. How does t he moment of i ner t i a, I di f f er w i t h t he mass of t he pendul um and si ze of t he di sc?
Di scuss.






TRIALS
LARGE DISC SM ALL DISC
No of sw i ng
Ti me (sec)
No of sw i ng
Ti me (sec)
t
1
t
2
t
avg
t
1
t
2
t
avg

1
2
3
4
5
Aver age
Appendix 3

EXPERIM ENT 7 Flyw heel
Object ive:
1. To ver i f y New t on s Second Law f or r ot at i onal mot i on; = I
2. To det er mi ne t he moment of i ner t i a of a di sc and axl e f r om exper i ment .
3. To det er mi ne t he f r i ct i onal t or que r equi r ed t o over come t he f r i ct i on.

Theory:
Frict ional t orque i s t he di f f er ence bet w een appl ied t or que and obser ved or net t or que and i s at t r i but ed
t o r esi st ance t o r el at i ve mot i on bet w een sur f aces.

net
=
a
+
f


Real pul leys have mass and f r i ct i onal t or que. Bot h r esul t i n a l ow er accel er at i on f or a hangi ng mass.

Fi r st , consi der a pul l ey w i t h mass but no f r i ct i on.
Appl yi ng New t on' s Second Law t o t he hangi ng mass:

ma = mg - T

w her e m i s t he mass and a i s t he accel er at i on of t he
hangi ng mass and T i s t he t ensi on i n t he r ope. Rear r angi ng,

T = mg - ma (1)

The t or que on t he pul l ey i s given by:

= TR = I (2)

w er e I is the moment of inertia and is the angular acceleration of the pulley. This can be rewritten as:
I (a/ R) = TR

si nce t he t angent i al accel er at i on of t he pul l ey i s t he same as t he accel er at i on of t he hangi ng mass.

Rear r angi ng,

T = I a/ R
2
[ eqn 2]

Combi ni ng equat i ons 1 and 2:

mg - ma = I a/ R
2


So accel er at i on can be cal cul at ed f r om




Learning Out come:
Upon t he compl et i on of exper i ment , st udent shoul d be abl e t o det er mi ne t he moment of
i ner t i a of a di sc and axl e f r om exper i ment and t he f r i ct i onal t or que r equi r ed t o over come t he
f r i ct i on.

Procedure:


1. M easur e t he di amet er of di sc and axl e; t hi ckness of di sc and l engt h of axl e usi ng pr oper measur i ng
i nst r ument s.
2. Wi nd t he st r i ng secur el y at a comf or t abl e di st ance f r om t he cent r e of t he di sc; ar ound t he axl e si x
t ur ns and make sur e t he st r i ng hangs f r eel y. Recor d t hi s di st ance as r.
3. Suspend a mass bl ock, m of 50g on t he l oose end of t he st r i ng and suppor t t he mass w i t h your
hands t o avoi d i t f r om spi nni ng l oose. Ref er Fi gur e 7.
4. The same per son hol di ng t he mass bl ock shoul d al so be t aki ng t he t i me. Rel ease t he mass f r om r est
t akes t he t i me t aken f or t he mass t o f al l f r ee f r om t he axl e (6 t ur ns).
5. Wi t hout st oppi ng t he st op w at ch, r ecor d t he t i me t aken f or t he di sc t o come t o r est af t er t he mass
bl ock has f al l en of f t he axl e.
6. Repeat pr ocedur es (2) t o (5) about 3 t i mes and get t he aver age r eadi ng. Recor d t he r esul t s i nt o a
t abl e.
Fi gur e 7
7. Repeat pr ocedur es (2) t o (5) f or masses of w ei ght 60g, 70g and 80g.
8. Use t he equat i on = 24/t
2
t o det er mi ne t he angul ar accel er at i on cor r espondi ng t o each val ue of
masses, m, used. Use t he equat i on a = r t o det er mi ne t he l i near accel er at i on f or each val ue of m
and use t he equat i on = mr (g-a) t o det er mi ne t he t or que appl i ed t o t he di sc and axl e f or each
val ue of m. Tabul at e al l t he val ues cal cul at ed above.
9. Pl ot a gr aph of t or que, agai nst cor r espondi ng val ues of angul ar accel er at i on, and det er mi ne t he
sl ope of a best st r ai ght l i ne r epr esent i ng t he pl ot t ed poi nt s.
10. Ext r apol at e t he best st r ai ght l i ne of t he gr aph t o i nt ersect t he t or que axi s. The poi nt of i nt er sect i on
shoul d cor r espond t o t he posi t i ve t or que and zer o angul ar accel er at i on. Thi s non-zer o t or que can
be i nt er pr et ed as t he t or que r equi r ed t o over come t he f r i ct i on. Det er mi ne t he f r i ct i onal t or que
f r om t he gr aph.
11. Cal cul at e t he t ot al moment of i ner t i a of t he di sc and t he axl e gi ven t he densi t y of t he di sc and axl e
i s 7860kg/ m
3
. Use M = pnr
2
l
dsc
t o f i nd mass of t he di sc and axl e r espect i vel y.
12. In st ep 5 of t he pr ocedur e i t w as t he f r i ct i onal t or que t hat caused t he di sc t o sl ow dow n and f i nal l y
t o st op. Use t he equat i on = I t o det er mi ne t he f r i ct i onal t or que. Use t he val ue of I cal cul at ed
f r om st ep 9. The angular deceleration, , can be determined by first calculating the angular velocity
at the instant the string fell off the axle using
f
= 2AV and
i
= 12/t. Then use = /t to
det er mi ne t he angul ar decel er at i on. Compare t he f rict ional t orque f ound here t o t hat found in
st ep 10.

Result s/ Findings:
2. Di amet er of t he di sc, D = __________
3. Di amet er of t he axl e, d = __________
4. Dept h of t he di sc, ldisc = __________
5. Lengt h of t he axl e, laxle = __________
6. Recor d al l t he dat a(s) col l ect ed above i n a t abl e. Ensur e t he dat a(s) ar e w el l t abl ed.

Discussions:
1. Dr aw a f or ce di agr am t o i ndi cat e al l f or ces act i ng on t he f l y w heel and hangi ng mass. St at e cl ear l y
al l assumpt i ons made and def i ne any symbol s and/ or par amet er s used i n t he dr aw i ng.
2. Usi ng t he di agr am above, der i ve equat i on


3. How do t he t w o val ues of f r i ct i onal f or ce obt ai ned above di f f er ? Expl ai n.
= mr (g-a)
EXPERIM ENT 8 Hookes Law & Simple Harmonic M ot ion
Object ive:
1. To i nvest i gat e Hooke s Law (t he r el at i on bet w een f or ce and st r et ch f or a spr i ng)
2. To i nvest i gat e New t on' s Law s and t he oper at i on of a spr i ng scal e.
3. To comput e t he spr i ng coef f i ci ent , k f or an i ndi vi dual spr i ng usi ng bot h Hooke s Law and t he
pr oper t i es of an osci l l at i ng spr i ng syst em.
4. It i s al so possi bl e t o st udy t he ef f ect s, i f any, t hat ampl i t ude has on t he per i od of a body
exper i enci ng si mpl e har moni c mot i on.

Theory:
PART I
If an appl i ed f or ce var i es l i nearl y wi t h posi t i on, t he f or ce can be def i ned as F=kx w her e k i s cal l ed t he
f orce const ant . Once such physi cal syst em w her e t hi s f or ce exi st s i s w i t h common heli cal spr i ng act i ng
on a body. If t he spr i ng i s st r et ched or compr essed a smal l di st ance f r om i t s equi l i br i um posi t i on, t he
spr i ng w il l exer t a f or ce on t he body gi ven by Hooke' s Law , namel y
F
s
=-kx

w her e i s know n as t he spring f orce. Her e t he const ant of pr opor t i onal i t y, , i s know n as t he spr ing
const ant , and i s t he displacement of t he body f r om i t s equi li br i um posi t i on (at = 0 ). The spr i ng
const ant i s an i ndi cat i on of t he spr i ng' s st i f f ness. A l ar ge val ue f or i ndi cat es t hat t he spr i ng i s st i f f . A
l ow val ue f or means t he spr i ng i s sof t . Gener al ly speaki ng, spr i ngs w i t h l ar ge val ues can bal ance
l ar ger f or ces t han spr i ngs w i t h l ow val ues.






Figure 1a.When t he di spl acement i s t o t he r ight (
> 0) t he spr ing f or ce i s di r ect ed t o t he l ef t ( < 0).

Figure 1b. When t he di spl acement i s t o t he l ef t ( <
0) t he spr i ng f or ce i s di r ect ed t o t he r i ght ( > 0).





Figure 1c. In bot h cases show n i n Figur es 1a and 1b, t he ef f ect of t he spr i ng f or ce i s t o r et ur n t he syst em t o
t he equi li br i um posi t i on. At t hi s posi t i on, = 0 and t he spr i ng i s unst r et ched, si gni f yi ng = 0.

The negat i ve si gn i n Equat i on 1 i ndi cat es t hat t he di r ect i on of i s al w ays opposi t e t he di r ect i on of t he
di spl acement . This i mpl i es t hat t he spr i ng f or ce i s a rest oring f orce. In ot her w or ds, t he spr i ng f or ce
al w ays act s t o r est or e, or r et ur n, t he body t o t he equi l i br i um posi t i on r egar dl ess of t he di r ect i on of t he
di spl acement , as show n i n Fi gur es 1a - 1c.
When a mass, , i s suspended f r om a spr i ng and t he syst em i s all ow ed t o r each equi li br i um, as show n
i n Fi gur e 2, New t on' s Second Law t el l s us t hat t he magni t ude of t he spr i ng f or ce equal s t he w eight of
t he body, . Ther ef or e, i f w e know t he mass of a body at equi li br i um, w e can det er mi ne t he
spr i ng f or ce act i ng on t he body.

Figure 2. A body of mass, , i s suspended f r om a spr i ng havi ng a
spr i ng const ant , . If t he syst em i s i n equi li br i um t he spr i ng f or ce
i s bal anced by t he w ei ght of t he body.

Equat i on 1 appl i es t o spr i ngs t hat ar e i ni t i al l y unst ret ched. When t he body under goes an ar bi t r ar y
di spl acement f r om some i ni t i al posi t i on, , t o some f i nal posi t i on, , t hi s equat i on can be w r i t t en as
Wher e i s t he body' s di spl acement .
PART I I
If t he body i n Fi gur e 4 i s di spl aced f r om i t s equi li br i um posi t i on some maxi mum di st ance, , and t hen
r el eased, i t wi ll osci ll at e about t he equi l i bri um posi t i on. The body w i ll move back and f or t h bet w een t he
posi t i ons and . When t he mass t r avel s f r om t he maxi mum di spl acement t o t he
mi nimum di spl acement and t hen back t o t he posi t i on , w e say t hat t he mass has moved
t hr ough one cycl e, or osci l l at i on. When an osci l l at i ng mass (as i n t he case of a mass bounci ng on a
spr i ng) exper i ences a f or ce t hat i s l i near l y pr opor t i onal t o i t s di spl acement but i n t he opposi t e di r ect i on,
t he r esul t i ng mot i on i s know n as simple harmonic mot ion. Thi s mot i on i s per iodic, meani ng t he
di spl acement , vel oci t y and accel er at i on al l var y si nusoi dal l y. The t i me r equi r ed f or t he body t o compl et e
one osci l l at i on i s def i ned as t he period, , and i s gi ven by

Not i ce t he per i od i s dependent onl y upon t he mass of t he osci l l at i ng body and t he spri ng const ant , .
As t he st i f f ness of t he spr i ng i ncr eases (t hat i s, as i ncr eases), t he per i od decr eases w hi ch has t he
ef f ect of i ncr easi ng t he body' s aver age vel oci t y. Conver sel y, an i ncr ease i n t he body' s mass means t he
per i od w i ll al so i ncr ease, t her eby r equi r i ng mor e t i me f or t he body t o move t hr ough one osci l l at i on. It
shoul d be not ed t hat t he per i od of mot i on i s i ndependent of t he ampl i t ude of t he osci l l at i ons.
Learning Out come
Upon compl et i on of t he exper i ment , st udent shoul d be abl e t o i l l ust r at e and ver i f y t he pr i nci pl es and
r el at i ons i nvolved i n t he st udy of vi br at i ons. And at t he same t i me, det er mi ne t he spr i ng coef f i ci ent ,
f or an i ndi vi dual spr i ng usi ng bot h Hooke' s Law and t he pr oper t i es of an osci l l at i ng spri ng syst em at
si ngle degr ee f r eedom and compar e t he t heor et i cal and exper i ment al nat ur al f r equency.
Procedure:
PART I


Fi gur e 8
1. Assembl e t he appar at us as show n i n Fi gur e 8. Hang t he ext ensi on hook t o t he l ow er end of t he
spr i ng.
2. Take t he i ni t i al r eadi ng of t he poi nt er on t he ext ensi on scal e. Sl ow l y pl ace t he hanger and w ei ght
on t he ext ensi on hook. Recor d new posi t i on of t he poi nt er af t er t he mass i s added.
3. Fr om t hi s, you w i l l cal cul at e t he f or ce appl i ed t o t he spr i ng and t he r esul t i ng st r et ch of t he spr i ng.
You shoul d al l ow f or at l east 5-6 t r i al s w i t h di f f er ent mass bl ocks added t o i t each t i me. Per f or m t he
exper i ment syst emat i cal ly by addi ng t he l i ght er mass f ir st f ol l ow ed by t he heavi er ones.
4. For each t r i al , r ecor d t he mass, t he st ar t i ng posi t i on of t he spr i ng (bef or e hangi ng t he mass) and
t he endi ng posi t i on of t he spr i ng (w hi l e i t i s bei ng st r et ched).
5. Tabul at e t he dat a obt ai ned above and pl ot a gr aph, For ce (New t on) ver sus St r et ch @ Di spl acement
(mm).

PART I I
6. Assembl e t he appar at us as show n i n t he di agr am above. Hang t he ext ensi on hook t o t he l ow er end
of t he spr i ng.
7. Suspend t he spr i ng and r ecor d i t s posi t i on f r om t he end of t he spr i ng w i t hout any l oad added t o i t .
Ref er di agr am t o t he r i ght .
8. Af t er t hat add a w ei ght about 10g ont o t he hook and st r et ch t he spr i ng about 30cm and r ecor d t he
t i me t aken f or t he spr i ng t o come t o r est . Al so r ecor d t he number of osci l l at i ons made by t he
spr i ng.
9. Remove t he w ei ght and r epeat pr ocedur e 9 w i t h heavier w ei ght s e.g., 30g and 50g.
10. Tabul at e t he dat a col l ect ed.







RESULTS/ FI NDI NGS
Tabul at e your dat a obt ai ned f r om Par t I and Par t I I.





1. Pl ot a gr aph of For ce (N) vs. di spl acement (m).

DI SCUSSI ONS

1. How your gr aph does l ooks l i ke?
2. Do your r esul t s conf i r m or cont r adi ct Hooke' s Law ? Pl ease el abor at e.
3. Cal cul at e coef f i ci ent of spr i ng, k f r om t he gr aph.
4. In Par t II, how does t he mass af f ect t he osci l l at i on of spr i ng?
5. Fr om t he f or mul a gi ven, comput e t he spr i ng coef f i ci ent , k.
6. How does t he val ue of k obt ai ned f r om bot h exper i ment s above di f f er ? Expl ai n w hy?











EXPERIM ENT 9 Free and Damped Vibrat ion

Object ive:
5. To show the discomfort and dangers that result from the resonance phenomenon.
6. To study the effect of adding an absorber to a vibratory resonant system.
7. To compute the damping ratio of a vibrating system.

Theory:
For ced vi br at i on i s t he one i n w hi ch ext er nal ener gy i s added t o t he vi br at i ng syst em. The ampl i t ude of a
f or ced-undamped vi br at i on w oul d i ncr ease over t ime unt i l t he mechani sm w as dest r oyed. The
ampl i t ude of a f or ced-damped vi br at i on w i l l set t l e t o some val ue w her e t he ener gy l oss per cycl e i s
exact l y bal anced by t he ener gy gai ned.
Exampl es of t hi s t ype of vi br at i on i ncl ude a st r uct ur e subj ect ed t o vi br at i ng machi nes, vi br at i on of a
bui l di ng dur i ng an ear t hquake or under t he act i on of w i nd, et c.



Learning Out come
Upon compl et i on of t he exper i ment , st udent shoul d be abl e t o i l l ust r at e and ver i f y t he pr i nci pl es and
r el at i ons i nvolved i n t he st udy of vi br at i ons. And at t he same t i me, det er mi ne t he spr i ng coef f i ci ent of
spr i ng at si ngl e degr ee f r eedom and compar e t he t heor et i cal and exper i ment al nat ur al f r equency.


Procedure:

Fi gur e 9

1. Pl ace t he appar at us on a l evel t abl e as show n i n Fi gur e 9.
2. Set up t he f r ee and damped appar at us by choosi ng t he desi r ed spr i ng.
3. Adj ust t he hei ght of t he mot or i zed char t r ecor der , so t hat i t can r ecor d t he vi br at i on of t he spr i ng
accur at el y and cl ear l y.
4. To measur e t he un-damped vi br at i on of t he spr i ng, r emove t he nut f r om t he ai r damper .
5. Osci l l at e t he spr i ng.
6. Sl i ght ly t ur n t he gr aph and pl ace 5N mass bl ock ont o i t .
7. Repeat st ep 5 and st ep 6 f or mass bl ocks of si ze 10N, 15N, 20N and 25N.
8. Di scuss t he f i ndi ng f r om t he gr aph paper .
9. Pl ace back t he nut f r om ai r damper t o measur e damped vi br at i on of t he spr i ng. Repeat st ep 5, 6, 7
and 8.
10. Gi ven t he RPM of t he mot or i zed char t r ecor der i s 5r pm, di amet er of dr um i s 34.39mm and
ci r cumf er ence of i t i s 108.05338mm.

Result s/ Findings:
Discussions:
1. Ref er r i ng t o t he equat i ons gi ven i n Appendi x, cal cul at e t he nat ur al f r equency of t he spr i ng.
2. Fi nd t he dampi ng r at i o, e = 1 [
o
d
o
n

2
.
Appendix