System Information C-SGSN Overview

System Information: C-SGSN Overview
31-Aug-2004 Motorola, Inc. All Rights Reserved
68P02904W51-B
CONTROLLED INTRODUCTION
31-Aug-2004
Copyrights The Motorola products described in this document may include copyrighted Motorola computer programs stored in semiconductor memories or other media. Laws in the United States and other countries preserve for Motorola certain exclusive rights for copyright computer programs, including the exclusive right to copy or reproduce in any form the copyright computer program. Accordingly, any copyright Motorola computer programs contained in the Motorola products described in this document may not be copied or reproduced in any manner without the express written permission of Motorola. Furthermore, the purchase of Motorola products shall not be deemed to grant either directly or by implication, estoppel or otherwise, any license under the copyrights, patents or patent applications of Motorola, except for the rights that arise by operation of law in the sale of a product. Restrictions The software described in this document is the property of Motorola. It is furnished under a license agreement and may be used and/or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of the agreement. Software and documentation are copyright materials. Making unauthorized copies is prohibited by law. No part of the software or documentation may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language or computer language, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of Motorola. Accuracy While reasonable efforts have been made to assure the accuracy of this document, Motorola assumes no liability resulting from any inaccuracies or omissions in this document, or from the use of the information obtained herein. Motorola reserves the right to make changes to any products described herein to improve reliability, function, or design, and reserves the right to revise this document and to make changes from time to time in content hereof with no obligation to notify any person of revisions or changes. Motorola does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit described herein; neither does it convey license under its patent rights of others. Trademarks Motorola and the Motorola logo are registered trademarks of Motorola Inc. Intelligence Everywhere, M-Cell and Taskfinder are trademarks of Motorola Inc. All other brands and corporate names are trademarks of their respective owners.
31-Aug-2004
Table of Contents
Contents


Issue status of this manual . . . . . . Version information . . . . . . . Resolution of service requests . . General information . . . . . . . . . Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . Feature references . . . . . . . . Cross references . . . . . . . . Data encryption . . . . . . . . . Text conventions . . . . . . . . Reporting safety issues . . . . . . . Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . Warnings and cautions . . . . . . . . Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . Failure to comply with warnings . Cautions . . . . . . . . . . . . General warnings . . . . . . . . . . Warning labels . . . . . . . . . Specific warnings . . . . . . . . General cautions . . . . . . . . . . Caution labels. . . . . . . . . . Specific cautions . . . . . . . . Devices sensitive to static . . . . . . Special handling techniques . . . Motorola manual set . . . . . . . . . Ordering manuals and CD-ROMs GMR amendment . . . . . . . . . . GMR availability . . . . . . . . GMR instructions . . . . . . . . GMR amendment record. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 16 17
Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: System Characteristics

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . Hardware Features . . . . . . Interface Features . . . . . . . Services and Functions Features 68P02904W51-B 31-Aug-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5
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Easy Operation and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-8 2-9
Chapter 3: System Architecture

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hardware Architecture. . . . . . . . Software Architecture . . . . . . . . Logical Architecture . . . . . . . . . Hardware Configuration . . . . . . . 2.5G Configuration . . . . . . . 3G Configuration . . . . . . . . 2.5G-3G-Combined Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3-3 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-8 3-9 3-10
Chapter 4: Services and Functions

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mobility Management . . . . . . . . Session Management . . . . . . . . Packet Routing and Transfer Functions Charging Functions . . . . . . . . . Short Message Service. . . . . . . . Location Services . . . . . . . . . . CAMEL Phase 3 . . . . . . . . . . Lawful Interception . . . . . . . . . QoS Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-11 4-12 4-13
Chapter 5: Operation and Maintenance

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Database Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tracing Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Performance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Motorola C-SGSN Alarm Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abundant alarm contents and detailed and accurate alarm location Online Help. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-12 5-12 5-15
Chapter 6: Reliability
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hardware Reliability Measures . . . . Power Supply Reliability . . . . Board Hot Backup . . . . . . . ASIC Technique . . . . . . . . High-Quality Components . . . . Mutual Assistance Working Mode Software Reliability Measures . . . . Protection Function . . . . . . . Error Tolerance Capability . . . . Charging Reliability Measures . . . . Reliability Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2 6-3 6-3 6-3 6-3 6-4 6-4 6-5 6-5 6-5 6-7 6-8
Chapter 7: Technical Specifications

Overview
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7-2
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Contents
Performance Specifications Interface parameters . . . . Power consumption . . . . Mechanical parameters . . Environmental Conditions . Storage conditions . .
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7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7 7-7
Chapter 8: Installation
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List of Figures
List of Figures

Figure 1-1: Figure 3-1: Figure 3-2: Figure 3-3: Figure 3-4: Figure 3-5: Figure 4-1: Figure 4-2: Figure 4-3: Figure 4-4: Figure 4-5: Figure 4-6: Figure 4-7: Figure 5-1: Figure 5-2: Figure 5-3: Figure 5-4: Figure 5-5: Figure 5-6: Figure 5-7: Figure 5-8: Figure 5-9:
Motorola mobile communication network. . . . . . . . . . . Appearance and dimension of the Motorola C-SGSN cabinet. . Logical structure of Motorola C-SGSN. . . . . . . . . . . . Configuration of 30,000 2.5G users. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Configuration of 60,000 3G users.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5G-3G-combined configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forwarding of data in 2.5G network. . . . . . . . . . . . . Forwarding function of SGSN in 3G network. . . . . . . . . Short message system networking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . General arrangement of LCS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Networking structure supporting intelligent network services. . Lawful Interception. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QoS processing on downlink data.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Motorola C-SGSN O&M system architecture. . . . . . . . . GUI maintenance interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MML maintenance interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OMC-S/T 2.0 network management system. . . . . . . . . . Tracing result interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . View measurement result. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . View alarms.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GM12ALMZ alarm box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MML help. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1-2 3-4 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 4-5 4-6 4-8 4-9 4-11 4-12 4-14 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-8 5-11 5-13 5-14 5-15
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List of Figures
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List of Tables
List of Tables

Table 1: Manual version history . . . . . . . . . . Table 2: Service requests resolved in this manual . . Table 3-1: Boards in the BNET subrack. . . . . . . Table 3-2: Boards in the PSM subrack. . . . . . . . Table 3-3: 2.5G configurations in different capacities. Table 3-4: 3G configurations in different capacities. . Table 4-1: UMTS QoS classes. . . . . . . . . . . . Table 6-1: Reliability indices of Motorola C-SGSN. .
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2 2 3-5 3-5 3-9 3-10 4-13 6-8
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List of Tables
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About This Manual

68P02904W51-B 31-Aug-2004
Issue status of this manual
Issue status of this manual

The following shows the issue status of this manual since it was first released.
Version information
The following table lists the versions of this manual in order of issue: Table 1 Manual version history Date of issue 02 Jul 2004 This is a new manual. Remarks
Manual issue A
Resolution of service requests

The following Service Requests are now resolved in this manual: Table 2 Service requests resolved in this manual GMR Number N/A Remarks Original issue - Preliminary
Service Request N/A
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General information
General information

Motorola disclaims all liability whatsoever, implied or express, for any risk of damage, loss or reduction in system performance arising directly or indirectly out of the failure of the customer, or anyone acting on the customers behalf, to abide by the instructions, system parameters or recommendations made in this manual If this manual was obtained when attending a Motorola training course, it will not be updated or amended by Motorola. It is intended for TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY. If it was supplied under normal operational circumstances, to support a major software release, then corrections will be supplied automatically by Motorola in the form of General Manual Revisions (GMRs).
Purpose
Motorola cellular communications manuals are intended to instruct and assist personnel in the operation, installation and maintenance of the Motorola cellular infrastructure equipment and ancillary devices. It is recommended that all personnel engaged in such activities be properly trained by Motorola.
Failure to comply with Motorola's operation, installation and maintenance instructions may, in exceptional circumstances, lead to serious injury or death.
These manuals are not intended to replace the system and equipment training offered by Motorola, although they can be used to supplement and enhance the knowledge gained through such training.
Feature references
Most of the manuals in the set, of which this manual is part, are revised to accommodate features released at Motorola General System Releases (GSRn) or GPRS Support Node (GSNn) releases. In these manuals, new and amended features are tagged to help users to assess the impact on installed networks. The tags are the appropriate Motorola Roadmap DataBase (RDB) numbers or Research and Development Prioritization (RDP) numbers. The tags include index references which are listed in the manual Index. The Index includes the entry feature which is followed by a list of the RDB or RDP numbers for the released features, with page references and hot links in electronic copy.
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General information
The tags have the format: 'nnnn' or 'nnnnn' Where: 'nnnn' 'nnnnn' The tags are positioned in text as follows: New and amended feature information New sentence/s or new or amended text. Complete new blocks of text as follows: Full sections under a main heading Full paragraphs under subheadings Tag position in text Immediately before the affected text. Immediately after the headings as follows: Main heading Subheading is: the RDB number the RDP number
New or amended complete Figures and Tables Warning, Caution and Note boxes. General command syntax, operator input or displays (in special fonts).
After the Figure or Table number and before the title text. Immediately before the affected text in the box. On a separate line immediately above the affected item.
For a list of Roadmap numbers and the RDB or RDP numbers of the features included in this software release, refer to the manualSystem Information: GSM Overview (68P02901W01), or to the manual System Information: GPRS Overview (68P02903W01).
Cross references
Throughout this manual, references are made to external publications, chapter numbers and section names. The references to external publications are shown in italics, chapter and section name cross references are emphasised blue in text. This manual is divided into uniquely identified and numbered chapters that, in turn, are divided into sections. Sections are not numbered, but are individually named at the top of each page and are listed in the table of contents.
Data encryption
To avoid electronic eavesdropping, data passing between certain elements in the GSM and GPRS network is encrypted. To comply with the export and import requirements of particular countries, this encryption occurs at different levels as individually standardised, or may not be present at all in some parts of the network in which it is normally implemented. The manual set, of which this manual is a part, covers encryption as if fully implemented. Because the rules differ in individual countries, limitations on the encryption included in the particular software being delivered, are covered in the Release Notes that accompany the individual software release.
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General information
Text conventions
The following conventions are used in the Motorola cellular infrastructure manuals to represent keyboard input text, screen output text and special key sequences.
Input
Characters typed in at the keyboard are shown like this.
Output
Messages, prompts, file listings, directories, utilities and environmental variables that appear on the screen are shown like this.
Special key sequences

Special key sequences are represented as follows: CTRL-c ALT-f CR or RETURN Press the Control and c keys at the same time. Press the Alt and f keys at the same time. Press the pipe symbol key. Press the Return key.
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Reporting safety issues
Reporting safety issues

Whenever a safety issue arises, carry out the following procedure in all instances. Ensure that all site personnel are familiar with this procedure.
Procedure
Whenever a safety issue arises: Procedure 1 1 2 3 Safety issue reporting Make the equipment concerned safe, for example by removing power. Make no further attempt to adjust or rectify the equipment. Report the problem directly to the Customer Network Resolution Centre, Swindon +44 (0)1793 565444 or China +86 10 88417733 (telephone) and follow up with a written report by fax, Swindon +44 (0)1793 430987 or China +86 10 68423633 (fax). Collect evidence from the equipment under the guidance of the Customer Network Resolution Centre.
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Warnings and cautions

The following describes how warnings and cautions are used in this manual and in all manuals of this Motorola manual set.
Warnings
A definition and example follow below:
Definition of Warning
A warning is used to alert the reader to possible hazards that could cause loss of life, physical injury, or ill health. This includes hazards introduced during maintenance, for example, the use of adhesives and solvents, as well as those inherent in the equipment.
Example and format
Do not look directly into fibre optic cables or data in/out connectors. Laser radiation can come from either the data in/out connectors or unterminated fibre optic cables connected to data in/out connectors.
Failure to comply with warnings

Observe all warnings during all phases of operation, installation and maintenance of the equipment described in the Motorola manuals. Failure to comply with these warnings, or with specific warnings elsewhere in the Motorola manuals, or on the equipment itself, violates safety standards of design, manufacture and intended use of the equipment. Motorola assumes no liability for the customer's failure to comply with these requirements.
Cautions
A definition and example follow below:
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Definition of Caution
A caution means that there is a possibility of damage to systems, software or individual items of equipment within a system. However, this presents no danger to personnel.
Example and format
Do not use test equipment that is beyond its due calibration date; arrange for calibration to be carried out.
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General warnings
General warnings

Observe the following specific warnings during all phases of operation, installation and maintenance of the equipment described in the Motorola manuals: Potentially hazardous voltage. Electric shock. RF radiation. Laser radiation. Heavy equipment. Parts substitution. Battery supplies. Lithium batteries,
Failure to comply with these warnings, or with specific warnings elsewhere in the Motorola manuals, violates safety standards of design, manufacture and intended use of the equipment. Motorola assumes no liability for the customer's failure to comply with these requirements.
Warning labels
Warnings particularly applicable to the equipment are positioned on the equipment. Personnel working with or operating Motorola equipment must comply with any warning labels fitted to the equipment. Warning labels must not be removed, painted over or obscured in any way.
Specific warnings
Specific warnings used throughout the GSM manual set are shown below and will be incorporated into procedures as applicable. These must be observed by all personnel at all times when working with the equipment, as must any other warnings given in text, in the illustrations and on the equipment.
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General warnings
Potentially hazardous voltage
This equipment operates from a potentially hazardous voltage of 230 V a.c. single phase or 415 V a.c. three phase supply. To achieve isolation of the equipment from the a.c. supply, the a.c. input isolator must be set to off and locked. When working with electrical equipment, reference must be made to the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 (UK), or to the relevant electricity at work legislation for the country in which the equipment is used.
Motorola GSM equipment does not utilise high voltages.
Electric shock
Do not touch the victim with your bare hands until the electric circuit is broken. Switch off. If this is not possible, protect yourself with dry insulating material and pull or push the victim clear of the conductor. ALWAYS send for trained first aid or medical assistance IMMEDIATELY. In cases of low voltage electric shock (including public supply voltages), serious injuries and even death, may result. Direct electrical contact can stun a casualty causing breathing and even the heart, to stop. It can also cause skin burns at the points of entry and exit of the current. In the event of an electric shock it may be necessary to carry out artificial respiration. ALWAYS send for trained first aid or medical assistance IMMEDIATELY. If the casualty is also suffering from burns, flood the affected area with cold water to cool, until trained first aid or medical assistance arrives.
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General warnings
RF radiation
High RF potentials and electromagnetic fields are present in this equipment when in operation. Ensure that all transmitters are switched off when any antenna connections have to be changed. Do not key transmitters connected to unterminated cavities or feeders. Relevant standards (USA and EC), to which regard should be paid when working with RF equipment are: ANSI IEEE C95.1-1991, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz CENELEC 95 ENV 50166-2, Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields High Frequency (10 kHz to 300 GHz).
Laser radiation
Do not look directly into fibre optic cables or optical data in/out connectors. Laser radiation can come from either the data in/out connectors or unterminated fibre optic cables connected to data in/out connectors.
Lifting equipment
When dismantling heavy assemblies, or removing or replacing equipment, a competent responsible person must ensure that adequate lifting facilities are available. Where provided, lifting frames must be used for these operations. When dismantling heavy assemblies, or removing or replacing equipment, the competent responsible person must ensure that adequate lifting facilities are available. Where provided, lifting frames must be used for these operations. When equipment has to be manhandled, reference must be made to the Manual Handling of Loads Regulations 1992 (UK) or to the relevant manual handling of loads legislation for the country in which the equipment is used.
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General warnings
Parts substitution
Do not install substitute parts or perform any unauthorized modification of equipment, because of the danger of introducing additional hazards. Contact Motorola if in doubt to ensure that safety features are maintained.
Battery supplies
Do not wear earth straps when working with stand-by battery supplies. Use only insulated tools.
Lithium batteries
Lithium batteries, if subjected to mistreatment, may burst and ignite. Defective lithium batteries must not be removed or replaced. Any boards containing defective lithium batteries must be returned to Motorola for repair. Contact your local Motorola office for how to return defective lithium batteries.
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General cautions
General cautions

Observe the following cautions during operation, installation and maintenance of the equipment described in the Motorola manuals. Failure to comply with these cautions or with specific cautions elsewhere in the Motorola manuals may result in damage to the equipment. Motorola assumes no liability for the customer's failure to comply with these requirements.
Caution labels
Personnel working with or operating Motorola equipment must comply with any caution labels fitted to the equipment. Caution labels must not be removed, painted over or obscured in any way.
Specific cautions
Cautions particularly applicable to the equipment are positioned within the text of this manual. These must be observed by all personnel at all times when working with the equipment, as must any other cautions given in text, on the illustrations and on the equipment.
Fibre optics
Fibre optic cables must not be bent in a radius of less than 30 mm.
Static discharge
Motorola equipment contains CMOS devices. These metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices are susceptible to damage from electrostatic charge. See the section Devices sensitive to static in the preface of this manual for further information.
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Devices sensitive to static
Devices sensitive to static

Certain metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices embody in their design a thin layer of insulation that is susceptible to damage from electrostatic charge. Such a charge applied to the leads of the device could cause irreparable damage. These charges can be built up on nylon overalls, by friction, by inserting the hands into high insulation packing material or by use of unearthed soldering irons. MOS devices are normally despatched from the manufacturers with the leads short circuited together, for example, by metal foil eyelets, wire strapping, or by inserting the leads into conductive plastic foam. Provided the leads are short circuited it is safe to handle the device.
Special handling techniques

In the event of one of these devices having to be replaced, observe the following precautions when handling the replacement: Always wear an earth strap which must be connected to the electrostatic point (ESP) on the equipment. Leave the short circuit on the leads until the last moment. It may be necessary to replace the conductive foam by a piece of wire to enable the device to be fitted. Do not wear outer clothing made of nylon or similar man made material. A cotton overall is preferable. If possible work on an earthed metal surface or anti-static mat. Wipe insulated plastic work surfaces with an anti-static cloth before starting the operation. All metal tools should be used and when not in use they should be placed on an earthed surface. Take care when removing components connected to electrostatic sensitive devices. These components may be providing protection to the device.
When mounted onto printed circuit boards (PCBs), MOS devices are normally less susceptible to electrostatic damage. However PCBs should be handled with care, preferably by their edges and not by their tracks and pins, they should be transferred directly from their packing to the equipment (or the other way around) and never left exposed on the workbench.
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Motorola manual set
Motorola manual set

The Motorola manual sets provide the information needed to operate, install and maintain the Motorola equipment. Manuals for the GSM, GPRS and UMTS products are available on the following media: Printed hard copy. Electronic, as fully navigable PDF files on: The Motorola customer support web site at: (https://mynetworksupport.motorola.com/index.asp). CD-ROM produced in support of a major system software release.
Each CD-ROM includes all manuals related to a specified main GSM, GPRS or UMTS software release, together with current versions of appropriate hardware manuals and has additional navigation facilities. A snapshot copy of on-line documentation is also included, though it will not be updated in line with subsequent point releases. The CD-ROM does not include Release Notes or documentation supporting specialist products such as MARS or COP.
Ordering manuals and CD-ROMs

Use the Motorola 68Pxxxxxxxx order (catalogue) number to order hard copy manuals or CD-ROMs. All orders must be placed with your Motorola Local Office or Representative.
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GMR amendment
GMR amendment

Changes to a manual that occur after the printing date are incorporated into the manual using General Manual Revisions (GMRs). GMRs are issued to correct Motorola manuals as and when required. A GMR has the same identity as the target manual. Each GMR is identified by a number in a sequence that starts at 01 for each manual at each issue.
GMR availability
GMRs are published as follows: Printed hard copy - Complete replacement content or loose leaf pages with amendment list. Remove and replace pages in this manual, as detailed on the GMR instruction sheet.
Motorola service web - Updated at the same time as hard copies. CD-ROM - Updated periodically as required.
GMR instructions
When a GMR is inserted in this manual, the amendment record below is completed to record the GMR. Retain the instruction sheet that accompanies each GMR and insert it in a suitable place in this manual for future reference.
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GMR amendment
GMR amendment record

Record the insertion of GMRs in this manual in the following table: GMR number 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Incorporated by (signature) Date
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GMR amendment
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Chapter
Introduction

Motorola C-SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node (C-SGSN) is the GPRS/UMTS PS equipment of the Core Network (CN). Its main functions include mobility management, session management, packet routing and transfer, CDR generation and output, SMS, CAMEL, Legal Interception and QoS management. Figure 1-1 illustrates the position of C-SGSN in Motorola's mobile communication network.
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GMR amendment
Chapter 1: Introduction
Figure 1-1
Motorola mobile communication network.
HLR/AuC EIR GMLC SCP SMC

Gr Gd Lg Ge Gp Gs Gn Ga Iu-PS Gf
SGSN
CS
MTS/VLR
PDN
GGSN
SGSN
Gb
CG
BSC
RNC
MS
UE
MTS-U/VLR: Mobile Switching Center /Visitor Location Register HLR/AUC: Home Location Register/Authentication Center BSC: GSM Base Station Controller MS: GSM Mobile Station SMC: Short Message Center PDN: Packet Data Network RNC: Radio Network Controller EIR: Equipment Identity Centre
SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node RNC: Radio Network Controller UE: UMTS User Equipment SCP: Service Control Point CG: Charging Gateway GMLC: Gateway Mobile Location Center
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GMR amendment
The interfaces are described as follows. Gb interface (SGSN-BSC). The Gb interface connects the BSS and the SGSN, allowing the exchange of signaling information and user data. The protocol stack consists of BSSGP, NS including Frame Relay (FR), and L1. Iu interface (SGSN-UTRAN). The Iu interface connects the UTRAN and the Core Network packet domain, allowing the exchange of signaling information and user data. The user plane of Iu interface allows the user data from different subscribers to share the same physical resource. Resources are given to a subscriber upon activity (when data is sent or received) and are reallocated immediately thereafter. In UMTS only subscriber data is transmitted on the shared physical medium. Signaling data is transferred using SCCP connection. Gn/Gp interface (SGSN-GPRS Backbone). The Gn/Gp interface allows the SGSN to communicate with the GSNs of the HPLMN (Gn) and VPLMN (Gp). Gn/Gp interface protocol stack consists of GPRS tunnelling protocol, User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). Gr interface (SGSN-HLR). The Gr interface is a standard MAP interface between the SGSN and the HLR. The protocol stack of the Gr interface consists of MAP, TCAP, SCCP, and MTP. The Gr interface is a MAP-based interface to the HLR. In the Gr interface, MAP version 3 is supported. Gd interface (SGSN-SMS-MTS-G). The Gd interface is a standard MAP interface between the SGSN and the SMS-MTS-G and the SMS-IWMSC. The protocol stack of the Gd interface consists of MAP, TCAP, SCCP, and MTP. Ge Interface(SGSN-SCP). The Ge interface is a standard MAP interface between the SGSN and the SCP. The protocol stack of the Ge interface consists of CAP, TCAP, SCCP, and MTP. Gs interface (SGSN-MTS-U). The Gs interface is a BSSAP+ based interface between the SGSN and the MTS-U/VLR. BSSAP+ runs on top of SCCP and MTP. Gf interface (SGSN-EIR). The Gf interface is a standard MAP interface between the SGSN and the EIR. The protocol stack of the Gf interface consists of MAP, TCAP, SCCP, and MTP. SNMP interface (SGSN-NMS). The Motorola C-SGSN provides the SNMP interface to the NMS which supports the SNMP. The physical port is Ethernet port.
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Ga Interface (SGSN-CG). Ga interface is the charging data collection interface between a SGSN and a CDR receiving functionality (CGF). Ga interface protocol stack consists of GTP' protocol, User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4).GTP' is based on GTP with enhancements and additional message types.
Lg Interface(SGSN-GMLC). The Lg interface is a standard MAP interface between the SGSN and the GMLC. The protocol stack of the Lg interface consists of MAP, TCAP, SCCP, and MTP.
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Chapter
System Characteristics

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Overview
Chapter 2: System Characteristics
Overview

Motorola C-SGSN is developed on Motorola's mature packet switched platform and is compliant with TL9000 and CE. It is a high-performance, highly reliable system, which is easy to operate and maintain. The following sections describe the features of Motorola C-SGSN hardware, interfaces, services and functions, operation and maintenance, and reliability.
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Hardware Features
Hardware Features

Motorola C-SGSN has the following hardware features: Mature Wideband Packet Switching Platform. Motorola C-SGSN adopts Motorola's mature wideband Packet Switching Platform, which can provide IP/ATM integrated switching, with a capacity of 25 Gbit/s. Large Capacity and High Integrity. Motorola C-SGSN can support 800,000 attached subscribers simultaneously. To support 800,000 subscribers, it requires only three racks in the case of 3G system and only four racks in the case of 2.5G system.
In this manual, GSM GPRS system is referred as 2.5G system and UMTS GPRS as 3G system here after. High Speed Hardware Forwarding. The user plane data of Motorola C-SGSN is forwarded using hardware, which improves the processing efficiency and integration of the system. It can support 480 Mbit/s traffic in case of 2.5G system or 1.44 Gbit/s traffic in case of 3G system. Advanced Clock System. Motorola C-SGSN clock synchronization system provides an enhanced 3-stratum clock to the external network. It supports multiple synchronization modes including synchronization through SDH optical interface, by BITS clock and by upper signaling network clock. Synchronization modes can be flexibly configured according to the actual networking situation.
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Interface Features
Interface Features

Motorola C-SGSN has the following interface features: Standard Network Interfaces. Motorola C-SGSN supports standard network interfaces, including Iu-PS interface, Gs interface, Gn/Gp interface, Gr interface, Gd interface, Ge interface, Gf interface, Ga interface, Gb interface and Lg interface. Abundant Physical Ports. The lu-PS interface can be realized with ATM STM-1/STM-4. The Gn/Gp/Ga interfaces can be realized with ATM STM-1/STM-4, POS STM-4 and 10 M/100 M/1000 M Ethernet ports. The Gb/Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge/Lg interfaces can be realized with E1/T1 ports.
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Services and Functions Features

Motorola C-SGSN supports the following functions: Access for both 2.5G and 3G Subscribers. Motorola C-SGSN supports the access for both 2.5G and 3G subscribers, as well as inter-RAT roaming and handover and smooth transition between 2.5G and 3G. Multiple CAMEL triggering modes. Motorola C-SGSN supports IMSI/MSISDN segment-based and CSI-based CAMEL service triggering modes. 2 Mbit/s signaling link. In one 2 Mbit/s signaling link, N (N<=31) adjacent available timeslots can be used to transmit signaling messages, which hence implements wider SS7 transmission bandwidth. Multiple signaling points. Motorola C-SGSN can be configured with up to 16 Original Signaling Points (OSP). In this way, up to 256 links can be configured between Motorola C-SGSN and one peer OSP. These OSPs can automatically share signaling loads. IP packet compression on Gb interface. Motorola C-SGSN supports the IP header compression rules RFC1144 and RFC2507 as well as the IP payload compression rule V.42bis. Gc interface signaling transfer. Motorola C-SGSN supports the GTP-MAP protocol on Gn/Gp interface, and transfers Gc interface messages from GGSN thus to implement the message exchange between GGSN and HLR. Multiple GGSN routes. Motorola C-SGSN supports GGSN routes in the active/standby mode, those in the load sharing mode and IMSI-based GGSN routes. MIP Motorola C-SGSN can select the GGSN supporting Mobile IP (MIP) according to APNs. IPv6 PDP contexts. Motorola C-SGSN supports the activation, deactivation and modification of IPv6 PDP contexts that are carried on the GPRS and UMTS IPv4 backbone networks. It also supports CAMELs with IPv6 PDP addresses and lawful intercept. Multiple HPLMNs. Motorola C-SGSN supports multiple HPLMNs, enabling the service providers with multiple PLMNs to reduce investment.
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Peer PLMN function. Motorola C-SGSN can send a peer PLMN list to a terminal so that the terminal can select one PLMN from the list for access.
IPSec function. Motorola C-SGSN provides IPSec function for GTP-C signaling and supports ESP, AH and IKE protocols.
Dynamic route protocols. Motorola C-SGSN supports the dynamic route protocols Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Routing Information Protocol (RIP-2), implementing automatic Gn/Gp interface routing.
Access Control List (ACL)-based packet filtering function. Motorola C-SGSN can differentiate and process IP packets and control the access to it based on the IP protocol quintuple, namely, source address, source port, destination address, destination port and protocol type.
Automatic detachment of inactive subscribers. When a subscriber does not activate any PDP context in a specified duration, Motorola C-SGSN detaches the subscriber and releases the resource occupied by it.
Deactivation of idle PDP contexts. If there is no traffic for a PDP context in a specified duration, Motorola C-SGSN deactivates the idle PDP context and releases the resource occupied by the subscriber.
SuperCharger function. The SuperCharger function is that Motorola C-SGSN does not delete the subscription data of detached subscribers unless there is no space for new subscribers to access provided that HLR does not modify the data.
Roaming restriction. Motorola C-SGSN can restrict subscribers' roaming in some areas according to IMSIs or area codes.
TOM Tunnelling Of Messages (TOM) is an optional protocol layer between MS and SGSN, used to transmit non-GSM signaling messages.
EDGE Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is a transition wireless network technology between 2.5G (GSM/GPRSS) and 3G (WCDMA). It enhances existing network technologies and supports the maximum of 100 kbit/s data flows.
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Setting of daylight savings time. Motorola C-SGSN supports the setting of daylight savings time, satisfying the requirements on system time in different areas.
NTP Motorola C-SGSN realizes the Network Time Protocol (NTP) function. It periodically obtains standard time from the specified NTP Server and synchronizes its system time with the standard time, thus to implement the synchronization between the system time and external standard time and to prevent great time difference.
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Easy Operation and Maintenance
Easy Operation and Maintenance

Motorola C-SGSN provides easy operation and maintenance. Multiple and flexible management methods. Network management system can be flexibly constructed according to network architecture, management requirement and investment amount. Multiple maintenance interfaces are supported, such as Local Manager (LM) interface, SNMP interface, Motorola centralized NM system OMC-S/T 2.0 interface and CORBA interface with OMC-S/T 2.0 supporting. Friendly GUI. It provides O&M interfaces with unique navigation tree technology, which combines the merits of both MML and GUI. It also provides real and graphic equipment panel for visual operations. Signaling tracing, interface tracing and message explanation function. It provides standard interface tracing, such as the tracing of Iu, Gb, Gs and Gr interfaces, and single subscriber tracing, including tracing the data packet sent by the subscriber. It can flexibly filter messages. For example, it can trace only the MTP3 message from certain signaling point, and provide detailed explanations of tracing result. Software Patching Function Most software problems can be solved online without affecting system services through software patching function. Software patching can be remotely performed and software can be easily recovered to the state before software patching is made if necessary, therefore, software updating cost and risks can be greatly reduced.
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High Reliability
High Reliability

Motorola C-SGSN introduces high reliability design. Backup of important data. For example, the equipment operation parameters, performance measurement information, operator information, administrator information and operation logs can be backed up to hard disk. Operation security management. Different equipment management authorities are assigned for different users. Strict user identity check is performed upon user's login and comprehensive operation log is recorded after user's login to ensure system security. Supporting CG redirecting and CDR cache function. When there are communication faults between Motorola C-SGSN and CG, Motorola C-SGSN will automatically send CDRs to the backup CG. In this case, if the backup CG is also abnormal, Motorola C-SGSN will store CDRs in the hard disk. Supporting hardware redundancy design to guarantee the system reliability. The wideband packet switched platform of Motorola C-SGSN provides hardware redundancy backup for the critical components, such as important boards, clocks, optical interfaces and links. And most system resources are also shared and backed up by system software. Automatic fault detection and self-recovery mechanism. Motorola C-SGSN can automatically detect hardware and software faults. When important components get faulty, alarm information will be generated, and active/standby switchover is executed. Supporting protection function from exceptions. Motorola C-SGSN supports system power-off protection, system power switch misoperation protection, system power anti-lightning protection, high-voltage and under-voltage protection, power short-circuit protection, system E1 link lightning protection, power and interface over-current and high-voltage protection and so on. Supporting system overload control. The traffic can be adjusted smoothly to prevent system failure when CPU overload and resource congestion occur. Supporting the function of locking boards and shutting down the system This function ensures that services being processed by a board or the system can be stopped unhurriedly if necessary, thus preventing the services from being interrupted abruptly.
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High Reliability
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Chapter
System Architecture

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3-1
Overview
Overview

This chapter describes the hardware, software and logical structures of the Motorola C-SGSN system.
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Hardware Architecture

The Motorola C-SGSN hardware system comprises cabinets, subracks and boards. Figure 3-1 illustrates the appearance and dimension of the Motorola C-SGSN cabinet.
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Figure 3-1
Appearance and dimension of the Motorola C-SGSN cabinet.
600
800
2200
Each cabinet can be configured with up to four subracks. Based on the subrack types, Motorola C-SGSN cabinets are classified into BNET cabinet and PSM cabinet. The BNET cabinet is configured with BNET and PSM subracks while the PSM cabinet is configured with PSM subrack only. Motorola C-SGSN is configured with only one BNET subrack, that is, only one BNET cabinet.
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Table 3-1 lists the boards in the BNET subrack. Table 3-1 Boards in the BNET subrack. Function Manages, maintains and controls other boards in the subrack. Provides sixteen 155 M ATM optical interfaces or four 622 M ATM optical interfaces. It is an interface board. Provides eight 10/100 M Ethernet electrical interfaces (RJ45 ports). It is an interface board. Provides two GE optical interfaces, two 622 M POS optical interfaces, two 622 M ATM optical interfaces or eight 155 M ATM optical interfaces. It is an interface board. It is a switching network board, with the switching capacity of 25 Gbit/s. Implements the high-speed transfer of service data.
Board UMPU ULPU ULPI ULPC UNET UHPU
Table 3-2 lists the boards in the PSM subrack. Table 3-2 Boards in the PSM subrack. Function Implements the application layer protocols such as SM, MM and CAMEL and the MTP L3 processing function. Processes the Gb interface protocol. Processes the Iu-PS control plane protocol. Transfers GTP-C signaling and performs the NTP/DNS Client and IPSec functions. Controls the bus of the subrack and realizes inter-subrack communications. Provides external interfaces for the URCU. Assists the URCU to control the service processing boards in this subrack and controls hot swap of these service processing boards. Collects, encodes, transmits and buffers CDRs. Provides external interfaces and a hard disk for the UCDR. Performs the lawful intercept function, that is, receives lawful intercept instructions, collects and transmits intercepted messages. Operates and maintains the system. Provides external interfaces and a hard disk for the UOMU. Provides E1/T1 interfaces for the USPU/UGBI. Monitors the states of the power supply module and back boards in the subrack as well as the subrack ambient temperature. Realizes the LAN SWITCH function and connects the UOMU to the UMPU.
Board USPU UGBI UICP UGTP URCU UBIU UACU UCDR UBSU ULIP UOMU UFSU UEPI/UTPI UALU ULAN
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Software Architecture
Software Architecture

The Motorola C-SGSN system software is designed following software engineering requirements, and adopts the hierarchical modular programming method. The protocol software adopts the protocol engineering methods. Its development procedures include protocol description, inspection, implementation and testing phases. The Specification and Description Language (SDL) recommended by ITU-T is adopted to support the hierarchical, modular and structural software development. The strict and standard software development process makes it easy to understand and maintain the codes of the software. The Motorola C-SGSN software refers to the programs running on the processing boards in the PSM subrack and the BNET subrack. Physically, Motorola C-SGSN is a distributed system with each board running a different software system. Each of the board software is a part of the platform software and the GPRS specific protocol software. The Motorola C-SGSN software adopts the modular structure. Each function is enabled by an independent module. The software includes two parts, the platform software module and GPRS software module. The former is built up by the following functional parts: TCP/IP protocol processing module, operating system module, database management module, system maintenance module, alarm management module, equipment management module and system error tolerance module. The latter comprises interface protocol processing, such as Iu-Ps,Gb,Gn/Gp, and so on, and service processing , such as MM/SM, SMS, CAMEL, LCS and so on.
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Logical Architecture
Logical Architecture

Logically, Motorola C-SGSN is divided into several functional subsystems, as illustrated in Figure 3-2. Figure 3-2 Logical structure of Motorola C-SGSN.
External interface subsystem
O&M subsystem
Charging subsystem
Gb interface processing subsystem ATM/IP switching subsystem

ATM/ IP
Lawful intercept subsystem
Signalling processing subsystem
Iu interface processing subsystem
GTP-C processing subsystem Data transfer subsystem SS7 processing subsystem
Data Signalling
On the signaling plane, the external interface subsystem transmits the signaling received from outside to the interface protocol processing subsystem for processing through the ATM/IP switching subsystem or the hardware transfer subsystem. The interface protocol processing subsystem transmits upper-layer signaling to the signaling processing subsystem for processing.
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Hardware Configuration

Depending on the service requirement and user number, Motorola C-SGSN delivers various cabinet layouts and subrack configurations. As these service board slots are compatible with each other, the hardware parts of Motorola C-SGSN can be configured flexibly. This section describes several typical configurations.
2.5G Configuration
Figure 3-3 indicates the Motorola C-SGSN hardware configuration supporting 30,000 2.5G subscribers. This configuration needs one cabinet, which contains one BNET subrack and one 2.5G PSM basic subrack are needed. Figure 3-3 Configuration of 30,000 2.5G users.
U M P U
U M P U
U L P U
U L P U
U L P I
U L P I
U N E T
U N E T
U H P U
U H P U
P W S
U U G G W B SB I I
U G B I
U G B I
U S P U
U S P U
U R C U
U R C U
U C D R
U C D R
U G T P
U G T P
U O M U
U O M U
U P W R
U P W R
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
The system capacity can be expanded to 800,000 by adding cabinets and PSM extended subracks. Table 3-3 describes the numbers of cabinets and subracks required in several typical configurations.
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Table 3-3
2.5G configurations in different capacities. 30,000 100,000 2 4 200,000 2 5 400,000 3 9 800,000 4 15
Cabinet Subrack
1 2
3G Configuration
Figure 3-4 shows the typical Motorola C-SGSN hardware configuration supporting 60,000 3G subscribers. This configuration needs one cabinet, one BNET subrack and one 3G PSM basic subrack. Figure 3-4 Configuration of 60,000 3G users.
U M P U
U M P U
U L P U
U L P U
U L P I
U L P I
U N E T
U N E T
U H P U
U H P U
P W S
U U I W I C SC P P
U S P U
U S P U
U S P U
U S P U
U R C U
U R C U
U C D R
U C D R
U G T P
U G T P
U O M U
U O M U
U P W R
U P W R
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
The system capacity can be expanded to 1 million by adding cabinets and PSM extended subracks. Table 3-4 describes the numbers of cabinets and subracks required for different typical configurations.
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Table 3-4
3G configurations in different capacities. 60,000 100,000 1 3 200,000 2 4 400,000 2 5 800,000 3 9
Cabinet Subrack
1 2
2.5G-3G-Combined Configuration
The Motorola C-SGSN supports the 2.5G-3G-combined configuration. Figure 3-5 shows the configuration supporting 30,000 2.5G subscribers and 50,000 3G subscribers. Figure 3-5 2.5G-3G-combined configuration.
U M P U
U M P U
U L P U
U L P U
U L P I
U L P I
U N E T
U N E T
U H P U
U H P U
U U I I W C SC P P
U S P U
U S P U
U S P U
U S P U
U R C U
U R C U
U P W R
U P W R
U U G G W B SB I I
U G B I
U G B I
U S P U
U S P U
U R C U
U R C U
U C D R
U C D R
U G T P
U G T P
U O M U
U O M U
U P W R
U P W R
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
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Chapter
Services and Functions

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4-1
Overview
Overview

This chapter describes the services and functions provided by Motorola C-SGSN, including mobility management, session management, packet routing and transfer, charging, lawful intercept and QoS management functions as well as Short Message (SM) and CAMEL services.
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Mobility Management
Mobility Management

The Mobility Management (MM) activities related to a subscriber are characterized by one of three different MM states. In GSM, the MM states for a GPRS subscriber are IDLE, STANDBY, and READY. In UMTS, the MM states for a GPRS subscriber are PMM-DETACHED, PMM-IDLE, and PMM-CONNECTED. Each state describes a certain level of functionality and information allocated. The information sets in the MS and the SGSN are denoted MM context. Motorola C-SGSN supports the following by MM functions: GPRS Attach Function Detach Function. Location Management Function. Paging Function. Purge Function. MS Information Function. Security Management Function. Subscriber Management Function. Supercharger Function. GSM/UMTS Inter-RAT Change Function. Service Request Function (3G).
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Session Management
Session Management

Session Management (SM) function manages the PDP context of MS. Motorola C-SGSN supports the following SM procedures: PDP context activation procedure. PDP context deactivation procedure. PDP context modification procedure. PDP context preservation procedure (3G).
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Packet Routing and Transfer Functions

SGSN performs routing and forwarding of service data between MS and GGSN. Routing. For SGSN, routing is to confirm the IP address of GGSN. SGSN resolves the IP address of GGSN according to the APN in a PDP context activation. Motorola C-SGSN performs resolutions through a DNS Server, HOST FILE or the local CACHE. In addition, Motorola C-SGSN can search the IP address of the GGSN supporting MIP and DHCP according to configuration information. Forwarding. Figure 4-1 shows the forwarding function of SGSN in 2.5G network. In uplink direction, SGSN converts received SNDCP packets to GTP-U packets, then transfers them to GGSN. In downlink direction, SGSN converts received GTP-U packets to SNDCP packets, and then transfers them to MS. Figure 4-1
Application IP
Relay
Forwarding of data in 2.5G network.
IP SNDCP LLC
Relay
SNDCP LLC RLC MAC GSM RF RLC MAC GSM RF Um BSSGP Network Service L1bis Gb
GTP-U
GTP-U UDP IP L2 L1 Gn
UDP BSSGP Network Service L1bis IP L2 L1
MS
BSS
SGSN
GGSN
Gi
Figure 4-2 shows the forwarding function of SGSN in 3G network. In uplink direction, SGSN receives GTP-U data packets from RNC, then transfers them to GGSN. In downlink direction, SGSN receives GTP-U data packets from GGSN, and transfers them to RNC.
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Figure 4-2
Application
Forwarding function of SGSN in 3G network.
E.g., IP, PPP, OSP Relay PDCP RLC MAC L1

Uu
E.g., IP, PPP, OSP Relay GTP-U UDP/IP AAL5 ATM

Iu-PS
PDCP RLC MAC L1
GTP-U UDP/IP AAL5 ATM
GTP-U UDP/IP L2 L1
Gn
GTP-U UDP/IP L2 L1
Gi
MS
UTRAN
3G-SGSN
3G-GGSN
Security. To guarantee the security of data transmissions, Motorola C-SGSN supports IPSec ciphering for signaling on Gn/Gp interface and ciphering for data on Gb interface. Motorola C-SGSN encrypts the signaling on Gn/Gp interface using IPSec. IP Security (IPSec) indicates a series of protocols worked out by IETF to ensure the security and confidentiality of the data over Internet. Ciphering and data origin authentication are performed at IP layer between special communication parties to guarantee the privacy, integrity and validity of data packets over Internet. In 2.5G network, the ciphering algorithm is distributed to both SGSN and MS. The cipher at SGSN side is implemented at LLC layer of Gb interface. The traditional stream ciphering mode is applicable to cipher of LLC layer between MS and SGSN, and GPRS-A5 ciphering algorithm is adopted.The data to be ciphered over the Gb interface includes the Information Field and Check FCS Field carried by an LLC frame.
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Charging Functions
Charging Functions

Charging information is collected for the GPRS subscriber. Motorola C-SGSN shall collect the following charging information for MSs and/or individual PDP contexts that are subject to charging: Usage of the radio interface. The charging information shall describe the amount of data transmitted in MO and MT directions categorised with QoS and user protocols; Usage of the packet data protocol addresses. The charging information shall describe how long the MS has used the packet data protocol addresses; Usage of the general packet domain resources. The charging information shall describe the usage of other packet domain-related resources and the MS's network activity (for example, mobility management); and Location of MS. HPLMN, VPLMN, plus optional higher-accuracy location information.
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Short Message Service
Short Message Service

Short Message Service (SMS) consists of two kinds of basic services: Mobile-Terminated Short Message (SM MT) and Mobile-Originated Short Message (SM MO). SM MT means that SGSN can send short messages submitted by Short Message Service Center (SMSC or SC in short) to a Mobile Station (MS) and provide a success or failure report. SM MO means that SGSN system can send short messages submitted by MS to Short Message Entity (SME) through SC and provide a success or failure report. Short message system networking is shown in Figure 4-3: Figure 4-3 Short message system networking.
SME
SC
SMS-GMSC/ SMS-IWMSC*
MTS-G/C-SGSN**
MS
>
<
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Location Services
Location Services

Location Services is used to find the (geographic) location of the User Equipment (UE) or Mobile Station (MS) using the radio signals. The location information may be requested by and reported to a client (application) associated with the UE, or by a client within or attached to the Core Network. The location information may also be utilized for location-assisted handover or other functions such as home location billing. The position information is reported by means of geographical co-ordinates, together with the time-of-day and the estimated errors (uncertainty) of the location of the UE. The location information can be used in different ways. The positioning feature may be used by the GSM/UMTS network (or attached networks), by value-added network services, by the UE itself or through the network, and by 'third party' services. The positioning feature may also be used by an emergency service (which may be mandated or 'value-added'). Figure 4-4 shows the general arrangement of the Location Service feature in GSM and UMTS. Figure 4-4 General arrangement of LCS.
A
2GMTS 2GSGSN
Lg Lc
gsmSCF
GERAN
Um Gb
UE
Lg Uu Iu
GMLC
Lg
Le
External LCS Client
3GSGSN 3GMTS
UTRAN
Iu
Functional description of LCS per network element:
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Location Services
Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC). The Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) serves to support LCS. In one PLMN, there may be more than one GMLC. The GMLC is the first node an external LCS client accesses in a PLMN (that is the Le reference point is supported by the GMLC). The GMLC may request routing information from the HLR. After performing registration authorization, it sends positioning requests to VMTS, SGSN or MTS-U Server and receives final location estimates from the corresponding entity using Lg interface.
LCS Client. There are two classes of LCS Applications: Internal applications and External applications. The internal applications represent entities in the GSM/UMTS that make use of location information for the (improved) operation of the network. Internal LCS client can be identified using LCS client internal ID. LCS client Internal ID distinguishes the following classes: (LCS client broadcasting location related information, O&M LCS client in the HPLMN, O&M LCS client in the VPLMN, LCS client recording anonymous location information, LCS Client supporting a bearer service, teleservice or supplementary service to the target UE). The external applications represent entities (such as Commercial or Emergency services) that make use of location information for operations external to the mobile communications network. External LCS client can be identified by LCS client external ID. The LCS Applications interface to the LCS entities through their Location Client Functions (LCF).
LCS support in the UE. The UE interacts with the measurement co-ordination functions to transmit the needed signals for uplink-based LCS measurements and to make measurements of downlink signals. The measurements to be made will be determined by the chosen location method. The UE may also contain LCS applications, or access a LCS application through communication with a network accessed by the UE or an application in the UE. This application may include the needed measurement and calculation functions to determine the UE's location with or without assistance of the GSM/UMTS LCS entities. The UE may also have an independent location function (for example Global Satellite Positioning Service GPS) and thus be able to report its location, independent of the RAN transmissions. The UE with an independent location function may also make use of information broadcast by the RAN that assists the function.
SGSN In UMTS, the 3G-SGSN needs to implement UE subscription authorization and manage positioning requests of LCS. The 3G-SGSN is accessible to the GMLC using the Lg interface. The LCS functions of 3G-SGSN are related to charging and billing, LCS co-ordination, location request, authorization and operation of the LCS services.
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CAMEL Phase 3
CAMEL Phase 3

Customized Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL) refers to a network attribute other than a supplementary service. It is a tool with which carriers can provide special services for users. To provide more abundant and newer services in GPRS network, SGSN is required to support CAMEL attribute, hence it organically combines the GPRS and the mobile intelligent network. At present Motorola C-SGSN supports CAMEL Phase 3. Figure 4-5 shows the networking structure supporting mobile intelligent network services. Figure 4-5
Home Network
Networking structure supporting intelligent network services.

HLR
MAP CAP
gsmSCF
gprsSSF SGSN
MS
Interrogating Network
Visiting Network
Home/Interrogating/Visiting Network
Functions of key entities in the network are described as follows: HLR: HLR is a device storing subscription data. The user information GPRS-CSI that supports CAMEL is exactly stored in HLR. SGSN: SGSN is the core control network entity of GPRS network. When processing a GPRS attach request initiated by a user supporting CAMEL or an inter-SGSN RA update message, SGSN receives a GPRS-CSI sheet from HLR, which indicates SGSN to request gprsSSF for an indication. SGSN monitors these GPRS events and informs gprsSSF to control execution of GPRS session and independent PDP context. gprsSSF: gprsSSF is a functional entity processing SGSN and gsmSCF interface. It reports GPRS events as per the configuration of the monitoring point of gsmSCF and issues indication messages sent by gsmSCF to SGSN for controlling execution of GPRS session and independent PDP context. gsmSCF: gsmSCF is a functional entity containing CAMEL service logic. Depending on logic of CAMEL service and events reported by gprsSSF, it implements controlling of GPRS session and independent PDP context.
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Lawful Interception
Lawful Interception

Lawful Interception is the function intercepting Content of Communication (CC) of MS and Intercept Related Information (IRI) that Third Generation Mobile Communication System (3GMS) provides to Law Enforcement Agency (LEA). See Figure 4-6. Figure 4-6 Lawful Interception.
X1-1
Intercept request Intercept request
3GMS node
LEA
ADMF X2 IRI
DF2
X3
CC
DF3
The mobile target here may be a local subscriber, or a subscriber roaming from other 3GMSs, even a GSM subscriber. Process of lawful interception: LEA sends a request for intercepting a mobile target to Administration Function (ADMF), and the latter transfers the intercept request to a 3GMS node, which then starts to intercept the mobile target. If the target generates IRI and CC, they will be forwarded to LEA using Delivery Function (DF). As shown in Figure 4-6, the intercept related entities in 3GMS network cover 3GMS nodes (SGSN, GGSN and so on), ADMF and DF. ADMF performs intercept management dependent functions, while DF is responsible for collecting and transferring IRI and CC. Interfaces in the network include X1-1 interface, X2 interface and X3 interface. X1-1 interface is the interface between ADMF and 3GMS node, using which ADMF can perform intercept-related functions for 3GMS node. X2 interface is the interface between DF2 and 3GMS node for the transmission of IRI. X3 interface is the interface between DF3 and 3GMS node for transmission of CC.
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QoS Management
QoS Management

3GPP R99 defines four QoS service types, as listed in Table 4-1. Table 4-1 UMTS QoS classes. Conversational class Preserve time relation (variation) between information entities of the stream. Conversational pattern (stringent and low delay ). voice. Streaming class Preserve time relation (variation) between information entities of the stream. Interactive class Request response pattern. Preserve payload content. Background Destination is not expecting the data within a certain time. Preserve payload content.
Traffic class Fundamental characteristics.
Example of the application.
streaming video.
Web browsing.
Background download of emails.
Motorola C-SGSN support all the four QoS functions defined in 3GPP R99, as described in the following: Access control. When a MS activates a PDP context, Motorola C-SGSN performs QoS adjustment based on the available QoS, subscribed QoS and system resources, negotiates the new QoS with RNC or GGSN and then transmits the negotiated QoS to the MS. If the negotiation fails, Motorola C-SGSN will reject the access of the MS. QoS queue management. Data packets with different QoS types are distributed to corresponding QoS queues. Motorola C-SGSN dispatches these queues using the CBWFQ algorithm and determines the transmission sequence of these packets. When a queue is congested, Motorola C-SGSN determines the principle of discarding data packets using the WRED algorithm to ensure the data with higher priority can be transmitted reliably. Differential Services (DiffServ) function. SGSN supports the Differential Services (DiffServ) function. DiffServ is an IP QoS model that is suitable for backbone networks and can meet multiple service requirements. In the Diff-Serv system, each network node determines Per-Hop Behaviors (PHB) according to the Differentiated Services Codepoints (DSCP) in IP headers. The PHBs supported by Motorola C-SGSN cover Expedited Forwarding (EF), Assured Forwarding (AF) and Best-Effort (BE). Motorola C-SGSN also supports three AF discard priorities.
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QoS Management
QoS mapping. The QoS mapping function realizes the conversion between QoS properties of different bearer protocols. Motorola C-SGSN supports mapping between 3GPP QoS and DSCP and that between DSCP (EF, AF, and BE) and ATM QoS (CBR, VBR, and UBR). In addition, Motorola C-SGSN also supports the conversion from R97/98 QoS properties to R99 QoS properties.
Committed Access Rate (CAR) and Remarking. If the actual data flow exceeds the requested QoS, Motorola C-SGSN performs a CAR processing to discard the redundant data packets, or carries out a Remarking processing to decrease the QoS. Figure 4-7 shows the QoS processing on downlink data in a 3G system. Figure 4-7 QoS processing on downlink data.
QoS queue 1
RNC
Mapping from DSCP to ATM QoS
Mapping from QoS DSCP
QoS queue 2
QoS queue 3
To corre spodi ng queue accor ding to QoS
DSCP remark ing
CAR proces sing
CGSN
QoS queue 4
SGSN
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Chapter
Operation and Maintenance

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5-1
Overview
Overview

Figure 5-1 illustrates the Motorola C-SGSN O&M System architecture of Motorola C-SGSN. Figure 5-1 Motorola C-SGSN O&M system architecture.
LMT
LAN/WAN
SGSN9810
iManager M2000 V2
SNMP-Server
As shown in Figure 5-1, operation and maintenance for Motorola C-SGSN can be executed through LM, OMC-S/T 2.0 and SNMP-based centralized NM system. Local Manager (LM). LM is composed of O&M subsystem, Motorola C-SGSN Alarm Management subsystem, C-SGSN Performance management subsystem and C-SGSN TraceViewer subsystem. LM provides MML and GUI for operation and maintenance, as shown in Figure 5-2 and Figure 5-3.
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Overview
Figure 5-2
GUI maintenance interface.
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Overview
Figure 5-3
MML maintenance interface.
OMC-S/T 2.0. As a Motorola-developed integrated network management system, OMC-S/T 2.0 NM center is connected with Motorola C-SGSN through LAN or WAN. It adopts unified platform to support the accessing of both Motorola CDMA products and GSM products. It provides unified topology management, security management and fault management. That is, the operation and maintenance over NEs such as SGSN, GGSN, MTS-U, and HLR can be executed through one physical terminal. OMC-S/T 2.0 executes management of NEs and supports network management function, including centralized configuration management, centralized alarm management and centralized performance management and so on. Figure 5-4 shows the OMC-S/T 2.0 network management system.
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Overview
Figure 5-4
OMC-S/T 2.0 network management system.
Motorola C-SGSN provides SNMP interface, through which it can be connected to SNMP-based centralized NM system through LAN or WAN.
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Database Management
Database Management

The database is the basis for system operation. It stores the configuration of various parameters for system operation. Database management refers to operations such as adding, deleting, modifying and querying system data. In Motorola C-SGSN, the data that needs to be configured includes hardware data, system information, Gb interface, Iu interface, Gn interface, layer 3 parameters and SS7 signaling, and so on. Motorola C-SGSN provides dynamic and static data configuration. The dynamic configuration means that the modification to the system data takes effect immediately without interrupting system operation. While the static configuration means that the modification is done by editing MML.TXT file off-line and restarts the system to make the modification effective. Not all data can be configured dynamically.
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Equipment Management
Equipment Management

Equipment management is the function to monitor, control and test system entities such as hardware, link, and so on. Monitor function. Motorola C-SGSN supports the state query of board, optical interface, E1 port, SS7 link, FR link, SAAL link, GTP path, BC, NSVC, destination signaling point, subsystem, PTPBVC, SIGBVC, and so on. The operation information of the queried entity can be obtained through the state query. Control function. The control function includes the resetting and switchover of board, the optical interface, E1 port, SS7 link, FR link, SAAL link, GTP path, blocking/unblocking and reset of BC, destination signaling point, disabling/enabling of subsystem, and so on. Test function. Test function is the major means to locate and find faults. Motorola C-SGSN supports self-loop test of E1 port and SAAL link, as well as GTP path test.
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Tracing Management
Tracing Management

Tracing management can dynamically record the connection of the call and the signaling and provide detailed explanation of the information. It is a powerful tool for equipment maintenance. Motorola C-SGSN provides interface tracing and subscriber tracing. Interface tracing can trace messages on standard interfaces, including Gb, Iu, Gn/Gp, Gs/Gd/Gr, Ga interface. It can also trace the interfaces by protocol layers. The output of tracing is the signaling message passing the interfaces. It can also save and analyze the message. Subscriber tracing can trace the subscribers by specified IMSI/MSISDN. Maintenance personnel specify the subscriber to be traced by its IMSI/MSISDN. The system filters information of all interfaces according to the IMSI/MSISDN of specified subscriber and outputs information relevant to the subscriber. Subscriber tracing mainly traces the connection and communication process of the specified subscriber, including tracing of subscriber signaling and subscriber data. The system can trace multiple subscribers simultaneously. Operators can save the tracing result for future query. Figure 5-5 shows the interface for browsing the tracing results. Figure 5-5 Tracing result interface.
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Performance Management

Performance management is to perform measurement of Motorola C-SGSN and the surrounding networks and provide data of network operation. Performance measurement data is an important basis for the measurement, design and deployment, operation and management of the communication network. The Motorola C-SGSN performance management system supports: Rich measurement indices. Motorola C-SGSN delivers rich measurement indices, which are grouped into diverse measure units then into different measurement functional types to facilitate the management of measurement indices. Motorola C-SGSN provides the following measurement types: ID 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Basic SM measurement. Basic MM measurement. Security measurement. Radio resource measurement. CAMEL measurement. LCS measurement. GTP control measurement. TCP/IP measurement. Data packets transfer measurement. ULIP measurement. S-CDR measurement. M-CDR SMS-CDR measurement. System load measurement. NO.7 measurement. SMS measurement. Gb procedure measurement. Iu procedure measurement. Global relocation measurement. Specific rncid relocation measurement. Ga interface PM. MTP link measurement. MTP link set measurement. MTP DPC measurement. NS measurement (NSVC specified). Name
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ID 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Time attributes. NS measurement (NSE specified).
Name BSSGP cell measurement (NSE specified). GB measurement (BSSID specified). MTP3B link measurement. MTP3B link set measurement. MTP3B signal point measurement. SAAL link measurement. Ping packets measurement. S-CDR measurement (specific user). M-CDR SMS-CDR measurement (specific user). BSSGP cell performance measurement (specific Cell). IP packets measurement. Specific routing area MM measurement. Specific routing area Radio resource measurement. Gn measurement (discriminate GGSN IP). APN SM course PM. 2G Service measurement (BSSID specified).
To satisfy diverse measurement times, the performance measurement system of Motorola C-SGSN supports various time attributes. For instance, a measurement task can be carried out nonstop from the startup of system, or be carried out nonstop from a specified time, or be implemented during a specified period, or be carried out on the specified days of each month/week and at the specified time segments of each specified day. Measurement template function. A measurement template is a defined parameter group. It can be classified into measurement index template, measurement object template and measurement time template. The process of creating a performance measurement task can be greatly simplified by using measurement templates. Customized measurement index function. The user customized measurement index function can help the user combine and process the measurement indices provided by the system according to the actual requirement, thus greatly improve flexibility and adaptability of performance measurement. Suspension and recovery of performance measurement task. Once suspended, a performance measurement will release the system resource occupied by it and get 'dormant'. By suspending and recovering measurement task, the user can flexibly arrange performance measurement actions as per the load of the system so for avoid repeated deletion and creation.
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Modification of performance measurement task. At present Motorola C-SGSN supports the modification of parameters related with measurement time and measurement object.
View of real-time data of performance measurement task. Generally a performance measurement task outputs the measurement result by a specified period. By such function, the user may obtain the required data on realtime basis regardless of the time attribute.
Setup of measurement index threshold. This function combines the performance measurement and the alarm function organically. When a measurement index reaches the specified value, the system will automatically generate an alarm at a certain level. Proper application of such a function may greatly improve the security and reliability of the system. Graphic result browsing. Motorola C-SGSN performance measurement system supports multiple result display modes. Figure 5-6 shows the example of displaying measurement results through polygon line method. Figure 5-6 View measurement result.
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Motorola C-SGSN Alarm Management

The Motorola C-SGSN alarm system is responsible for monitoring the running status of the system and reporting the detected faults to the maintenance personnel. It has the following features:
Abundant alarm contents and detailed and accurate alarm location

Motorola C-SGSN provides more than 400 types of alarms covering all software functions, hardware parts and surroundings of the system. Rich alarm types ensure various failures can be detected and handled in time. To facilitate management, Motorola C-SGSN classifies these alarms into failure alarm, recovery alarm and event alarm with different levels. Alarm level serves to identify the severity of an alarm. Motorola C-SGSN provides four alarm severity levels: critical, major, minor and warning. The user may adjust the severity level of an alarm according to the actual requirement. Whenever an alarm is generated, the system will report the detailed information of the alarm to facilitate the location and handling of the failure. The user is authorized to shield the alarm if the user think it unnecessary to report it.
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Figure 5-7 shows the interface to view alarms. Figure 5-7 View alarms.
Flexible and convenient alarm information processing

The alarm terminal of Motorola C-SGSN LM provides various flexible and convenient operations to ensure that the user can handle the alarm effectively and timely. The alarm terminal distinguishes alarms of different levels by color and window so that the user can decide the priority of handling which alarm. The alarm terminal provides alarm query function on various conditions such as specified time segment, specified level and specified type to facilitate location and analysis of failures. The alarm terminal provides commands for controlling the alarm box so that the user does not need to operate the box on site.
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Motorola universal alarm box (GM12ALMZ alarm box)

Alarm box is the important equipment for indicating Motorola C-SGSN audible and visual alarm. The audible and visual alarm can be generated to indicate a failure alarm or an important event alarm. Motorola C-SGSN adopts Motorola universal alarm box (GM12ALMZ alarm box) which is light, nice-looking and easy to operate. Figure 5-8 shows the alarm box. Figure 5-8 GM12ALMZ alarm box.
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Online Help
Online Help

Motorola C-SGSN provides online help files that greatly improve the operability of the system. The Motorola C-SGSN online help file features: Comprehensive contents. The help file covers MML command, LM interface, performance indices, alarm processing, board descriptions and common tasks. Figure 5-9 shows the MML online help. Figure 5-9 MML help.
Easy to use. The user can access help information by pressing <F1>.
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Online Help
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Chapter
Reliability

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6-1
Overview
Overview

This chapter introduces the reliability of Motorola C-SGSN from a view of hardware, software and charging.
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Hardware Reliability Measures

Motorola C-SGSN adopts various reliability designs such as active/standby mode, load-sharing and redundancy configuration. It also improves the system maintainability by optimizing the fault detection/isolation technology of the boards and the system.
Power Supply Reliability

Motorola C-SGSN adopts distributed power supply. The subracks or functional modules use high frequency DC/DC secondary power supply, which features high efficiency and stability. Secondary power supply adopts redundancy design of active/standby hot backup to ensure reliability of the power system. High-voltage and excess-current protection. Both the power input and external interface (for example E1 interface) of the boards adopt overvoltage and excess-current protection. The measures meet the ITU-T recommendation G.703 (Appendix B) and relevant specifications.
Board Hot Backup

To improve system reliability in large equipment, board hot backup is the commonly used method. The actual effect can be measured by the switchover success ratio. The key to the switchover success ratio is the board fault detection ratio and the switchover mechanism. The design of Motorola C-SGSN takes these two aspects into consideration.
Board fault detection

Motorola C-SGSN requires self-check of memory and key external chips (such as network chips, and so on) after the board is powered on. The key signals (for example 8k clock signal) used by boards are monitored online. Loopback check of service code flow is realized when the board is idle.
Switchover mechanism
Active/standby board switchover is performed by the two signals cross-connected between boards. The two signals are the valid signal (output signal) of the board and the valid signal (input signal) of the peer board.
ASIC Technique
All the network chips of Motorola C-SGSN boards adopt customized ASIC, which provide effective internal fault detection measures at the chip level and report mechanism.
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High-Quality Components
Motorola C-SGSN adopts high-quality components, which have passed burning test and are selected by strict requirements. The assembly of hardware is also under strict control to ensure the high reliability and stability for long term operation.
Mutual Assistance Working Mode

Mutual assistance, also termed load sharing, means that two or more boards perform relevant functions when they all work normally, and that when one of the boards is faulty, other boards perform the task of the faulty board under the precondition of satisfying certain performance indices (for example call loss). Mutual assistance is applied to secondary power module, signaling link and STM-1 interface.
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Software Reliability Measures

The Software Reliability Measures are:
Protection Function
The key to improve software reliability is to reduce software defects. Motorola C-SGSN ensures the software reliability at various phases, from system requirement analysis, system design to test. From the requirement analysis phase, software development is carried out under the guidance of various Capability Maturity Model (CMM) specifications. It reduces errors at the beginning phase. During the software design phase, modular design is adopted for the software, and the design of each software module is based on loose coupling. That is, the fault of one module will not affect the performance of other modules. Additionally, important measures such as error check, error isolation and recovery are added to improve system reliability. Code walkthrough, inspection and test in every phase are effective means to improve reliability. Testing of various software is a necessary way to improve software reliability. From the beginning of software project, testing stuff fully participate in the software development process. They make plans for tests, including unit test and system test, by strictly following process requirements. Detailed test plans ensure the improvement of software reliability. Furthermore, testing plans are further bettered during testing.
Error Tolerance Capability

Error tolerance of software system means that the system should not break down when a minor software fault occurs, that is, the system has self-healing ability when error occurs. Error tolerance of software contains the following aspects:
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6-5
Regular check of key resources. For various software resources in the system (for example network board resources), long-time seizure check mechanism is added between modules. If the resource is deadlocked due to software abnormality, check mechanism will release the deadlocked resources and output logs and alarms.
Task monitoring. During the running of software, output channels, that is, the monitoring process, for software internal faults and part of hardware faults, are provided. They monitor the task running state and report system abnormalities to the external.
Storage protection. Software system adopts segment and page protection mechanism of CPU Memory Management Unit (MMU) to protect the storage of code and important data segment. It provides functions of online query, modification of variables and data in the system and memory monitoring.
Data check. To check the consistency of the data on the UOMU and various service processing boards, the system can perform regular or event-triggered consistency check. It can also recover the data consistency selectively or preferably and output corresponding logs and alarms.
Operation log storage. The UOMU records user's operation of a certain period and stores them to the system log. For unknown errors in the system, faults can be located by analyzing the operation log or recovering the data to normal status.
6-6
68P02904W51-B 31-Aug-2004
Charging Reliability Measures
Charging Reliability Measures

Motorola C-SGSN generates CDRs on various service boards and sends them to Ga interface board that is the UCDR board, on which there is a hard disk for information buffer) that can communicate with the Charging Gateway (CG) through board communication. Then CDRs are sent to the CG using the Ga interface. When the CG or the network is faulty, the CDRs in the CDR pool can be saved to the hard disk on the UCDR board. And the CDRs can be read back to the CDR pool and then sent to the CG when the CG recovers.
68P02904W51-B 31-Aug-2004
6-7
Reliability Indices
Reliability Indices

Reliability indices of Motorola C-SGSN are listed in Table 6-1. Table 6-1 Reliability indices of Motorola C-SGSN. Function Availability of system with typical configuration. Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF). Active/standby board switchover success ratio. Board annual rework ratio. Mean Time To Repair (MTTR). 99.999% 300000 hours 95% 1% 30 min Technical index
6-8
68P02904W51-B 31-Aug-2004
Chapter
Technical Specifications

68P02904W51-B 31-Aug-2004
7-1
Overview
Overview

This chapter lists performance, engineering, reliability and physical interface parameters of Motorola C-SGSN.
7-2
68P02904W51-B 31-Aug-2004
Performance Specifications
Performance Specifications

Index Maximum number of attached subscribers supported. Maximum number of PDP contexts simultaneously activated. Maximum processing capability of packet service (pps). Maximum data flow supported by SGSN (bit/s). Charging capacity (CDR). 800,000 800,000 480,000 480M
Value (2.5G) 800,000 800,000 1440,000 1.44G
Value (3G)
400,000,000
400,000,000
68P02904W51-B 31-Aug-2004
7-3
Interface parameters
Interface parameters

Interface Name Iu-PS Gn/Gp/Ga/X1-1/X2/X3 Gn/Gp/Ga/X1-1/X2/X3 Gb Gr/Gd/Gs/Ge/Lg
Physical Feature STM-1 STM-4 GE FE E1 E1 34 8 4 16 432 80
Port Number
7-4
68P02904W51-B 31-Aug-2004
Power consumption
Power consumption

Parameter BNET power consumption. PSM subrack power consumption. Power distribution subrack power consumption. 3G maximum configuration. 2.5G maximum configuration. 1070 W 460 W 20 W 4810 W 7590 W
Index
68P02904W51-B 31-Aug-2004
7-5
Mechanical parameters
Mechanical parameters

Parameter Cabinet size. Height: 2200 mm. Width: 800 mm. Depth: 600 mm. Less than 420 kg.
Index
Cabinet weight.
7-6
68P02904W51-B 31-Aug-2004
Environmental Conditions

Storage conditions
The SGSN complies with the storage conditions of 1.3E-class equipment specified in ETS 300 019-1-1, that is, it is to be stored at relative humidity of 10% to 100% and at the temperature of -45C to +70C.
Transport conditions
The SGSN complies with the transport conditions of 3.2-class equipment specified in ETS 300 019-1-2, that is, it is transported at relative humidity of 5% to 100% and at the ambient temperature of -40C to +70C.
Operating environment
The SGSN complies with EUROPEAN ETS 300 019-1-3 'TEMPERATURE-controlled locations'. Normal working condition: temperature (0 to +45C), humidity (5% to 85%) Safe working condition: temperature (-5 to +55C), humidity (5% to 95%) (Safe working indicates a working mode in which the continuous working duration cannot exceed 96 hours, and the number of working days cannot be greater than 15).
EMC
ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) and electronic security comply with GR-1089-CORE standard.
Power supply requirement

Power voltage range: -42V to -57V DC Input current (one rack): 50A
68P02904W51-B 31-Aug-2004
7-7
7-8
68P02904W51-B 31-Aug-2004
Chapter
Installation

Rack, subrack and internal cables have been installed before the Motorola C-SGSN delivery; therefore, engineers have to install only external cables and boards in the field. For board installation, Motorola C-SGSN provide coding slots so that engineers can insert boards in proper slots without any damage. For installation of terminal software, Motorola C-SGSN adopts standard Windows program installation wizard. Users can finish the installation by inputting corresponding information according to the prompts. For board software installation, Motorola C-SGSN adopts MML command mode to accomplish software installation of all boards or specified boards. The enclosed customer documentation provides detailed instruction to help engineers with the installation.
68P02904W51-B 31-Aug-2004
8-1
Chapter 8: Installation
8-2
68P02904W51-B 31-Aug-2004
Index
Index

CAMEL Phase 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11 Charging Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Charging Reliability Measures . . . . . . . . .
6-7
Database Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6 Devices sensitive to static . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Devices sensitive to static (contd.) Special handling techniques. . . . . . . . . . . 14
Easy Operation and Maintenance Environmental Conditions . . . Storage conditions . . . . . . EMC . . . . . . . . . . . Operating environment . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
2-8 7-7 7-7 7-7 7-7
Environmental Conditions (contd.) Storage conditions (contd.) Power supply requirement . . . . . . . . . Transport conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment Management . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-7 7-7 5-7
General cautions . . . . . Caution labels . . . . . Specific cautions . . . . Fibre optics . . . . . Static discharge . . . General information . . . Cross references . . . . Data encryption . . . . Feature references . . . Purpose . . . . . . . . Text conventions . . . . Input . . . . . . . . Output . . . . . . . Special key sequences General warnings. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 13 13 13 13 3 4 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 9
General warnings (contd.) Specific warnings . . . . . . . Battery supplies . . . . . . . Electric shock . . . . . . . . Laser radiation . . . . . . . Lifting equipment . . . . . . Lithium batteries . . . . . . Parts substitution . . . . . . Potentially hazardous voltage . RF radiation . . . . . . . . . Warning labels . . . . . . . . . GMR amendment . . . . . . . . GMR amendment record . . . . GMR availability . . . . . . . GMR instructions . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9 12 10 11 11 12 12 10 11 9 16 17 16 16
Hardware Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hardware Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . 68P02904W51-B 31-Aug-2004
3-3 3-8
Hardware Configuration (contd.) 2.5G Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-8 IX-1
Index
Hardware Configuration (contd.) 2.5G-3G-Combined Configuration 3G Configuration . . . . . . . . Hardware Features . . . . . . . . . Hardware Reliability Measures . . . ASIC Technique . . . . . . . . . Board Hot Backup . . . . . . . . Board fault detection . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. 3-10 . 3-9 . 2-3 . 6-3 . 6-3 . 6-3 . 6-3
Hardware Reliability Measures (contd.) Board Hot Backup (contd.) Switchover mechanism. . . . . . High-Quality Components . . . . . Mutual Assistance Working Mode. . Power Supply Reliability . . . . . . High Reliability . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
6-3 6-4 6-4 6-3 2-9
Interface Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 Interface parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4 Issue status of this manual . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Issue status of this manual (contd.) Resolution of service requests. . . . . . . . . . Version information . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 2
Lawful Interception. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 Location Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Logical Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-7
Mechanical parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6 Mobility Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 Motorola C-SGSN Alarm Management . . . . . 5-12 Abundant alarm contents and detailed and accurate alarm location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12 Flexible and convenient alarm information processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Motorola C-SGSN Alarm Management (contd.) Abundant alarm contents and detailed and accurate alarm location (contd.) Motorola universal alarm box (GM12ALMZ alarm box) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14 Motorola manual set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Ordering manuals and CD-ROMs . . . . . . . . 15
Online Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Overview . . . . . . . . . 2-2, 3-2, 4-2, 5-2, 6-2, 7-2
Packet Routing and Transfer Functions. . . . . . Performance Management . . . . . . . . . . .
4-5 5-9
Performance Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . Power consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-3 7-5
QoS Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
IX-2
68P02904W51-B 31-Aug-2004
Index
Reliability Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8 Reporting safety issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Reporting safety issues (contd.) Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Services and Functions Features . Session Management . . . . . . Short Message Service . . . . . Software Architecture . . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
2-5 4-4 4-8 3-6
Software Reliability Measures. . . . . . . . . . Error Tolerance Capability . . . . . . . . . . Protection Function . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-5 6-5 6-5
Tracing Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-8
Warnings and cautions . . . . . . Cautions. . . . . . . . . . . . Definition of Caution . . . . Example and format . . . . . Failure to comply with warnings
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
7 7 8 8 7
Warnings and cautions (contd.) Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definition of Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . Example and format . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 7 7
68P02904W51-B 31-Aug-2004
IX-3

System Information C-SGSN Overview

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31-Aug-2004 Motorola, Inc. All Rights Reserved