Topic 5

Generation and Transmission of Electricity ANSWERS

1. (a) The energy carried by 1 Coulomb of charge Current Voltage The force pushing charge in a circuit The rate of flow of charge The speed of electrons in a circuit (b) (i)
5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time (sec)

(iii)

Charge (C)

Current = 5 / 10 (or 4 / 8, or 3 / 6 etc) = 0.5 A (ii) is directly proportional to; constant *(c) Renewable, use sunlight, will not run out any time soon etc Advantages (besides renewable): no CO2 emissions, low operating cost Disadvantages: cannot be used all the time (e.g. at night) or everywhere (where few hours of sunlight), high building costs / expensive to make, not a concentrated energy source, requires high-tech (d) B (e) A

2. (a) (i) Energy is directly proportional to Charge and Charge is directly proportional to time Because we have straight lines through the origin (ii) V = 1000 / 200 (or 800 / 160 etc) = 5 V (iii) I = 240 / (2 60) [change t to sec] = 2 A (b) (i) C (ii) P = I V = 2 5 = 10 W (iii) Power = Energy / time => Energy = Power time = 10 (1 60 60) [convert hr sec] = 36 000 J (c) (i) Kettle: E = 1500 5 60 = 450 000 J OR Fun: E = 50 2.5 60 60 = 450 000 J (ii) A 1

3. (a) (i) P = I V => 60 = I 240 => I = 60 / 240 = 0.25 A (ii) P = 9 240 = 2190 W Almost 20 times less power input, so much less electricity needed for houses (b) (i) D

(iii) induced voltage number of coils

(ii) magnets (iv) The stronger the magnet the higher the induced voltage (c) (i) AC; bcs it has +ve & ve values => it changes direction current

time

(ii) (iii) Rotate coil in opposite direction OR reverse N & S poles of magnets

4. (a) (i) A = AC (ii) B = DC, bcs even though its changing its always same sign (+ve) => moves only in one direction (iii) A = generator; B = cell, battery (b) (i)

The magnet moves back at the same speed with poles reversed

(ii)

The magnet moves forward at higher speed with poles reversed

(iii)

The magnet moves forward at the same speed with more coils

(c) (i) A generator is made of a coil that rotates between stationary magnets, or a magnet that rotates inside a stationary coil. Because magnetic field lines are cut by the coil during rotation a voltage and a current are induced in the coil *(ii) Conventional power stations use fossil fuel to heat steam, rotate turbine and then rotate a generator They change chemical energy in fossil fuel into (kinetic and then) electrical energy by burning the fuel Disadvantages: emission of CO2, a greenhouse gas; high running costs Advantages: can be used anywhere and at all times, do not depend on factors like light, wind etc; low building costs; tried out technology

5. (a) *(i) Wind turbines, use the kinetic energy of the wind to rotate the generator and produce electricity Ultimately the energy originates from the Sun (uneven warming of the atmosphere causes convection currents) and so it is renewable More wind in the countryside, fewer obstacles, humans are not disturbed by noise etc (ii) Cannot be used at times or places with no wind (b) B (c) (i) Primary energy source = Sun (heat evaporates water to form clouds, rain etc) => renewable (ii) Need a water reservoir, a dam needs to be built that floods a large area (iii) Can be used only in places with running water (d) D

6. (a) (i) Step up N1 < N2 (more secondary turns than primary) Step down N1 > N2 (more primary turns than secondary) (ii) AC (iii) P1 = I1 V1 = 15 200 = 3000 W (iv) P2 = 3000 W V2 N 2 V 6000 200 6000 = 2 = V2 = = 4000 V (v) V1 N1 200 300 300 P2 = I2 V2 => 3000 = I2 4000 => I2 = 3000 / 4000 = 0.75 A *(b) In step up transformers V2 , but I2 => less heat produced in the wires during transmission over long distances => less energy lost in transmission V2 N 2 230 N2 230 20000 = = N2 = = 153 V1 N1 33000 20000 33000 (ii) Voltage => less dangerous for users (iii) Non-renewable energy source, will run out etc + produces CO2 that gives rise to global warming (c) (i)

7 (a) B (b) Can produce a serious electric shock and death in case of accident (more serious than 230 V) Lowered using a step down transformer that has more secondary than primary turns (c) (i) 30 5 (min) / 60 (min in 1 hr) = 2.5 hrs (ii) Cost = Power in kW hrs cost of 1 kWh = (750 / 1000) (W kW) 2.5 8 = 15 p (iii) kWh = 1 kW used for 1 hr = 1000 W for 60 60 = 3600 sec (hr sec) = 3 600 000 J (iv) P = Energy / time => 750 = 3 600 000 / t => t = 3 600 000 / 750 = 4800 sec = 80 min (b) (i) P = I V = 12 230 = 2760 W = 2.76 kW; 600 = 60 000 p Cost = Power in kW hrs cost of 1 kWh => 60 000 = 2.76 t 8 => t = 60 000 / (2.76 8) = 2717 hrs (ii) Money saved per year = (600 450) = 150 23 000 / 150 = 153 yrs (iii) 1.Less energy used (may be lighter) 2. More efficient, less % energy wasted as heat, less current used etc

8. (a) (i) 50 C (ii) Surface temperature is smaller => less energy transferred to heat (which is why the surface is cooler) => more efficient (since amount of light energy the same) (iii) Takes longer to reach max brightness (almost 2 sec) Filament lamp reaches max brightness almost immediately (b) (i) Energy saving measure Double glazing windows Loft insulation Draught proofing Cost () 4000 240 40 Saving per year () 400 120 16 Pay-back time (years) 10 2 2.5

(ii) Loft insulation (least pay-back time) (iii) Saves more money per year (iv) Cheapest / Easiest measure to implement (v) 2650 400 120 16 = 2114