1he lnlual observauons: CharacLerlsucs: 1heorles of Lhe lnLerference eecL: uepresslon, healLh and personal conLrol: Cuesuons you need Lo answer Why dld Sellgman & Maler use a LrlparuLe deslgn? WhaL are Lhe long Lerm eecLs of unconLrollable sLressors? WhaL does p=0 mean? Pow do aurlbuuonal sLyles modulaLe unconLrollable sLress? Pow can lnLroduclng conLrol lncrease healLh and happlness? lvan avlovs dlscovery of Lhe sychlc 8eex 1he lnLerference eecL SLress vs conLrollablllLy rlor experlence wlLh conLrol, eecL of slgnallng evenL. 1rans-slLuauonalllLy CLher observauons: Appeuuve learnlng, anxleLy, depresslve-llke sLaLe Sellgman, Maler & Solomons (1971) Lheory of learned helplessness Mouvauonal, cognluve, emouonal aspecLs. 2 Why was so lmporLanL abouL learned helplessness? A role for conungency and noL mere conugulLy ln learnlng A role for cognluons ln learnlng, behavlour and mouvauon lL's llnk Lo depresslon Conungency learnlng Conungencles: lf and only lf x, Lhen ? 1o deLermlne a conungency we need Lo know Lwo blLs of lnformauon: robablllLy LhaL ? wlll occur aer x, p(?/x) robablllLy LhaL ? wlll occur ln absence of x, p(?/nox) Conungency ls: = p(?/x) - p(?/nox) Lxperlence of conLrol eople reporL a sub[ecuve feellng of conLrol lf osluve relauon beLween response 8 and consequence C (behavlour can lnduce C) = p(C/8) - p(C/no8) > 0 negauve relauon beLween response 8 and consequence C (behavlour can lnhlblL C) = p(C/8) - p(C/no8) < 0 Learned helplessness when: no relauon beLween 8 and C = p(C/8) - p(C/no8) = 0 1heory of LP Learned helpless = experlence wlLh non- conungency lnLerferes wlLh learnlng abouL conungencles. roblems wlLh LP Lheory: Why are some people suscepuble Lo LP and oLhers arenL? Aurlbuuonal sLyles Abramson, Sellgman, 1easdale, 1978 Aurlbuuon of cause: When an evenL occurs, people Lend Lo Lry Lo explaln lLs cause, Lo aurlbuLe lL Lo someLhlng. SLable or unsLable, Clobal or speclc, lnLernal or exLernal. CLher Lheorles of LP 8esponse compeuuon AnxleLy Auenuon 3 uepresslon AuempL Lo llnk LP wlLh depresslon Slmllar surface characLerlsucs, Slmllar neurochemlsLry, Popelessness depresslon ls negauve evenL lmporLanL and global/sLable? Are consequences lmporLanL & sLable? uoes lL aecL self-esLeem? uepresslve reallsm 8esulLs 8esldenLs self reporL (ConLrol vs passlve): lncrease ln happlness, acuvlLy lnLervlewer reporLed lncreased alerLness nurses raLed lncreases ln: Ceneral healLh 1lme vlslung pauenLs, oLher people, Lalklng Lo sLa More lnvolvemenL ln acuvlues Less ume ln passlve acuvlues Cuesuons you need Lo answer Why dld Sellgman & Maler use a LrlparuLe deslgn? WhaL are Lhe long Lerm eecLs of unconLrollable sLressors? WhaL does p=0 mean? Pow do aurlbuuonal sLyles modulaLe unconLrollable sLress? Pow can lnLroduclng conLrol lncrease healLh and happlness? 8eadlngs 8ouLon pages: Learned helplessness 389-394 Conungeny learnlng 93-93. Lolordo, vM Learned helplessness and depresslon. ln Anlmal research and human healLh : advanclng human welfare Lhrough behavloral sclence / ChapLer 3. (ln Llbrary reserve, search by auLhor)