12 GAUGE LESS LETHAL

TACTICAL OPERATION

LEARNING

OBJECTIV''ffi

To instruct the officer on the history of impact munitions. To instruct the officer on the development of the 12 gauge flexible baton round. To instruct the officer on the evolution of the 12 gauge Drag Stabilized flexible baton round. To instruct the officer on the physiological effects delivered by the 12 gauge Drag Stabilized round. To instruct the officer on the psychological effects of impact munitions.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
To instruct the officer on the distinction between direct fired and indirect fired munitions. To instruct the officer with the viable targets areas of the human body. To instruct the officer with the areas of the human body to avoid targeting when delivering impact munitions. To instruct the officer on Departmental policies regarding the use of impact munitions. To refresh the officer with the Remington 870 pump action shotgun.
3

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
To instruct the officer on the required safety checks prior to impact munition deployment. To instruct the student on the deployment protocols of the 12 gatge Drag Stabilized Flexible baton round. To instruct the officer on the Designated Arrest Team concept and how it applies to the use of impact munitions. To instruct the officer on post deployment procedures following the deployment of "less lethal" munitions.

TECHNICAL OBJECTIVES
a

Written Exam (80%) Pass Less Lethal Live Fire Course (80%)
Pass

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Prehistoric man used impact weapons as their primary weapons. David conquered Goliath with an impact weapon. The Romans utilized catapults against their enemies. Police officer's have utilized saps and clubs for over one hundred years.

lmpact weapons have been in existence since the dawn of mankind. Primitive man used rocks, clubs, and sticks to defend himself from attack by other men or animals. Early armies used devices such as slings and catapults to launch simple impact weapons into their enemies. Early law enforcement saw the use of simple wooden batons, bludgeons, wooden or metal saps, coil springtype blackjacks and other makeshift impact weapons to subdue violent persons who did not warrant the use of deadly force. ln the last fifteen years, there has been an increase of violent encounters between law enforcement and suspects. This has been a reflection of the scrutlny that has been placed on law enforcement by the media and public. The public has placed such high demands on law enforcement to continue to subdue violent criminals with as little force as possible, that the advent of "less lethal" munitions has arisen. lmpact Weaponry such as the 40MM "Sage" gun and the 37MM Wooden Dowel" round were first designed. Not only did these tools prove to be too bulky and expensive for every day patrol functions, but they also deliver too much energy for standard encounters. These impact weapons have evolved more into crowd control devices than individual use devices. The development of 12 gauge munitions, especially the flexible baton, have shown to serve the patrol aspect of law enforcement very well.

DEVELOPMENT OF FLEXIBLE BATON ROUNDS

Less lethal munitions were developed to give police, corrections, security, and military forces a Less-Lethal Optioz to use against crowds, aggressive or violent individuals, and to support special tactical operations.

Two categories of less lethal impact munition projectiles include:

Non-Flexible projectiles Flexible projectiles

NON-FLEXIBLE PROJECTILE
Composed of rigid or semi-rigid materials such as rubber or wood.
These projectiles do not conform to the contour of the surface they strike.

Non-flexible munitions are often deployed in the indirect fire mode (i.e. skip fired).

FLEXIBLE PROJECTILES

Generally composed of lead or silica filled cloth bags or a softer substance such as foam. These projectiles do conform to the contour of the surface they strike. Flexible munitions are deployed in the direct frre mode.

The flexible baton inflicts enough pain to get the individual to comply, yet, when used properly, has a low probability to cause serious physical harm. The impact of the projectile along with the associated pain, work together to deter the individual from unwanted aggressive behavior.

10

11

EARLY FLEXIBLE BATON

ROT]NDS
Bean Bag projectile
12 Gauge

2x2 Cotton
300 fps

Canvas

40 Grams of #9 shot

Early flexible batons Were two 2" X 2" square shaped pieces of canvas Sewn together and filled with 40.0 grams (1.43 oz) of #9 lead shot The four edges were sewn tightly together with either nylon or cotton thread. . When fired, these projectiles had a velocity of about 300 feet per second. Some manufactures color-coded their munitions to distinguish which munition was to be used at what certain distances. Other manufacturers would color code the casing that the flexible baton was loaded into so the officer could determine if the flexible baton WaS a "low energy" or a "high energy" round. For years, this 12 gauge flexible baton became the industry standard "less lethal" round used by law enforcement throughout North America.

12

OLD OPD BEAN BAG ROUNDS

rr

Early flexible batons were lwo 2" X 2" square shaped pieces of canvas Sewn together and filled with 40.0 grams (1 .43 oz) of #9 lead shot The four edges were sewn tightly together with either nylon or cotton thread. . When fired, these projectiles had a velocity of about 300 feet per second. Some manufactures color-coded their munitions to distinguish which munition was to be used at what certain distances. Other manufacturers would color code the casing that the flexible baton was loaded into so the officer could determine if the flexible baton WaS a "low energy" or a "high energy" round. For years, this 12 gauge flexible baton became the industry standard "less lethal" round used by law enforcement throughout North America.

13

PROBLEMS WITH THE BEAN BAG ROUNDS

Confusion over close and far range munitions Inconsistent accuracy Velocity varied greatly with barrel condition Sharp bag edges caused lacerations Penetration and death occurred

Although the square 12 gauge flexible baton round proved to be very successful over the years and thousands of deployments, injuries and even in some cases, deaths were occurring. Accuracy was not consistent due to poor aerodynamics of the Square shaped bag, which would sometimes "frisbee" through the air. Velocity of the round was greatly effected by barrel condition and choke rating. The sharp edges of the bag would cause deep lacerations, even penetration of the skin. Because of these flaws, manufacturers began to redesign the flexible baton bags.

14

DRAG STABTLIZED ROUNDS

Improved Aerodynamics and Accuracy. Drag Stabilized Cotton and Ballistic Fiber Blend
Extended Optimal EnergY Range Reduced Surface Area 40 Grams @280 f.p.s.

The Draq Stabilized (DS) flexible baton round is a sinqle tear-shaped heavv cotton proiectile with four stabilizer tails and filled with 40 grams

feet per second, Because the Drag Stabilized flexible baton is now tear shaped with four stabilizer tails, it is more aerodynamic, thus improving accuracy and range. The tear shape also creates a blunt impacting edge, which causes fewer
injuries.

15

I
ww
W$

t
w

I
,.

tI
t#

w
eg

rll ,! .;.
rEET

Optimum Ope;iating Range

iffi
\,3?

BefErrEe Teehng,tagy
Fede
r.

*l

Laborarorie,t

16

17

18

19

PSYCHOLOGICAL (MENTAL)
EFFECTS
Flexible Baton rounds have a tremendous MENTAL effect on an individual. ln many, if not the majority of cases the mental effects may far outweigh the physical effects and can be the determining factor in the subject's response or time of incapacitation or distraction.

The flexible baton inflicts enough pain to get the individual to comply, yet, when used properly, has a low probability to cause serious physical harm. The impact of the projectile along with the associated pain, work together to deter the individual from unwanted aggressive behavior.

20

PSYCHOLOGICAL (MENTAL)
EFFECTS
ANXIETY

- The action of pointing a firearm directly

at an individual, or actually firing a projectile arouses a fear of having been shot.

The flexible baton inflicts enough pain to get the individual to comply, yet, when used properly, has a low probability to cause serious physical harm. The impact of the projectile along with the associated pain, work together to deter the individual from unwanted aggressive behavior.

21

PSYCHOLOGICAL (MENTAL)
EFFECTS
F'EAR

- Specialty impact munitions may cause a

powerful mental distraction. Mentally the subject must cope with both the physiological pain that the body feels and the perceived danger.

The flexible baton inflicts enough pain to get the individual to comply, yet, when used properly, has a low probability to cause serious physical harm. The impact of the projectile along with the associated pain, work together to deter the individual from unwanted aggressive behavior.

22

PSYCHOLOGICAL (MENTAL)
EFFECTS
PANIC

Panic is not a desirable response as it may lead to less control of the subject or crowd. The impact is likely to create fear, which may create a "fight" or

"flight"

response.

The flexible baton inflicts enough pain to get the individual to comply, yet, when used properly, has a low pr:obability to cause serious physical harm. The impact of the projectile along with the associated pain, work together to deter the individual from unwanted aggressive behavior.

23

PHYSIOLOGICAL (PHYSICAL)
EFFECTS

Force classifications

lethal

Non-tethal

It is extremely important to understand the classification difference between "non-lethal" force and "less-lethal" force. "Non-lethal" force implies that when used, the force WILL NOT vield a Iethal outcome. "Less lethal" force implies that when used. the possibilitv of a lethal outcome. thouqh verv rare. exists.

24

PHYSIOLOGICAL (PHYSICAL)
E,FFECTS
2 Types of Injuries caused by projectiles

1.

Penetrating - caused by low mass, high

velocity projectiles or low velocify sharp
objects

2.

Non-Penetrating - caused when blunt objects impart the surface of the body at moderate speeds causing blunt trauma (deformation).

There are two types of injuries caused by projectiles; penetratinq and nonpenetratinq. Penetrating injuries are caused from low mass, high velocity p.Ject'les *ch a bullets, or low velocity sharp objects (knives). Non-penetrating injuries are caused when blunt objects impact the surface of the body at moderate speeds causing blunt trauma (deformation).

25

PHYSIOLOGICAL (PHYSICAL)
EFFECTS
Ideally, less lethal impact munitions are used with the intent to cause pain, and at times sufficient blunt trauma to disorient or incapacttate an individual. As such, some degree of injury is expected. This is necessary to achieve
compliance or a momentary degree incapacitation.

of

ln simple terms, blunt trauma is the primarv desired phvsical effect of "less lethal" impact munitions.
The possibility of physical injury always exists whenever impact weapons are used. Abrasions, lacerations, contusions, fractures that may result need to be addressed by trained medical personnel. The human body can withstand high levels of force for very short durations of time if the force is distributed onto the strong parts of the skeleton. The soft body tissues are responsible for absorbing and dissipating a great deal of force without producing a large amount of compression. However, if the amount and speed of blunt trauma (deformation) is greater than can be absorbed, soft tissues can be damaged by tearing or rupturing (lacerations, cuts, and bruising).
lmpacts to the abdomen can cause injury to hepatic tissue without significant compression. The liver and spleen are also vulnerable to crushing deformation. Chest impacts can displace internal organs and possibly lacerate major vessels by crushing or stretching.

26

PHYSIOLOGICAL (PHYSICAL)
EFFECTS
Maximum Desired Effect

An impact of a projectile that

leaves the body surface ttrtact, but causes sufficient injury to incapacitate the subj ect.

Target area is critical to reduce injury potential.

27

28

Maximum Effect Without Serious

lnjury

29

Maximum Effect

Without Serious lnjury

30

Maximum Effect Without Serious

lnjury

31

12 gauge Bean Bag

from 10 FEET

7::.;,t:1?/:171'..7.ff 1,.:4ll

.:,-

-.ra

l:aa,r.,:,,',a,r::

:.:,:&3:*/|r:;, ;

32

Maximum Effect Without Serious

lnjury

33

34

35

Penetrating Trauma
The unintended and most undesirable outcome of an impact munition is penetration. Penetration from less lethal impact munitions results from a combination of the following: excessive kinetic energy, target distance, subject's physical stature, shot placement and clothing.

Penetration into the body may occur, although very seldom, aS a result from a combination of kinetic energy (weight, size, shape, and velocity), target distance, the subject's weight, mass, clothing or other material coverings and the area of the body in which the subject was impacted.

36

Direct Fire Munitions

Sometimes referred to as target specific, they are intended to be fired directly at a person.

72 gauge Drag Stabilized flexible baton is a direct fire

munition

37

ln-Direct Fire Munitions

NOT intended to be directly fired at a person
or person.

Skip firing, projectiles fired 6-8 feet in front of the intended target. Wood dowel and rubber are in-direct fire munitions

38

Viable Target Areas

upper arms elbows

1---"- shoulders
lower abdomen
buttocks thighs

lower arms wrists, hands

knees

feet, ankl

lower legs

Departmental policv dictates that the authorized tarqet areas for imDact munitions are the same as for hand held impact weapons.

istino of reas are as the buttocks and thiqhs. Other tarqet areas are the shoulder. uDPer rea. knees wrists. hands. ankles and feet. lt should be Skeletal tarqet areas include the noted that impacting skeletal target areas may result in fractures.
Center mass shots provide for the highest probability of causing immediate incapacitation, but also have the highest potential to cause serious injury or in some very rare instances, death.

39

Non-Target Areas
head

neck

throat
spine

left armpit
groin

kidneys, spleen

liver

Departmental policv also dictates the areas to avoid strikinq with anv tvPe of impact weapon. The areas to avoid striking are the head. neck, throat. left armpit. qroin. spine. and kidnevs. All reasonable attempts should be made to avoid striking these areas unless your intent is to use DEADLY FORCE. * Note: When the subject is moving or attempting to shield him/herself, avoiding these target areas may be difficult.

40

Factors that the officer must consider when selecting a target area to strike are: Clothinq - in colder climates, heavier clothing and jackets will reduce the amount of blunt trauma the subject will receive. Exposed target areas such as the legs may be considered. ln hotter climates, lighter weight clothing such as Tshirts and shorts may be worn. ln hot climates, factors to consider are shot placement and engagement distance. Subjects may also be wearing "armor" to defeaUlessen the effects of impact munitions. Phvsical stature and condition - is the subject heavy and musculature or is t6e suOiect thin and skeletal? How old is the subject? A 250-pound person will more than likely be physically affected less than a 1O0-pound person when both are struck in the same target arca. The blunt trauma effects and the potential for injury are much greater for the smaller statured subject. lmmediate surroundings - be aware of your back-drop. Are there any persons in the immediate area that might be struck from a deflected or missed shot?

41

42

I
nr

I
e&

I
w
ryr

Ir

qr

Optlmum Operating Range

Qefu,ase T*qhnoLoq.$ Fader.al L*boratsti*i

43

PORT OF OAKLAND (6 Apr 03)

Departmental policv also dictates the areas to avoid strikinq with anV tVDe of impact weapon. The areas to avoid strikinq are the head. neck. throat. left armpit, qroin, spine. and kidnevs. All reasonable attempts should be made to avoid striking these areas unless your intent is to use DEADLY FORCE. * Note: When the subject is moving or attempting to shield him/herself, avoiding these target areas may be difficult.

44

oPD POLTCY (DGO K-3)

Statement of Authority
Members may use less lethal force to: 1. Effect the arrest or a detention of a person whom the member reasonably believes or suspects has committed a criminal offense or is involved in criminal activity; or 2. Overcome the use of or threatened use of physical force directed against the member or another person; or 3. To prevent the escape from custody_of a person whom the member reasonablY believes or suspects has committed a criminal
offense.
45

Departmental General Order K-3, Use of Force. specificallv addresses the use of "Less lethal" flexible baton rounds. GO K-3, Section lV - Statement of Authority Members and employees may use less lethal force upon another person only when that force is, or reasonable appears to be, necessary: To effect the arrest or a detention of a person whom the member reasonably believes or suspects has committed a criminal offense or is involved in
criminal activity; or

To overcome the use of or threatened use of physical force directed against the member or another Person; or To prevent the escape from custody of a person whom the member reasonably believes or suspects has committed a criminal offense'

45

oPD POLICY (DGO K-3)

Flexible Baton Specific
1.

Use only by trained personnel and by or

under immediate supervisor direction. 2. Shall not use against restrained person. Avoid head, neck, spleen, liver, kidneys, throat, spine or groin. J. Utilize only when lower levels of force have been exhausted, or are ineffective or inappropriate. 4. May use during civil disorders
al

GO K-3, Section V - Specific Regulations

Sub-section J-Flexible Baton
1. The flexible baton shall be used only by, or under the immediate direction of a

supervisor or command officer. No member shall use the device without training in its use. 2.The flexible baton shall not be used indiscriminately or against a person who is under restraint. Members shall reasonably attempt to avoid firing a flexible baton rOund at a persOn's head, neck, spleen, liver, kidneys, throat, spine or groin.
3. The flexible baton may be utilized only when lower levels of force have been exhausted, are ineffective, or are inappropriate, during attempts to control or subdue violent, combative persons and the use of lethal force can be forestalled.

4. The flexible baton may be used in demonstrations and other civil disorders. 5. When circumstances permit, the supervisor on the Scene shall make an attempt to have the subject submit to laMul authority without the use of the flexible baton, and if practical, shall warn the subject of the intended use of the weapon should he/she not submit. 6. lmmediate and continuing first medical first aid, when apparently necessary, shall be administered to any person struck by a flexible baton round. Any person struck by a flexible baton round shall be transported to a hospital for observation and treatment. 7. The flexible baton shall not be used to dispatch injured animals. However, the flexible baton may be used to subdue or chase away vicious animals.

46

oPD POLICY (DGO K-3)

Flexible Baton Specifrc
\
6.

If practical, supervisor shall give

warning of intended use. For those struck by FB, administer immediate first aid when apparently necessary and transport to hospital. May use against vicious animals. Shall not use to dispatch injured animals.

7.

GO K-3, Section V - Specific Regulations

Sub-section J-Flexible Baton
1. The flexible baton shall be used only by, or under the immediate direction of a supervisor or command officer. No member shall use the device without training in its use. 2.The flexible baton shall not be used indiscriminately or against a person who is under restraint. Members shall reasonably attempt to avoid firing a flexible batOn round at a perSOn's head, neck, Spleen, liver, kidneyS, thrOat, spine Or groin.

3. The flexible baton may be utilized only when lower levels of force have been exhausted, are ineffective, or are inappropriate, during attempts to control or subdue violent, combative persons and the use of lethal force can be forestalled. 4. The flexible baton may be used in demonstrations and other civil disorders.
5. When circumstances permit, the supervisor on the Scene shall make an attempt to have the subject submit to laMul authority without the use of the flexible baton, and if practical, shall warn the subject of the intended use of the weapon should he/she not submit.

6. lmmediate and continuing first medical first aid, when apparently necessary, shall be administered to any person struck by a flexible baton round. Any person struck by a flexible baton round shall be transported to a hospital for
observation and treatment. 7. The flexible baton shall not be used to dispatch injured animals. However, the flexible baton may be used to subdue or chase away vicious animals. 47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

,N2

GAUGE GHOI(E DIAIUIETERS & TOLERf,,HGES

.figt

FMICC "

.m9"

.718'

727"

Cylinder Chqke
{.72O*

- ,740+',}

ImprovcdHlind*t
{_710" - -72C')

MEdifi+d cholre {.694" -.7{7')

Full C,roke I-684" - .7{i4"1

.iifr0

.sir:]

.700

.71t1

.72u

I'}OTE: The krger the cho<e diameler,

d're wider

the shot v,tiii srreac.

The 12 qauqe Draq Stabilized Flexible Baton round must be fired from a barrel with a choke rating of "Cvlinder Bore". A "Cylinder Bore" choke is required to ensure that the munition exits the barrel of the weapon system completely and not become lodged inside. The only shotgun deployed by the Oakland Police Department that has this choke rating is the Remington, Model 870,12 gauge Pump-action shotgun. Other factors that could determine whether or not the flexible baton proiectile will exit the barrel when fired are:

dirtv/fouled barrel
a benUdamaged barrel

damaged munitions.

56

SAFETY CHECKS
Clear the weapon system of all lethal ammunition. 2. Second officer double checks that weapon system was clear of any lethal ammunition. J. Ensure that lethal ammunition for the weapon system is inaccessible to the less lethal shooter. 4. Inspect each less lethal round to ensure that it indeed a less lethal munition. 5. Second officer double check each less lethal round to ensure that it is indeed a less lethal
1.
^a

munition.

57

FFICER WITH THE D RESPONSIB THE U ENSURE THAT HIS/HER WEAPON SYSTEM IS LOADED WITH LESS LETHAL MUNITIONS Prior to the deployment of "less lethal" flexible baton rounds, the following safety checks MUST be thoroughly completed, whether a dedicated "less lethal" shotgun or a patrol shotgun is used to deploy "less lethal" munitions. 1. Glear the weapon svstem of all Iethal ammunition. Double check to ensure that the weapon system is indeed clear of any lethal ammunition.

tem heck that office of anv lethal ammunition. This is not to place blame on the second officer
should negligence occur. This step is incorporated to ensure that the officer has not overlooked any lethal ammunition due to fatigue, darkness, or stress of the occurring incident.

3. Ensure that lethal ammunition for the weapon svstem was inaccessible to the less lethal shooter. The best course of action to ensure that no lethal ammunition is accessible is to lock it in a secure location such as the glove box or the trunk. THE -LESS LETHAL" SHOOTER SHOULD NEVER PLACE LETHAL AMMUNITION FOR THE WEAPON SYSTEM ON HIS/HER PERSON.

4. lnspect each less lethal round to ensure that it indeed a

less lethal munition. Visually inspect each and every "less lethal" round that is intended to be deployed to ensure that it
is indeed "less lethal". Never assume.
57

DEPLOYMENT
Lethal force back -up should always be in place prior to ooless lethal" deployment. Less lethal impact munitions are used when it is not safe for an officer to close on a physically violent suspect and try to control them with physical strength and skill, or when a safe, standoff distance is needed. The decision to use "less lethal" munitions for the sake of the suspect should never be done at the risk of officer safety.

Lethal force back -up should alwavs be in place prior to "less lethal" deplovment. Less lethal impact munitions are used when it is not safe for an officer to close on a phvsicallv violent suspect and trv to control them with phvsica! strenqth and skill. or when a safe. standoff distance is needed. The decision to use "less lethal" munitions for the sake of the suspect should never be done at the risk of officer safety. Factors to consider for "less lethal" deployment: ls the subject armed and if so, with what type of weapon? lf the subject is armed with a firearm, will the firing of "less lethal" cause the suspect to fire his/her
firearm? ls the level of force by the officer appropriate for the level of force exhibited by the suspect? What type of situation is being dealt with? ls the suspect by him/herself, is the suspect holding a hostage, are there other bystanders in the immediate area?

Are the officers on the D.A.T., the inner perimeter and other surrounding areas aware that "less lethal" may be deployed? Was notification made or will it be made to the surrounding officers? Will the firing of "less lethal" cause other officers to initiate sympathetic fire? Are other tactics (O C., Tasers, K-9'S, multiple "less lethal" shooters, arrest teams) in place or as an alternate plan should "less lethal" not create the desired results? What is the distance of the threat in relation to the "less lethal" shooter? The farther the threat is awav the less accrrrafe ancl less kinetic enerdv is delivered

5g v\

f).A.T. CONCEPT
One of three elements in a barricaded suspect situation. Primary mission - effect the arrest of the suspect/numerous secondary missions Consists of minimum 4 officers: 1. Primary Lethal shooter 2. Less lethal officer 3. Arrest team member 4. Team Leader Use Less lethal based on: l. Suspect's actions 2. TL's command 3. Limit of advance

The Designated Arrest Team (D.A.T.) Concept is a systematic method used for controlling a location in which a suspect has occupied for the purpose of eluding the police. There are three main components utilized for containment of a suspect; the outer perimeter, the inner perimeter and the D.A.T. itself. The outer perimeter - this is the largest of the two perimeters. The mission of the outer perimeter is to control egress and ingress of persons to the scene. The inner perimeter - this is the smallest of the two perimeters. The mission of the inner perimeter is containment of the suspect should the suspect attempt to escaPe. The D.A.T. - this is an organized team of officers whose primary mission is to take the suspect into custody when presented with the opportunity to do so. The D.A.T.'s secondary responsibility is to respond to the actions of the Suspect, ie. the suspect attempts to "go mobile", the suspect is armed with a non-firearm, the suspect is armed with a firearm, active shooter, or an officer down. The D.A.T. is comprised of the following officers:

(usually a Sgt) directs the actions of the team. If there is a shortage of manpower, the team leader may also negotiate and handcuff.
Team Ieader

59

POST DEPLOYMENT
Medical processing per DGO K-3 Call technician for photographs Recover expended munitions Unload flexible baton rounds. Remove these munitions from shotgun and
person.

Load shotgun with lethal munitions Document in detail

Following the deployment of "less lethal" munitions and once the suspect is taken into custody, specific tasks must be accomplished. Suspect - medical attention will be required (per Departmental General Order K-3, Use of Force) for individuals struck with "less lethal" munitions. Photographs of the injuries sustained should be taken to provide visual evidence of injuries that occurred or did not occur. lnventory - recovery of all expended casings and projectiles for documentation purposes. lnventory all remaining live munitions for accountability. Documentation - as per Departmental General Order K-4, Reporting the Use of Force, proper documentation must be completed. You as the officer must complete at either a Crime Report (if you are the reporting officer) or a Supplemental Report (if you are an assisting officer). Some factors that you may consider when writing your report: the suspect's behavioral signals that you observed at the onset of the incident what was the suspect's tone of voice or language (was the suspect yelling, using profanity, verbal threats, etc) what was the suspect's body language/physical gestures (shirt off, violent combative gestures/movements, hands clenched into fists, rapid pacing) were there any signals of submission (compliance, agreement to comply,
etc)

any indication to comply to verbal instructions (submission, going to a specific location, rel i nq u ish i ng/droppin g objects/weapons)

60