Resource Guide Power Transmission 2

Part 2: Mechanical Drive Systems
Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

CONTENTS
Reid Supply Resource Guides Purpose of This Resource Guide Disclaimer Terminology Safety Design Considerations Regulations Safety Acceptable Noise Levels Mechanical Drive Systems Belts V-Belts Synchronous Belts Belt Tensioning Storing and Handling Belts Pulleys Balancing Chains Drive Chain Basics Handling Chain Chain Strength Chain Lubrication Operating Temperatures Methods of Lubrication Repair and Replacement Chain Chain Adjustment Assembling Connecting Links Measuring Chain Wear Drive Chain Tips Conveyor or Engineering Chain Tips Chain Drive Troubleshooting Sprockets Tensioners Bearings Selecting the Correct System or Component Mechanical Drive Solutions Belt Drive System V-Belts V-Belt Pulleys Pulley Styles Pulley Designs Synchronous Drive System Timing Belts HTD Belts Synchronous Drive Pulleys Belt Drive Attributes Pulley Types Bushings QD Bushing Mounting Instructions Taper-Lock Bushing Mounting Instructions Belt Drive Attributes Chain Drive System Components 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 5 5 7 7 8 8 10 11 11 12 13 14 14 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 21 21 21 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 26 27 28 28 28 29 29 31 31 31 32 37 40 40
Belt Drive Components Chain Drive Components Gear Drive Components Synchronous Drive Components
Drive Chain Drive Chain Selection Conveyor Chain Selection Chain Attributes Sprockets Belt/Chain Drive Components Custom Products Summary For More Information Glossary References Notes
Tensioners and Idlers Industrial V-Belts HTD Timing Pulleys and Sprockets
40 40 42 44 45 46 47 48 48 50 52 52
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Regulations and Standards Comparison Charts For Drive Types And Similar Products Bushing Install Procedures

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Belt Tensioning Figure 2: Pulley Balancing Standards Figure 3: Basic Roller Chain Components Figure 4: Roller Chain Link Identication Figure 5: Basic Roller Chain Structure Figure 6: Roller Chain Safety Factor Chart Figure 7: Chain Tension Adjustment Figure 8: Sprocket Wear Figure 9: Tensioner Components Figure 10: Classical vs. Wedged V-Belt Cross-Section Figure 11: Timing Belt Construction Figure 12: Sample Pulley Types Figure 13: QD Bushing Mounting Figure 14: Taper-Lock Bushing Mounting Figure 15: Roller Chain Quick Selection Chart 9 11 13 13 14 15 19 23 24 25 29 31 33 37 41 5 7 8 10 12 13 13 15 16 17 18 22 23 26 27 28 29 30 32 35 36 39 40 42 44 45 46
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Standards for Bearings and Power Transmission Systems and Components 3 Table 2: Drive System Comparisons Table 3: Belt Construction Styles Table 4: Design Tips for V-Belts Table 5: Belt Tension Force Values Table 6: Comparison of Different Chain Types Table 7: ANSI and ISO Chain Numbers Table 8: American vs. European Chain Standards Table 9: Chain Life for Various Application Considerations Table 10: Chain Safety Factor Table 11: Chain Recommended Lubricant Viscosity Table 12: Chain Lubrication System Types Table 13: Chain Drive Troubleshooting Table 14: Chain Drive Troubleshooting Table 15: V-Belt Styles Table 16: Pulley (Sheave) Styles Table 17: Pulley Designs Table 18: Synchronous Belt Styles Table 19: Synchronous Drive Pulleys Table 20: Pulley Bushings Table 21: QD Bushing Proper Torque Values Table 22: QD Bushing Set Screw Torque and Axial Loads Table 23: Taper-Lock Bushing Proper Torque Values Table 24: Belt Drive Attributes Table 25: Roller Chain Styles Table 26: Chain Attributes Table 27: Sprocket Styles Table 28: Belt/Chain Components
LIST OF EQUATIONS
Eq. 1: Chain Safety Factor 15
LIST OF PROCEDURES
Checking Belt Tension Measuring Chain Wear (elongation) Standard Installation of QD Bushing Flange facing end of shaft 9 20 33
Reverse Installation of QD Bushing Flange facing away from end of shaft 34 Removing Standard Mounted QD Bushing Flange facing end of shaft 36 Removal of Reverse Mounted QD Bushing Flange side at end of shaft 36 Taper-Lock Bushing Installation Taper-Lock Bushing Removal Using Quick Selector Chart 38 39 41
Table 29: Recommended Documentation and Reference Manuals. 48 Table 30: Reference Manual Content Relative to This Guide. 49
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REID SUPPLY RESOURCE GUIDES
In our continuous effort to improve our offerings and meet customer needs, simplify effort and provide solutions, Reid Supply has separated our products into 12 easy-to-identify categories:
Manual Controls Clamps and Workholding Tooling Components Fasteners and Hardware Leveling Devices and Vibration Control Material Handling Bearings and Power Transmission Metalworking Maintenance, Repair and Operations Pneumatics and Hydraulics Structural Systems Safety Blue Red Gold Blue Green Orange Purple Blue Gray Brown Aqua Dark Red Yellow Green Orange Yellow
Bearings and Power Transmission is the seventh of a series of Resource Guides relative to each of 12 categories. Each Resource Guide includes detailed application information, data and references to help our customers select the best product for their intended application. To better manage content within the Bearings and Power Transmission Resource Guide, it has been divided into four parts:
Part 1: Motors Part 2: Mechanical Drives Part 3: Bearings Part 4: Machine Components
Reid Supply welcomes your feedback and comments on any aspect of these Resource Guides. Please contact Customer Service at the number listed below or email us at mail@ReidSupply.com.
PURPOSE OF THIS RESOURCE GUIDE
The purpose of this manual is to aid customers in the proper selection of mechanical drive components in the Bearings and Power Transmission category of Reid Supply product offerings. It is not intended to be a how-to manual. However, much of the information presented is relative to the selection and proper use of the products referenced. The information included in this Resource Guide extends beyond the catalog to provide details, tables, charts and other information to further assist maintenance personnel, engineers, designers, users and others in selecting the best parts for their Bearings and Power Transmission needs. Tables include material and usage information and allow quick comparison. Professional standards and government safety regulations improve application design and performance. Product pros and cons allow customers to compare products relative to application specications. Links send the reader directly to related information or online catalog searches relative to the products listed. NOTE: References used are listed at the end of this manual and referred to by number, e.g. [3], in the text. References to text books and other documentation sold by Reid Supply are also referred to by number, e.g. {5}, as listed in Table 29 at the end of this manual.
DISCLAIMER
It should be noted that this Resource Guide is for reference only. The information provided is intended to assist in the selection of products sold by Reid Supply and its vendors. As Reid Supply and its vendors are not typically aware of or possess any expertise in the systems or processes for which products are to be applied, we cannot accept any responsibility or liability for the outcome thereof. Furthermore, with new and old technologies continually expanding and changing, it is impossible to address all systems, processes and applications for which Reid Supply products are purchased. Reid Supply also has little control over materials and processes from which our products are produced. In addition, due to the nature of some materials; colors, textures, shapes and sizes may lack consistency.
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Products sold by Reid Supply are sold with the understanding that the purchaser is thoroughly familiar with the safe and proper use and application of the product. Responsibility for the use and application of the products rests with the user. Failure of the product can occur due to misapplication, abuse, intentional alteration or improper maintenance. Specications for Bearings and Power Transmission products apply at the time of purchase only. Application and use, proper or improper, can change the characteristics of the Bearings and Power Transmission system and its components. The user is solely responsible for any recommended or mandatory maintenance and inspection of these products, documented or undocumented, by the vendor, professional organization, or governmental body relative to the Bearings and Power Transmission system or component purchased. Furthermore, the user shall be solely responsible for the safe operation and use of all products purchased by Reid Supply. WARNING: Improper application, use, or operation of Bearings and Power Transmission systems and components can cause damage to equipment, destruction of transported material, personal injury or death. Where applicable, statements are included in this document to stress the importance of safety as it applies to the design, application, use and/or operation of Bearings and Power Transmission systems and components. Reid Supply reserves the right to modify, update and otherwise maintain this document and its content.
TERMINOLOGY
Some terms used to dene products may be vendor and product specic. To avoid confusion, a glossary of product related terms has been included at the end of the manual. As Reid Supply purchases its products from several vendors, it is sometimes difcult to sort and categorize these differences. If you nd yourself confused by terminology in the catalog or this document, try shopping online using the web site listed below or contact Customer Service at the number listed below or email us at mail@ReidSupply.com. Where it applies, the use of the OSHA and ANSI injury triangle, black triangle with an exclamation point in the center and shown in the above warning statement, shall be used. This triangle emphasizes the potential for personal injury or death in all circumstances for which it may apply.
SAFETY
Most all Bearings and Power Transmission systems and components are potentially hazardous; both electrical and mechanical. Common sense, knowledge, experience, and safe operating practices should be exercised during application and use of Bearings and Power Transmission components and systems. Safety standards are available from government, industrial, and professional standards organizations listed in Table 1. If in doubt and safety guidelines are not included with your purchase, contact Reid Customer Service and the proper documentation or other information will be provided. Seminars are also available for some products.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Many Bearings and Power Transmission products are preassembled or require some assembly prior to
use. In this case, design considerations are not in designing of the products, but in designing the space where the products are to be used or applied. Prior to purchase: Most of these products are used in the handling and transportation of goods. Review specications to ensure they are large enough and strong enough to support the intended load. Measure to ensure there is enough room to transport and maneuver the Bearings and Power Transmission system and intended load. As previously stated, listed product specications apply to new and unused products. Under mechanical stress and loads, product characteristics can change, depending on the material used. Material properties can be found in this document, online or in the references listed in Table 29.
REGULATIONS
There are many government regulations and organizational standards for best practices and safety issues relative to Bearings and Power Transmission systems. There are also too many to list in this document, however, many are listed online at www.regulations.gov and at the organizations included in Table 1.
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The content of many of these regulations are summarized and listed in this Resource Guide. More detailed content can be obtained online at the respective sites listed in Table 1 or in many of the references listed in Table 29. Table 1: Standards for Bearings and Power Transmission Systems and Components
Standard1
ANSI American National Standards Institute www.ansi.org
Number1
Function
ANSI facilitates the development of American National Standards (ANS) by accrediting the procedures of standards developing organizations (SDOs). These groups work cooperatively to develop voluntary national consensus standards. B4.1 B4.2 B15.1 B29.1 B29.3 B29.15M Preferred Limits and Fits for Cylindrical Parts Preferred Metric Limits and Fits Safety Standard for Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus Precision Power Transmission Roller Chains, Attachments and Sprockets Double-pitch Roller Chain for Power Transmission Steel Roller Type Conveyor Chains, Attachments, and Sprocket Teeth
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers www.asme.org ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials www.astm.org CSA Canadian Standards Association www.CSA.ca DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung www.DIN.de
Founded in 1880 as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, todays ASME promotes the art, science & practice of mechanical & multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences around the globe.
Formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM International is one of the largest voluntary standard development organizations in the world a trusted source for technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services. Known for their highly technical quality and market relevancy, ASTM International standards have an important role in the information infrastructure that guides design, manufacturing, and trade in the global economy. The Canadian Standards Association is a not-for-prot membership-based association serving business, industry, government and consumers in Canada and the global marketplace.
DIN, the German Institute for Standardization, develops norms and standards as a service to industry, the state and society as a whole. A registered non-prot association, DIN has been based in Berlin since 1917. DINs primary task is to work closely with its stakeholders to develop consensus-based standards that meet market requirements. 8187 8188 Roller Chains European Type Roller Chains American Type
EPTDA European Power Transmission Distributors Association www.eptda.org ISO International Organization for Standardization www.iso.org
Founded in May 1998, EPTDAs MISSION is to advance distribution and strengthen members to be successful, protable and competitive in a changing market environment. EPTDA is DEDICATED to providing its members with information, education and business tools required to protably meet the needs of the industrial market place.
ISO is the worlds largest developer and publisher of International Standards. It is a non-governmental organization network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries, one member per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system. 487:1998 606 606:2004 1275:2006 3512:1992 Steel roller chains, types S and C, attachments and sprockets Short-pitch transmission precision roller and bush chains, attachments and associated chain sprockets Short-pitch transmission precision roller and bush chains, attachments and associated chain sprockets Double-pitch precision roller chains, attachments and associated chain sprockets for transmission and conveyors Heavy-duty cranked-link transmission chains
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Standard1
ISO (continued)
Number1
1977:2006 10823 13203:2005 R-1000 Conveyor chains, attachments and sprockets
Function
Guidelines for the selection of roller chain drives Chains, sprockets and accessories -- List of equivalent terms SI units and their use
JIS Japanese Industrial Standards Committee www.jisc.go.jp/eng MPTA Mechanical Power Transmission Association www.mpta.org
Japanese equivalent to ANSI. B 1801 B 1802 Short-pitch transmission precision roller chains and bush chains Power Transmission Sprocket
The Mechanical Power Transmission Association was founded in 1933 as the Multiple V-Belt Drive and Mechanical Power Transmission Association. In 1961, the Association name was changed to Mechanical Power Transmission Association. MPTA was one of the rst organizations in the power transmission eld to launch programs of standardization. All publications listed are free to download. B1-2003 B2C B7i-2007 C1C-2008 C2C C4C Bore and Keyway Tolerances for V-Belted Sheaves Standard Practice Sheave/Pulley Balancing Calculation of V-Belt Tensions And Shaft Loads Elastomeric Coupling Glossary of Terms Elastomeric Coupling Alignment Primer Elastomeric Coupling Primer
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology www.NIST.gov OSHA Occupational Safety & Health Administration www.OSHA.gov
Founded in 1901, NIST is a non-regulatory federal agency within the U.S. Department of Commerce. NISTs mission is to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.
Most government safety regulations are set by OSHA. Searching for the keyword Bearings produces 94 publications, while Power Transmission produces over 800 publications on the OSHA web site. Publications include denitions, directives, standards and regulations, articles and more. 1910.219 1910.307 Machinery and Machine Guarding: mechanical power-transmission apparatus. Tools - Hand and Power: mechanical power-transmission apparatus.
RMA Rubber Manufacturers Association www.RMA.org
RMA is the national trade association for the elastomer products industry. Its members include companies that manufacture various elastomer products, including tires, hoses, belts, seals, molded & extruded goods, and other nished elastomer products. IP-20 IP-22 IP-23 IP-25 IP-26 IP-27
NOTES:
Classical Multiple V-Belts (A,B,C, D, and E Cross Sections) Narrow V-Belts and Sheaves (Joint RMA/MPTA) Single V-Belts (2L, 3L, 4L, and 5L Cross Sections) Variable Speed V-Belts (12 Cross Sections) V-Ribbed Belts (H, J, K, L, and M Cross Sections) Specications for drive using using curvilinear toothed synchronous belts
1
Reid Supply does not design, fabricate or manufacture any of its products. The professional, safety and standard organizations, plus related documentation, listed are for reference only and may not be complete or up-to-date. The vendor, customer, purchaser and user is responsible for obtaining, understanding and applying any standards, safety or otherwise, relative to the application and use of all Reid Supply products.
SAFETY
Of course, safety is a high priority for any application; especially when human interface is required or machines and equipment operate in the presents of humans. Bearings and Power Transmission components deal with different safety concerns: electrical, mechanical and sound respectively. Systems powered by electric motors must comply with NEMA, NEC, IEC, IEEE, OSHA and other standards specifying safe design and operating specications.
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Noise reduction is very important in hospital, ofce, manufacturing and other environments where people are present. Motors, bearings and other mechanical systems can generate noise levels far above harmful levels to humans. More information on acceptable noise level can be found in documents listed in Table 1.
Acceptable Noise Levels
Loud sound levels can cause physical damage to the human ear. It has been proven that extreme noise decibels can cause hearing loss. An up to 6 dB increase in the A-weighted noise level can be present in motors with a sinusoidal power source and non-PWM (Pulse Wave Modulation) controls. While motors operated with PWM controls can produce an increase in noise levels from 5 dB to 15 dB at rated frequencies. Other frequencies can produce noise levels even higher. Mechanical noise generation can also be experienced relative to motor speed (cogging): Mechanical couplings may be misaligned to the point that vibrations occur and noise is present. Improperly balanced or mounted components on rotating shafts. Vibration resonating between connected components. For information on managing and controlling sound levels and vibration, refer to the Leveling and Vibration Control Resource Guide.
MECHANICAL DRIVE SYSTEMS
There are many ways to produce motion, both linear and rotary. Manufacturing and governmental organizations have developed standards which simplify design, repair and service of mechanical drive systems. These standards also address safety issues and are listed in Table 1. This section addresses some of these standards; however, the required engineering, understanding and calculations required to properly design a mechanical drive system is beyond the scope of this document. Only information required for replacing components is included for most components of Bearings and Power Transmission. Mechanical Drives include these primary components:
Motor A device that generates mechanical power in the form of rotary motion. In most cases, an electric motor is used, but gas powered motors are also common.
Belt or Chain A means of connecting system components and transporting the mechanical energy from the Rotary Power generator to other components in the system. Drive Pulley Idler Pulley The pulley directly connected to Rotary Power and used to mechanically drive the system. Free spinning pulley used to redirect a belt or chain and/or provide tension to take up slack and reduce vibration, harmonics and mechanical shock.
Table 2: Drive System Comparisons
Drive System Characteristic1

Absorb shock Attachments
Direct Coupling
In Coupling None In coupling if rubber None (linear) None (share centerline) 50% improvement over belt drives
Gear
None None
Flat Belt
In Belt None In belt stretch and tension or gears Medium-low Short (guards may be required) 90% (when properly tensioned)
V-Belt
In Belt None In belt stretch and tension Low Short (guards may be required) 93% to 95% (when properly tensioned)
Synchronous Belt2
Low, in Belt None In belt stretch and tension Medium Short to Medium (guards may be required) 98% to 99%
Roller-Chain
Only in chain slack Yes Dogs, trip levers, link plates, etc. In chain stretch, tension and wear High Medium to Long (guards may be required) 98% to 99%
Backlash Design exibility Distance between components Efciency
Between gears Very Low Sum of gear radii
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Environment Lateral bearing pressure Length Life expectancy Lubrication Maintenance Misalignment tolerance Noise Level Pulley diameter
Direct Coupling
Avoid water, dust Depends on alignment N/A Depends on coupling Bearings Only None (unless damaged) Very Low None N/A None (coupling can break when overloaded)
Gear
Avoid water, dust Low Limited
Flat Belt
Avoid heat, oil, water, dust High (heavy tension) Limited
V-Belt
Avoid heat, oil, water, dust High (heavy tension) Limited 20,000 to 25,000 hrs
Synchronous Belt2
Avoid heat, oil, water, dust Medium (some tension) Limited 45,000 hrs
Roller-Chain
Avoid water, dust Low (light tension) Unlimited 15,000 hrs 100 to 300 hrs without lubrication Bearings and chain High None High
Bearings and gears Low Depends on gear High Small None (use shear pins to protect components)
Bearings only Medium Low Quiet Small to Large
Bearings only Low High (decreases life) Quiet
Bearings only None (unless damaged) None Low
Medium to Large Medium to Large Medium to Large (small with (must have (must have notches) cogs) cogs) When overloaded Jumping is possible when overloaded or loose None (can break if overloaded) Low to Mid speed drives (typically 600 to 800 ft/min) (6,000 ft/min, inversely proportional with pitch) 3% (require frequent retensioning) Low (only to take up slack) 2000F (1093C) (depends on material) Best (less likely to jump positions, even if loose)
Slippage
When overloaded
Speed
Can exceed 9,000 ft/min
2,000 to 3,000 ft/min 500 RPM or greater
More than twice that of chain drive without loss in efciency
Stretch
N/A
N/A
Yes (require periodic retensioning) High (relies on friction for grip) -40F to 130F -40C to 55C (depends on material)
Yes (require periodic retensioning) Medium (relies on friction and sheave angle for grip) -40F to 130F -40C to 55C (depends on material) Good (the use of multiple or ribbed belts increases capability)
Yes (no retensioning required due to low tension) Low (only to take up slack) -40F to 130F -40C to 55C (depends on material) Better (uses notch/cog connection)
Required tension
N/A
N/A
Temperature range
Depends on material
2000F (1093C) (depends on material)
Torque transmission
Great
Great
Good
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Gear
Low (depends on lubrication and hardness)
1

Wear5
Direct Coupling
Low (depends on lubrication)
NOTES:
Flat Belt
Due to slippage or misalignment
V-Belt
Due to slippage or misalignment
Synchronous Belt2
None (can be caused by misalignment)
Roller-Chain
Metal-to-metal (chain and sprockets)
Excludes motor or other rotary power source. Data assumes proper design, installation, alignment, maintenance, etc. Includes timing belt drive systems. For belts, this can be an advantage to protect other equipment from load serges. Chain drives can use shear-pins in sprockets to protect chain and equipment. Stretch of a 100 section for the expected life (values depending on OEM and materials used): CHAIN = 3 (3%) or 1.5 of center distance take up, V-BELT = 1.5 to 2.5 of center distance, SYNCHRONOUS BELT = 0.04 of center distance. Belt drives experience mostly belt wear and are due to slippage and/or misalignment. Belts outlast chain 3 to 1. Chain and sprockets wear simultaneously. Sprockets should be replaced along with chain.
2 3
BELTS
V-Belts
Belt drive systems are the most common means of rotational power transmission. This section includes some basic information relative to belt drive system design, maintenance, and replacement. V-shaped belts proved to be an improvement over at belts that would walk on a pulley due to mechanical misalignment. The V-shape allowed belts to be more narrow and self-correct due to misalignments in mechanical couplings. Several standards apply to V-belts as listed in Table 1. This section describes V-belt nomenclature and assist with application choices. V-belts can be grouped into four construction styles as shown in Table 3. These construction styles determine how the belts will perform in a drive system. Table 3: Belt Construction Styles
Construction1
IDs2
Heavy-Duty V-Belt A, B, C ,D, E FHP 2L, 3L, 4L, 5L
Description
Standard V-shaped cross-section. Compensates for mechanical misalignments. Made with oil and heat resistant materials. Usually includes Wrapped construction. Thinner than Wedged construction and not as strong. Same width as Classical, but thicker. Improved compensation for mechanical misalignment. More strength for higher horsepower and torque applications. Can be used in matched set. Belt construction includes protective wrap around belt. Better resistance to abrasive environment. Improved wear qualities.
Classical Heavy-Duty Narrow 3V, 5V, 8V
Wedged Heavy-Duty V-Belt A, B, C ,D, E FHP 2L, 3L, 4L, 5L Wrapped Notched V-Belt AX, BX, CX 3VX, 5VX Synchronous 3M, 5M, 8M, 14M Edge Cut & Notched
NOTE:
1 2
Edge trimmed with no wrap on outside. Inside edge is notched as shown in the illustration to the left. Able to function at tighter radii on smaller pulleys.. Works well in smaller space.
More than one construction type can be applied to a belt. V-Belt nomenclature is dened in the section on V-Belts. Dimensions relative to IDs can be found in Table 15.
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Table 4 includes some tips for selecting the correct belt for an application based on the information included in Table 3. Table 4: Design Tips for V-Belts
Scenario
Description
Solution
A wrapped belt can take more abuse and maintain strength.
Abrasive Drive system is exposed to Environment abrasive dust and debris. High Torque or Horsepower Space Limitations
The mechanics of the drive system Use matched set belts. Fewer wedge belts are calls for higher torque and/or more required than classic belts. horsepower. A compact design is preferred or enclosure is small. Use small pulleys and notched belts, which are more exible.
Synchronous Belts
Synchronous belts, or timing belts, are updated versions of the at belt that are notched on the inside. The standard notch dimensions match with cogs on synchronous (timing) pulleys and sprockets to produce a belt driven system that will not slip. Synchronous belts are used in applications similar to chain driven systems, but have less weight. Similar to chain, the no-slip feature of synchronous belts can be used to maintain a timed relationship between rotating components; thus the term Timing Belt. Some synchronous belts have cogs on both sides that allow synchronous operation from either side.
Belt Tensioning
Belt tensioning adjustment can be made using a tension meter or other type of spring scale as shown in Figure 1. Improper tensioning can reduce power transmission performance levels. To much tension can generate lateral forces in the drive system resulting in a shortened life for belts, bearings, and other components. Synchronous belts do not rely on tension for grip and require less tensioning force than V-belts, however a loose belt can allow the drive to Jump teeth at startup. Tight synchronous belts tend to make more noise. Too little tension can: Allow slipping for a V-belt; causing excessive sheave and belt wear. Cause belt to sag; which can result in a snapped belt during startup or during peak loads. To measure belt tension, refer to Figure 1, the below procedure, and Table 5.
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Regulations and Standards Comparison Charts For Drive Types And Similar Products Bushing Install Procedures Figure 1: Belt Tensioning
Force
Checking Belt Tension

Step 1. 2.
Stop the drive. Using a tension meter, measure the force necessary to depress belt at center, 1/64 for every inch of belt span (t). See above gure. If a multi-belt system is used, measure the middle belt. For synchronous belts wider than two inches, apply tester pressure on a 3/4 metal or wooden strip, laying across the belt to prevent distortion while measuring. Example: For a 30 belt span, measure the force at a deection of 30/64 or 15/32 . Table 5 includes acceptable tension force for various belt classes and pulley diameters. Various methods are used to adjust belt tension.
Action/Results
Supporting Information
3. 4.
Compare force measured with the values in Table 5. If belt tension is not correct, adjust according to OEM instructions and return to Step 2.
End of procedure
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Table 5: Belt Tension Force Values Standard V-Belt Tensioning Deection Force
Synchronous Belt Tensioning Deection Force
Belt Cross Section

A
Smaller Pulley Diameter Range (in.)

3.0-3.6 3.8-4.8 5.0-7.0 3.0-3.6 3.8-4.8 5.0-7.0 3.4-4.2 4.4-5.2 5.4-9.4 3.4-4.2 4.4-5.2 5.4-9.4 7.0-9.0 9.5-16.0 7.0-9.0 9.5-16.0 12.0-16.0 18.0-22.0 21.6-27.0 3.40-4.20 4.20-10.6 2.20-3.65 4.12-10.6 7.10-10.9 11.8-16.0 4.40-10.9 11.8-16.0 12.5-17.0 18.0-22.4
Deection Force
Run-in (lbs.)
2-1/4 2-7/8 3-3/8 4-1/8 5 6 4 6 7-1/8 5-1/4 7-1/8 9 11-1/4 15-3/4 13-1/2 17-1/2 24-1/2 33 48 6 7 7 8 16 20 18 22 36 40
Belt Pitch
Synchronous 8MM (14mm)
Belt Width
20mm 30mm 50mm 85mm 40mm 55mm 85mm 115mm 170mm 1/8-inch 3/16-inch 1/4-inch 5/16-inch 1/4-inch 5/16-inch 3/8-inch 1/2-inch 3/4-inch 1-inch 3/4-inch 1-inch 1-1/2-inch 2-inch 3-inch 2-inch 3-inch 4-inch 2-inch 3-inch 4-inch 5-inch
Deection Force1
2 to 4 lbs 3 to 6 lbs 7 to 11 lbs 11 to 19 lbs 5 to 11 lbs 8 to 17 lbs 14 to 27 lbs 20 to 40 lbs 30 to 60 lbs 1 oz 1 - 1-1/2 oz 2 oz 2 - 2-1/2 oz 2-1/2 oz 3 oz 3-1/2 oz 7 oz 11 oz 1 lb 2 lbs 2-1/2 lbs 4 lbs 5-1/2 lbs 8-1/2 lbs 7-1/2 lbs 11-1/2 lbs 16-1/2 lbs 9 lbs 14 lbs 20 lbs 26 lbs
Normal (lbs.)
3-3/8 4-1/4 5-1/8 2-3/4 3-1/4 4 2-5/8 4 5-1/4 3-1/2 4-3/4 6 7-1/2 10-1/2 9 11-3/4 16-1/2 22 32 4 5 5 6 8-12 10-15 10-14 12-18 18-27 20-30
AX
Synchronous 14MM (14mm)
MXL (.080-in.)
BX
XL (1/5-in.) L (3/8-in.)
C CX D E 3V 3VX 5V 5VX 8V
H (1/2-in.)
XH (7/8-in.)
XXH (1-1/4-in.)
V-Ribbed Belt Tensioning Deection Force
NOTE: The deections forces specied in these tables are adequate for most applications. Actual tension required depends on peak loads, system rigidity, number of teeth in mesh, etc.
Belt Cross Section

J J J L L L M M M
Small Sheave Diameter range

1.32-1.67 1.77-2.20 2.36-2.95 2.95-3.74 3.94-4.92 5.20-6.69 7.09-8.82 9.29-11.81 12.40-15.75
Force1 F Lbs. Per Rib

0.4 0.5 0.6 1.7 2.1 2.5 6.4 7.7 8.8
Storing and Handling Belts
Improper storage and handling of belts can change the characteristics of belt material plus degrade performance and belt life. Consider the following: 1. Keep belts off oors unless properly packaged and protected. 2. Prolonged exposure to sunlight and heat can break down the chemical makeup of rubber and other materials.
10
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Regulations and Standards Comparison Charts For Drive Types And Similar Products Bushing Install Procedures 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Although resistant properties exist, prolonged or repeated exposure to moisture can degrade rubber and other materials. Ozone can attack rubber and produce cracks. Ozone generators include transformers, motors, electrical panels, etc. An atmosphere of chemicals and solvents can react with the rubber and other belt materials to reduce performance and belt life. When hanging belts on pegs, larger pegs or crescent shaped saddles are better to prevent distortion due to belt weight. Wide belts, up to 120 inches, are nested for shipment and storage. It is best to separate only as needed. Belts greater than 120 inches can be rolled. In either case, small radii should be avoided.
PULLEYS
A pulley is used to transmit torque and motion. The edge of a pulley is typically shaped to carry and contain the rope, cable, belt or other component that is being partially wrapped around it. A pulley with a grooved edge is commonly referred to as a sheave. Pulley quality, or precision, is directly related to speed. Balanced pulleys with precision bearings will run smoothly at high speeds. Running low quality pulleys at high speeds will generate noise and vibration; resulting in decreased life and performance for all components in the drive system. Figure 2 shows maximum RPM for gray cast iron, standard statically balanced pulleys of a given diameter and face width. To exceed this speed limit, dynamic balancing is required. Figure 2: Pulley Balancing Standards
NARROW V -BEL T SHEA VES, # OF GROOVES
8V 5V 3V 60 50
50 0
Balancing
2 2 2 5 5 10
5 10 15 19 15
10 19
15
19
40 0
40
70 0
60 0
30
90 0
80 0
UT
25
M PE R
E)
10 00
IN
11 00
12
NS
20
EV OL UT
00
13
IO
00 00 14 00 15
DIAMETERS IN INCHES
15
RP M
(R
17 50 20 00
22
00 24
00
26
10 9 8 7
45 40 00 35
00 00 28 00 30
00
6
0 50 0
00
5
00 60
4
80
70 00
00
1 A B C D BELT SECT. 2 2
3 5
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 NORMAL F CE WIDTH IN INCHES A 15 10 5 10 5 10 5 15
15 20 20 15 10
20
25
30
2 2
20 15 20
CONVENTIONAL BELT SHEAVES, # OF GROOVES Conventional Belt Sheaves, # of grooves
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CHAINS
There are two basic types of chain offered by Reid Supply, drive and conveyor, although other types (leaf, lift, engineering, etc.) can be purchased by special request. Because many machines are imported from manufactured Europe and other countries, there may be some confusion between Conveyor and Engineering chains. WARNING: CHAINS CAN BE DANGEROUS, especially when moving at high speed. Chains can break due to excessive wear, damaged components, obstruction or other unexpected operating conditions. Serious personal injury can be caused by ying parts and components from a breaking chain or personal contact with moving chain. Flying chain parts and components can also cause equipment damage. To avoid these potential instances, proper guarding should always be in place during operation.
Proper guard, breaking, and/or restraining systems must be employed for chains carrying loads that may be uncontrollably released should a chain, or other system component, break.
Table 6: Comparison of Different Chain Types
Property
Drive Chain
Conveyor Chain
Engineering Chain
Lifting Chain
Leaf Bush/Roller
Image
Function Application Attachments Design Direction Change Load Pitch Plates Speed Style Wear
Transfer Power Used in thousands of applications to transmit power from one mechanical system to another. For synchronous devices Precision made with roller bearings. Sprocket Light to Medium-duty (can use multiple-strand chain to increase strength) Standard Standard Typically gure eight design Low to High Roller Bearing Depends on environment and lubrication
Transport Goods
Lift or Transport Goods
Load Balancing The most common use for lift chain is for lift trucks.
Typically include special Conveyor or Lifting attachments for transporting objects from one location to another. Standard or Custom Precision made with roller bearings. Sprocket Light to Medium-duty Standard or Custom Are not always precision made, but usually custom designed. Sprocket Heavy-duty (can use multiple-strand chain to increase strength) 2 to 18 inches Thick Typically straight design Low Roller Bearing Depends on environment and lubrication, however, is less wear resistant than precision chain.
None Interleaved plates sharing a common pin. Flat Pulley Heavy-duty Roller bearing
Sprocket Medium-duty
Standard, but more commonly double Standard Typically straight design Low to Medium Roller Bearing Depends on environment and lubrication
Standard
Standard Typically gure eight design Low
Depends on environment and lubrication, however, is less wear resistant than precision chain.
Determining the proper chain type for an application can be confusing because many times the application denes the type of chain. For instance, referring to Table 6, three of the four types listed have roller bearing design, which makes them roller chain. If the same roller chain is used in a drive application, it is labeled Drive Chain. Applying the chain to a conveyor system, even with attachments, makes it a conveyor chain. Either can be single or double pitch.
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Drive Chain Basics
In some cases, chain drives are being replaced with synchronous drive systems, but not all. As can be seen in Table 2, chain drives are the best choice for high temperature, high horsepower, and high speeds. ANSI standards list 14 sizes of chain listed in Table 7. Use this table as a cross reference between ANSI and ISO chain sizes. Some manufactures offer chain sizes larger or smaller than those included in the table. Table 7: ANSI and ISO Chain Numbers
Chain Number
ANSI1,3 ISO
2,3
25-1 04C-1
35-1 06C-1
1
41-1 085
40-1 08A-1
50-1 10A-1
60-1 12A-1
80-1 16A-1
100-1 20A-1
120-1 24A-1
140-1 28A-1
160-1 32A-1
180-1
200-1 40A-1
240-1 48A-1
NOTE:
The left number identies the chain pitch as follows: #140 chain has a pitch of 14/8 = 1.75 inch pitch, or 14 x 3.175 = 44.45 mm pitch. ANSI numbers ending in 5 are Bush chains, without rollers. #41 is a narrower variation of #40. The sufx identies the number of strands, e.g. 40-2 would be a 1/4 inch pitch, duplex chain. Chain types can be Single, Double, or Triple Strand; and Multiple-Strands of 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10). The rst two digits are the chain pitch size in 1/16s of an inch; for instance, 08 = 8/16 = 1/2 inch pitch. The letter B indicates European Standard. The nal digit identies the number of strands. Some manufacturers will add a prex or postscript to the ANSI number for further identication.
Table 8: American vs. European Chain Standards
Specication
Pitch Pitch size Other differences
ANSI
Pitch sizes in 1/8 of an inch. Pitch sizes range from 1/4 to 3 inches. Heavy duty options are further identied with thicker plates (H) and/or through hardened pins (V): 140-2HV duples or 80H simplex.
ISO
Pitch sizes in 1/16 of an inch. Pitch sizes can range from 4 to 114.3 mm (0.158 to 4.5 inches). Larger pin diameter for increased wear resistance, except for 5/8 inch pitch.
Figure 3: Basic Roller Chain Components
Figure 4: Roller Chain Link Identication

Color Code Inner and outer plate
Bearing pin Bushing minus pin Bushing, Roller
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A minimum of three measurements are needed to identify a chain: (a) Pitch, (b) Width between inner plates, and (c) Roller diameter. Chain dimensions are available in the Reid Supply Catalog in print or online. Figure 5: Basic Roller Chain Structure A: Single Strand
B: Duplex and Triple Strand
Where: A = B = C = D = E&F=
Pitch1 Width between inner plates1 Roller diameter1 Plate height Plate thickness
G H J K
= = = =
Pin diameter Overall width Pin extrusion Distance between strand centers
NOTE: 1) Minimum dimensions to identify chain.
Handling Chain
A new chain should always be stored in its box and/or bag until installation. New chain is lubricated at the factory, but this lubrication will not stand up to outdoor conditions, particularly in a saltwater atmosphere. Unprotected, lubricated chains will become contaminated with grit and other materials that will harm the chain and tend to clog strainers, lters, and oil lines. A roller chain is a precision-made series of bearings that will perform best if handled and stored in correct conditions. Like link chain, one of the specications of roller, conveyor, and other chain types is Breaking Load or Tensile Strength (T). The Tensile Strength for each chain is listed in the Reid Supply catalog. To obtain a design working load, it is necessary to apply a FACTOR OF SAFETY to the breaking load. However, before considering this, the following points should be noted [4]: Most chain side plates are manufactured from low- to medium-carbon steel and are sized to ensure they have adequate strength and ductility to resist shock loading. These steels have yield strengths of approximately 65 percent of their ultimate tensile strength. This means that if chains are subjected to loads greater than this, depending upon the material used in the side plates, then permanent pitch extension will occur. Most applications are subjected to intermittent dynamic loads well in excess of the maximum static load and usually greater than the designers estimate. Motors, for example, are capable of up to 200 percent full load torque output for a short period. As a result, chain condently selected with a factor of safety of 8:1 on breaking load is, in effect, operating with a factor of safety of around 5:1 on yield and much less than this, when the instantaneous overload on the drive is considered.
Chain Strength
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Regulations and Standards Comparison Charts For Drive Types And Similar Products Bushing Install Procedures Figure 6: Roller Chain Safety Factor Chart
Safety Factors
Axial breaking force/max working load
Passenger Lifts Transmission
9 8 7 6 5
4 3 2 1
High-Cycle Lifting
Low-Cycle Lifting
Not Normally Used
In a properly maintained application, normal service life is expected to be 8,000,000 cycles or 15,000 hours, whichever comes rst. Wear will be the usual mode of failure. In applications where low factors of safety are required, the service life will be reduced accordingly [4]. Table 9: Chain Life for Various Application Considerations
Factor of Safety
Single-Strand
5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
Maximum Cycles
(rough indication) 1,000,000 2,000,000 8,000,000 8,000,000
Multi-Strand
6.0 7.2 8.0 10.0
Dynamic load does not exceed working load Dynamic loads can occasionally exceed working load by 20% All passenger lifts
It should be noted that at factors below 8:1, bearing pressures increase above the maximum recommended [4]. As a result, increased wear will arise unless special attention is taken with lubrication, i.e.: More frequent lubrication Higher-performance lubricants Better methods of applying lubrication IMPORTANT: For factors of 5:1, the resulting bearing pressure is 50 percent higher than recommended. Chain working under these conditions will wear prematurely, despite the type of lubrication regime used. The Safety Factor (S) value is used as a reference for determining the best Working Load (LW) for an application. The chain manufacturer determines the Tensile Strength (T) under ideal conditions. Working Load and chain life changes with cleanliness, temperature, and periodicity of lubrication. A applications Working Load (LW) is estimated by applying a Safety Factor (S) to the Tensile Strength (T) using equation Eq. 1 and Table 10. Eq. 1: Chain Safety Factor
LW
Where: LW T S
T S
= Working Load = Minimum Tensile Strength or Breaking Limit listed in the Reid Supply catalog = Safety Factor - As a general rule, a value of 8 can be applied to most applications. For a more accurate value based on cleanliness, temperature, and lubrication, refer to Table 10.
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Safety Critical
12 11 10
Harsh Environments
Type of Application
15
For harsh environments, where there is anything other than a clean and well-lubricated environment, the factor of safety should be adjusted, if some detriment to the working life of the chain is to be avoided. Low temperatures will also decrease working life, especially if shock loads are involved. The following tables [4] give a general guide to the appropriate safety factors of different applications for a target life of 8,000,000 cycles. Table 10: Chain Safety Factor A: Safety Factor Based on Cleanliness and Lubrication
Lubrication
Regular Occasional None
Cleanliness
Clean
8 10 12
Moderately Clean
10 12 14
Dirty
12 14 16
Abrasive
14 16 18
B: Safety Factor Based on Temperature and Lubrication
Operating Temperature Lubrication

Regular Occasional None
-22 - 302F (-30 - 150C)

8 10 12
302 - 392F (150 - 200C)

10 12 14
392 - 572F (200 - 300C)

12 14 16
C: Safety Factor Based on Temperature and Load
Operating Temperature
F
+50 to 300 32 to 50 -5 to 32 -40 to -5
Load Regime
Smooth
8 10 12 15
C
10 to 149 0 to 50 -20.6 to 0 -40 to -20.6
Moderate Shocks
11 15 20 25
Heavy Shocks
15 19 25 33
Normally the OEM will calculate and apply a Working Load (LW, Eq. 1) for their design. However, conditions may change where an End User will have to recalculate LW for replacement or repair purposes.
Chain Lubrication
According to chain industry estimates, roller chain drives, operating without lubrication, wear approximately 300 times faster than comparable drives that are properly lubricated. And yet, roller chain manufacturers estimate that 90 to 95% of all installed drives are either improperly lubricated, or not lubricated at all. Determining the type of lubrication method needed is a major design consideration with cost implications of its own. An oil retaining chain housing, for example, can represent up to 75% of total chain drive system cost. In addition to lubrication, proper sprocket alignment and chain tensioning are critical to increasing roller chain life. Chain and sprockets should be kept free of dust, dirt, debris and moisture. For best performance and chain life, lubrication should be added periodically such that the chain is always oiled and not allowed to run dry. The lubricant should be a good quality, non-detergent petroleum-based oil that will penetrate and enter the bearing surfaces. Refer to Figure 3 and Figure 4.
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Ambient Temperature
F (C)
23 - 41 (-5 - +5) 41 - 104 (5 - 40) 104 - 122 (40 - 50) 122 - 140 (50 - 60)
Table 11: Chain Recommended Lubricant Viscosity
Lubricant
SAE
20 30 40 50
Rating
BS4231
46 to 68 100 150 to 220 320
As with any mechanical device in motion, chain design and lubrication reduces friction, wear, and (in some cases) removes heat. Heavy oils and greases are generally too stiff to coat bearing surfaces and should not be used. Greases are not good for removing the heat generated in high speed drives. If grease must be used [4]: Limit chain speed to approximately 13 ft/sec (4 m/sec). Although grease can coat outside surfaces, it will not work into and coat bearing surfaces unless heated enough to make uid. The chain must be allowed to soak in the heated grease long enough for the removal of air and proper penetration. This type of lubrication system requires cleaning and regreasing at regular intervals, depending on the application power and speed.
Operating Temperatures
High chain and chain case temperatures must be avoided during chain operation. As stated previously, heat is removed through the lubrication system. This requirement depends on any number of conditions, including: the severity of the drive service, duration and speed of operation, etc. It should be noted that specied OEM operating temperatures typically reect ideal conditions with recommended and functioning lubrication systems. Chain temperatures above 212F (100C) should be avoided, if possible, due to lubricant limitations, see lubricant specications. The chain, however, can operate at temperatures up to approximately 482F (250C) in some circumstances. Depending on the method of lubrication, cooling can be made more effective by increasing oil volume and lubrication frequency (up to 1.2 gallons per minute or 4.5 liters per minute per chain strand) and incorporate a method of external cooling for the oil. Also: For applications where abnormal ambient temperatures up to 482F (250C) exist, a dry lubricant, such as colloidal graphite or MoS2 in white spirit or poly-alkaline glycol carriers, are most suitable. For low temperatures between -40F and 23F (-40C and -5C), special low temperature lubricants are required as recommended by lubricant suppliers. Contact Reid Supply Customer Service for more information.
Methods of Lubrication
Although drive chain and conveyor chain have different application and design considerations, the recommended lubricant, Table 11, and methods of lubrication are the same. There are four basic types of lubrication systems [4], as indicated in Table 12. The method used depends on chain speed and power transmitted. For each method, the criteria is the same: Chain is kept wet with oil. Allow penetration of clean lubricant into all chain joints. Directs the oil into the clearances between the inner and outer linkplates, preferably at the point where the chain enters the sprocket on the bottom strand. Control heat by minimizing friction, especially in high speed applications.
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Table 12: Chain Lubrication System Types
Type 1 Manual Lubrication
Type 2 Drip Lubrication
Type 3 Bath or Disc Lubrication
Type 4 Stream Lubricant
RENOLD
Oil is applied manually with a brush, oil can, or other applicator every eight hours of operation. An aerosol spray can be used under some conditions: Must be approved type for the application. Must penetrate into pin/ bushing/roller clearances. Resists dripping or draining when chain is stopped. Resists centrifugal inging when chain is moving.
Oil automatically drips between linkplate edges. Volume and frequency should allow penetration into moving joints. Provides minimal cooling during operation.
Oil bath only: The lower strand of chain runs through a sump of oil in the drive housing. Oil level covers the chain at its lowest point during operation. Slinger disk: Oil bath is used for disk only. A disk picks up oil from sump and ings the oil toward the chain at top of sprocket. Deector plates direct slung oil onto chain above oil bath. Peripheral speeds should be between 590 and 7,350 ft/min (180 and 2240 m/min). Both methods help cool chain during operation.
Provides a continuous supply of oil from a circulating pump or central lubricating system onto chain. Drops are aligned to fall directly onto chain edges. Spray pipe is positioned so that the oil is delivered onto chain just before it engages with drive sprocket. This ensures oil is centrifuged onto chain and cushions roller impact on sprocket teeth. Best method for cooling and impact dampening of chain during high speed operation.
Repair and Replacement
All chain drives will require periodic repair and replacement of components. This includes chain and sprockets. Other components are discussed elsewhere in this Resource Guide or other relative Resource Guides. CAUTION: The following precautions must be applied before disassembly or removal of chain drive systems: 1. Always isolate the power source from the drive or equipment. 2. Always wear safety glasses. 3. Always wear appropriate protective clothing, hats, gloves and safety shoes as warranted by the circumstances. 4. Always ensure tools are in good working condition and used in the proper manner. 5. Always loosen tensioning devices. 6. Always support the chain to avoid sudden unexpected movement of chain or components. 7. Never attempt to disconnect or reconnect a chain unless the chain construction is fully understood. 8. Always ensure that directions for the correct use of any tools are followed. 9. Never reuse individual components. 10. Never reuse a damaged chain or chain part. 11. On light duty drives where a spring clip is used, always ensure that the clip is tted correctly with the closed end pointing in the direction of travel.
Chain
Chain repair, as a rule, should not be necessary. A correctly selected and maintained chain should gradually wear out over a period of time (approximately 15,000 hours), but it should not fail. The amount of chain wear is directly related to the amount of elongation over time. Elongation and wear is generally
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distributed equally throughout the length of the chain. Refer to the section on Measuring Chain Wear for details. If a drive chain sustains damage due to an overload, jam-up, or by riding over the sprocket teeth, it should be carefully removed from the drive and given a thorough visual examination. Remove the lubricating grease and oil to make the job easier. Depending on the damage, it may be practical to effect temporary repairs using replacement links. It is not, however, a guarantee that the chain has not been overstressed and so made vulnerable to a future failure. The best policy, therefore, is to remove the source of trouble and t a new chain. This should be done for the following reasons. 1. 2. The cost of downtime to the system or machine can often outweigh the cost of replacing the chain. A new or used portion of chain or joints assembled into the failed chain will cause whipping and load pulsation. This will likely produce rapid failure of the chain and will accelerate wear in both the chain and its sprockets.
If a chain has failed two or more times, it is certain the chain will, in time, fail again. If no replacement is immediately available, repair the chain, but replace it at the earliest opportunity.
Chain Adjustment
To obtain full chain life, some form of chain adjustment must be provided, preferably by moving one of the shafts. If shaft movement is not possible, an adjustable tensioner with an idler sprocket engaging with the unloaded strand of the chain is recommended. Generally the idler should have the same number of teeth as the driver sprocket and care should be taken to ensure the speed does not exceed the maximum shown in the Quick Selector Chart (see Figure 15). The chain should be adjusted regularly so that, with one strand tight, the slack strand can be moved a distance A at the midpoint (see diagram below). To cater for any eccentricities of mounting, the adjustment of the chain should be tried through a complete revolution of the large sprocket. Figure 7: Chain Tension Adjustment
Assembling Connecting Links
Connecting links: Always come with have outer plates. Should always be used to connect two inner plate links together.
CAUTION: Slip-t connecting links should not be used where high speed or arduous conditions are encountered. In these, or equivalent circumstances where safety is essential, a press-t connecting link must be used.
Design
Sample
Slip-Fit
Press-Fit
Assembly
Connecting link with a slip-t outer plate: Plate must be pushed down on the pins to permit insertion of the fastener. Always ensure that the closed end of the spring clip is in the direction of rotation.
Drive the outer plate down far enough on the pins to allow insertion of the two split pins, but not so far as to create a tight joint.
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A properly assembled connecting link accomplishes three important things: Clearances between link plates allow lubricant to get to bearing surfaces. If compressed too tight, joint motion is restricted and lubricant cannot penetrate bearing channels. Ensures a smooth gearing action with a minimum of whipping. Decreases any tendency of spring clip to fall off during operation.
Measuring Chain Wear
A direct measure of chain wear is the extension in excess of the nominal length of the chain. Chain wear can therefore be ascertained by length measurement in line with the instructions given below.
Measuring Chain Wear (elongation)

Step
1.
Action / Results
To determine the required tension to be applied during measurement, use the ANSI and ISO standards for measuring chain length. This is typically 1% of Breaking Load rounded up to the nearest whole number. The tension should range from 18 lbs (80 N) for 25, 35 and 41 chain; to 1000 lbs (4450 N) for 240 chain. Record results for use in later steps. Remove chain from application.
This value will be used to determine: Tension to be applied for proper measurement. Size of scale (A-horizontal) or weight (B-vertical) to be used while measuring chain length. In the case of double-pitch chains (i.e., chains having the same breaking load and twice the pitch), apply measuring loads as for the equivalent short-pitch chains. After removing the connecting, or master, link; the chain should terminate at both ends with an inner link. When specied, use either method A (horizontal) or method B (vertical). Area must be long enough to allow chain to stretch full length. For B, the chain can be suspended from the forks of a fork truck. See support information for step 4. This anchor point must be strong enough to support twice the calculated load from Step 1. A. B. The spring scale must be able to measure the calculated load from Step 1. The size of the weight should match the value calculated in Step 1.
2.
3.
A. B.
Lay chain stretched out on a at surface. Hang chain vertically from an anchor point.
4. 5.
A. B. A. B.
Anchor one end of chain. Skip this step, but apply Step 3 information. Attach other end to a turnbuckle and a spring scale suitably anchored. Attach an equivalent weight to the lower end.
6.
Measure length M (see diagram to right) from which the percentage extension can be obtained from the following formula:
PercentageExtension
( N P) 100 N P
Refer to value A in Figure 5 to determine the value N. In measuring M, be sure to measure from inner link to inner link as shown. As a general rule, the useful life of a chain is terminated and the chain should be replaced when extension reaches 2 percent (1 percent in the case of doublepitch chains). For drives with no provision for adjustment, the rejection limit is lower, dependent upon the speed and layout. A usual gure is between 0.7 and 1.0 percent extension.
Where: M = Overall length or section of chain. N = Number of pitches measured. P = Pitch specied for new chain.
Record value if tracking chain performance. 7. Use Percentage Extension to determine if chain should be replaced and replace if necessary.
End of procedure
In many cases, preventive maintenance concepts can be applied here. To do so, periodically measure chain length using the above procedure. Record the percentage measured in Step 6, by date, for each instance. The periodicity used depends on the application and run-time of the chain. Plot the values on graph paper or in software (Spreadsheet software, e.g. Microsoft Excel, has features for automatically
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plotting data and trend analysis.) Use the graph to predict when and how often the chain wear (elongation) percentage will reach replacement criteria as indicated in Step 7 of above procedure.
Drive Chain Tips
This discussion includes some tips for applying and maintaining drive chain. Further tips and guidelines can be found in the reference material listed in Table 29 and Table 30. Roller Chain: For high speed drives or drives operating in arduous conditions, a properly riveted outer link should always be used for optimum security, in preference to any other form of chain joint. The use of other connecting and offset links should always be restricted to light duty, non-critical applications, in drives where an odd number of pitches is absolutely unavoidable. Wherever possible, drives should have sufcient overall adjustment to ensure the use of an even number of pitches throughout the useful life of the chain. A offset link should only be used as a last resort. Drive sprocket tips [1]: Sprocket wheels with fewer than 16 teeth may be used for relatively slow speeds. 18 to 24 teeth are desirable for high-speed service. Sprockets with fewer than 25 teeth and running at speeds above 500 or 600 RPM should be heattreated. Pitch is inversely proportional to speed. The shorter the pitch, the higher the allowed operating speed. Horsepower ratings are based on the number of teeth and the rotative speed of the smaller sprocket, either drive or follower. The horsepower limits of a single strand can be expanded by increasing the number of strands. Idler sprocket tips [1]: Idler sprockets can be used on either side of the chain to: Take up slack. Guide the chain around obstructions. Change the direction of rotation of a driven shaft. Provide more wrap on another sprocket. Idlers should not run faster than the speeds recommended as maximum for other sprockets with the same number of teeth. Idlers should have at least two teeth in mesh with the chain.
Conveyor or Engineering Chain Tips
This discussion includes some tips for applying and maintaining conveyor chain. Further tips and guidelines can be found in the reference material listed in Table 29 and Table 30. Extending conveyor chain life: Load like link chain, conveyor chain has a WLL (Working Load Limit) and a Breaking Limit or Tensile Strength. Although many factors determine the maximum load, the amount of tension on the chain should never exceed OEM specications. To isolate problems with your chain drive system. Use Table 13 to select the most likely symptom and identify the most probable cause. Use Table 14 to determine the solution to the problem. If further assistance is required, contact Reid Supply Customer Service.
Chain Drive Troubleshooting
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Table 13: Chain Drive Troubleshooting
Probable Cause
Loading is greater than chain capacity
Loose casing or shaft mounts
Exposure to severe corrosion
Cotters improperly installed
Improper plating of chain
Excessive sprocket wear
Chain pitch is too large
Sprocket misalignment
Inadequate lubrication
Excessive chain speed
Too few sprocket teeth

X
Excessive chain slack
Excessive chain wear
Exposed to moisture
Excessive vibration
Symptom
Rusted chain Excessive noise Wear on roller link plates and on one side of the sprocket tooth surface Chain clings to sprocket teeth Chain climbs the sprocket teeth Missing or broken cotters Broken link plates Ultimate strength failure
X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Fatigue failure
Stress corrosion cracking Pin Failures Broken Pins
X X X
X X X
Pin Galling
Turned Pins
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Water in lubricant
X
Extreme overload
Obstruction
Overload
Regulations and Standards Comparison Charts For Drive Types And Similar Products Bushing Install Procedures Table 14: Chain Drive Troubleshooting

Solution
Replace chain with Nickel-Plated, Hydro-Service, or Stainless Steel products. Change lubricant. Protect lubrication system from water. Replace chain if necessary. Provide or reestablish proper lubrication. Inspect and remove obstruction. Replace chain if necessary. Tighten fasteners. Retension chain. Replace chain. Inspect chain for damage and replace sprockets. Inspect chain and sprockets for damage and realign sprockets and shafts. Inspect chain. Clean and establish correct lubrication. Redesign the drive using a smaller chain pitch (multiple strands), if possible. Check to see if larger sprockets can be used. If not, redesign drive using a smaller chain pitch (multiple strands), if possible. Replace chain and inspect all drive components for damage. Replace damaged components and eliminate the cause of overload. Inspect the drive to determine the cause of high load and eliminate if possible. Redesign the drive using a higher-capacity chain, if the cause of high load cannot be eliminated. Protect the chain from corrosion or use stainless steel products. Never plate chains. Order plated chain from the manufacturer.
Probable Cause
Exposed to moisture. Water in lubricant. Inadequate lubrication. Obstruction. Loose casing or shaft mounts. Excessive chain slack. Excessive chain wear. Excessive sprocket wear. Sprocket misalignment. Inadequate lubrication. Chain pitch is too large. Too few sprocket teeth. Extreme overload. Loading is greater than the chains dynamic capacity. Exposure to severe corrosion in combination with high interference ts. Hydrogen embrittlement from improper plating of chain.
Sprockets
Sprockets are used to transmit torque and motion. There are two basic types of sprockets:
Drive 1) Attach directly or indirectly, through gearing, to a motor drive shaft to transmit rotary motion to the chain. 2) Attach to a driven shaft to transmit power from the chain Idler No power is transmitted by an idler sprocket. These sprockets are used to:
Take up slack when attached to a tensioner. Increase the amount of chain contact with another sprocket. Relocate a chain and guide it around obstacles. Change chain direction. Reverse direction of another sprocket. Sprocket direction will change when placed on the opposite side of a chain. Due to space constraints, adding an idler to reverse chain direction can accomplish the same thing.
Figure 8: Sprocket Wear

Y 10 X
PCD
Depth of wear
X=
PCD
Examination of both anks of a sprocket (shown in Figure 8) will give an indication of the amount of wear that has occurred. Under normal circumstances, this will be evident as a polished worn strip
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around the pitch circle diameter of the sprocket tooth. If the depth of this wear X has reached an amount equal to 10 percent of the Y dimension, steps should be taken to replace the sprocket. [4] IMPORTANT Running new chain on sprockets having this amount of tooth wear will cause rapid chain wear. It should be noted that in normal operating conditions, with correct lubrication, the amount of wear X will not occur until several chains have been used.
TENSIONERS
Tensioners are devices that take up slack in a belt, chain, or other mechanical system that rotates in a complete loop. These devices apply tension manually or automatically (spring, pneumatic, or hydraulically loaded). Figure 9: Tensioner Components
Adjustable Arm
Idler Mounting Block
Shaft
Tensioner components include (See above gure):

Mounting Block Support block for mounting tensioner to machine or frame. Can be mounted at any angle to align with belt, chain or other component to be tensioned. Fixed version usually includes slotted mounting holes for adjusting tension. A feature used to adjust and readjust tension. Tension is adjusted by rotating the arm about a pivot point as shown in the above gure. A shoulder bolt or precision shaft mounts the idler to an adjustable arm or directly to the mounting block. This can be a sprocket, sheave, at pulley or other free rotating device that directly contacts the belt, chain, or other rotating component. Usually comes with a ball or needle bearing.
Adjustable Arm Shaft Idler
More information on tensioners, shafts, and idler sprockets and pulleys can be found in the next section of this manual.
BEARINGS
Bearings are discussed in Part 3 of the Bearings and Power Transmission Resource Guides. Many components and subassemblies are required to produce motion in a machine. This section, along with Design Considerations discussed previously, can help select the best component for designing or replacing components and subassemblies of a mechanical drive system. These components and subassemblies are listed at the top of each page in this manual. Several mechanical drive systems are in use today. They include any system containing a motor which produces power that must be transmitted from one assembly to another. Selecting the proper drive system depends on horsepower, torque, available space, and synchronization requirements. This section provides some basic information to help select and replace drive related components. Belts have been used to transmit mechanical power for industrial machines since 1701 [Google News Archives] when Charles Plumier, a Frenchmen, used a at belt to drive a lathe. Flat belts were the rst belts used in manufacturing. Made of leather, they would mechanically link a common drive system, usually steam driven, to several small machines (lathes, for instance) in a machine shop. Today, this type of system only exists in photos and museums. It was replaced with individual motors and V-belts as dened previously. V-belts have been used in industry since 1917. Perhaps the most widely used of the belt drive systems, V-belts have a distinct advantage over at belts as shown in Table 2. This section of the Resource Guide incudes information on V-belt drive system
SELECTING THE CORRECT SYSTEM OR COMPONENT

MECHANICAL DRIVE SOLUTIONS BELT DRIVE SYSTEM
V-Belts
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components design and nomenclature. The information provided can help determine the best belt to use in your application and how to identify existing belts for replacement. Much of the information also applies to pulley specication and design. Figure 10: Classical vs. Wedged V-Belt Cross-Section
Width Width
Classical Belt Construction Wedge Belt Construction As shown in Figure 10, the belts are constructed of highly engineered, high performance, oil and heat resistance components encasing several strands of ber for strength. They are designed to perform at the identical or higher level than all other major USA manufacturers belts of the same type. All belts meet or exceed USA RMA (Rubber Manufacturers Association) published ratings levels. The components are made using the latest in belt technology available on a global basis. All belts of a given size are manufactured to run interchangeably in a matched set. ANSI/RMA standards dene belt and sheave design for all belt drive systems. The standards dene belt width, thickness and an included angle of approximately 40. Letter codes are used to identify construction types: V-Belt Classical Construction:
Type
A, B, C, D Refers to a classical belt construction. The letter value (A, B, C or D) determines belt crosssection width and thickness dimensions as shown in Table 15. Approximate outside length of a Classical belt. To approximate OD, add 20 for A, 30 for B, 40 for C, 50 for D.
Thickness
Thickness
Type - OD
OD
V-Belt Light Construction:

Width Type:
Width - Type - OD
A number before the Type that refers to the top width of the belt in 8ths of an inch. Width and thickness values are listed in Table 15. L Light Duty construction belts have the same dimensions as classical belts. They are normally used for light mechanical applications with Fractional Horsepower motors. Approximate outside length of a Wedged belt in tenths of an inch.
OD
V-Belt Wedge Construction:

Width Type:
Width - Type - OD
A number that refers to the width of the belt in 8ths of an inch. This width is typically the same as Classical belts. Width and thickness values are listed in Table 15. V Signies a Wedged belt construction, which is thicker than a Classical belt as shown in Figure 10. X Notched construction as shown in Table 3. This letter is appended to the belt Construction Type when applicable. See examples.
OD
Approximate outside length of a Wedged belt in tenths of an inch.
Examples:
B102 CX60 8VX2120 4L230 Classical V-belt with an ID of 102 and an OD of 102 +3 = 105 . Classical Notched belt with an ID of 60 and an OD of 60 +4 = 64 . A 1 wide Wedged V-belt that has an OD of 212 . This is a 1/2 wide Light Construction belt with a outside length of 23 .
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Table 15 lists standard dimensions for some V-belt types. It also lists some pros and cons relative to each. Table 15: V-Belt Styles
Style Type:
Dimension: Outside Length:
Classical
Pros A
1/2 - 5/16 15 - 182
Cons B
5/8 - 13/32 23 - 361.4
Fabric wrapped construction give premium belt performance. Nomenclature:
C
7/8 - 17/32 50 - 422.2
D
1-1/4 - 3/4 110.2 - 542.7
Load Rating
High A, B, C
Excellent wear resistance. Fabric wrapped construction gives Fractional Horsepower V-Belts consistent good performance. FHP V-belts are designed for general use applications with lower horsepower requirements. Typical applications are laundry machines, home workshop tools, small fans and blowers, small metal and woodworking machines, garage equipment, portable farm tools and other general purpose, low horsepower uses. Nomenclature:
Type:
FHP
3L
3/8 - 7/32 13 - 75
4L
1/2 - 5/16 15 - 100
5L
5/8 - 3/8 23 - 100
Load Rating
Low 3L, 4L, 5L
The outer fabric wrap is treated with oil and heat resistant, engineered synthetic rubber coated compound, specically compounded for excellent wear resistance, proven through thousands of hours of testing.
Should not be used as a clutch. Should not be used with backside idlers.
This raw edge notched construction gives premium belt performance. Nomenclature:
Type:
Classical Notched
A
1/2 - 5/16 22 - 93
B
5/8 - 13/32 33 - 147
C
7/8 - 17/32 55 - 177
Load Rating
High AX, BX, CX
Notch design allows more exibility, while maintaining thickness. Fabric wrapped construction give premium belt performance. Nomenclature:
Type:
Wedge V
3V
3/8 - 5/16 25 - 140
5V
5/8 - 17/32 50 - 355
8V
1 - 29/32 100 - 560
Load Rating
High 3V, 5V, 8V
Excellent wear resistance. This raw edge notched construction gives premium belt performance. Nomenclature:
Type:
Wedge Notched
3VX
3/8 - 5/16 24 - 140
5VX
5/8 - 17/32 40 - 200
Load Rating
High 3VX, 5VX
Notch design allows more exibility, while maintaining thickness.
V-Belt Pulleys
Any belt drive system must have matching pulleys to control and guide belt movement. Because mechanical power is transmitted and stored in the belt, selecting the proper pulley for each location is important to ensure efcient, safe operation and performance. Pulleys share the same classication system as V-belts. For instance, a Class B belt should run on a Class B pulley.
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Pulley Styles
Like many products in the Reid Supply Catalog, only the most popular styles are listed. More styles are available as shown in Table 16. Contact Customer Service for how to order. Table 16: Pulley (Sheave) Styles
Pulley Style
Pros
Cons
Adjustable pulleys can be used to make permanent speed adjustments. Commonly used for HVAC applications. Designed for up to 5 HP. Pitch diameter is easily changed. Bore range from 1/2 to 1-3/8 . If setscrew is not properly tightened, pulley can loosen and change pulley width. This will result in: Decreased performance. Belt damage as belt rides on threads. Side of pulley and belt separating from shaft.
Adjustable Light Duty
Adjustable pulleys can be used to make permanent speed adjustments. 1 & 2 groove pulley for up to 25 HP. Pitch diameter is easily changed. Permits 30% speed variation when used with xed diameter sheave. Adjustable Pitch 8000 Series Adjustable pulleys can be used to make permanent speed adjustments. Designed for up to 40 HP at 7500 RPM. For use with A, B, 3V, and 5V belts. Adjustable Heavy Duty Designed for use with A/B, C, or D belts. For belt types A/B, C, and D Designed for use with QD Bushing and corresponding belts. Depending on type, can have 1 to 12 grooves. Commonly used for drive pulley. Can handle up to 20 HP at 1750 RPM. All products have two set screws. 1 & 2 grooves for A, B, 3L, and 4L belts. Bush type bore ranges from 1/2 to 1-7/16 . Grey cast iron sheaves are not to be used with rim speeds greater than 6500 feet per minute. Dynamic balancing may be required for larger pulleys or high speeds. If so, contact Customer Service. Dynamic balancing may be required for larger pulleys or high speeds. If so, contact Customer Service. Same as Light Duty. Applications over 5000 ft/min may require balancing.
Classical
Light Duty
For use with 3V, 5V or 8V belts. Higher HP than classical. Compact and light-weight. Designed for use with QD Bushing and corresponding belts. Depending on type, can have 1 to 12 grooves. Commonly used with drill presses and wood lathes. Designed for A, 3L, or 4L V-Belts. 3, 4, & 5 steps available . Diameters range from 2 to 6 inches. Speed is adjusted manually. Two pulleys facing opposite directions are typically used to because of xed belt length. Dynamic balancing may be required for larger pulleys or high speeds. If so, contact Customer Service.
Narrow
Step Pulley
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Pulley Designs
Rim and groove dimensions match standards relative to belt standards for width and thickness. The groove in the rim, however, has a slightly larger taper than the V-belt and is narrower at the bottom width. This compresses the belt in the groove and creates a tighter grip under tension. The various designs, shown in Table 17, connect the hub to the rim. The design used is determined by pulley diameter, strength requirements and belt classication. Table 17: Pulley Designs
Pulley Design
Pros
Arms, or spokes, are included in the design of large diameter pulleys. Lighter weight. Available with up to 12 grooves.
Cons
Arm A block pulley is one that is a solid design. The face of the hub is aligned with the face of the rim. Refer to Type 1 shown in Figure 12. Allows pulleys to be placed in close proximity to motor, enclosure or other structural design. For this design, the metal between hub and rim is much thinner than other pulley designs. Lighter weight. Alternative to spokes. Web These pulleys have a xed bore diameter, which is specied when ordering. Refer to Table 29 for references to standard ts for shafts and holes. Two set screws for tighter grip and improved performance. 1 & 2 grooves for A, B, 3L, 4L, and 5L belts. No bushing required. Bore must be compatible with shaft. More sensitive to misalignment.
Block
Fixed Bore
These hubless pulleys require a bushing to mount on a shaft. The bushing adapts a xed diameter hole in the pulley to a specic shaft size. If the correct QD bushing is not listed in the catalog, contact Customer Service for other options. Depending on condition, bushing can be reused. Use of bushings allows for a smaller pulley inventory. Requires bushing.
Bush Type
SYNCHRONOUS DRIVE SYSTEM
Flat belts are still used, but are made of rubber, like the V-belt, and all have notches. These belts are known as synchronous belts. To compare synchronous belt drive systems with other mechanical drive systems, refer to Table 2. The transmission of power through the belt does not rely on grip. The matching of cogs and notches, similar to chain and sprocket, create a positive mechanical link that, not only transmits power, but also keeps all components synchronized and turning at a proportional rate determined by the diameter of the pulleys used. Over-all costs for the life of the drive is less than chain drives because of the low maintenance and high efciency of operation. Synchronous belts, or timing belts, are used in applications where belt slip is not allowed and motion between all belt-linked components must be synchronized. The most common application is that of a timing belt on an automobile engine where valves must move up and down relative to and in time with pistons. Other applications can be found in robotics, machine tools, conveyors and more.
Timing Belts
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Regulations and Standards Comparison Charts For Drive Types And Similar Products Bushing Install Procedures Figure 11: Timing Belt Construction

W
W = Belt Width T = Belt Thickness P = Tooth Pitch
Synchronous Belt Construction:

Pitch Length
Pitch Length - Tooth Pitch - Type - Width
Belt length expressed as the number of belt teeth times tooth pitch. Pitch Length is limited by the amount of power being transmitted and strength of belt. When replacing a belt, measure the pitch and count the number of teeth to determine its length. Distance between like points on belt teeth. Usually measured from center to center as shown in Figure 11. Any belt wear should be compensated for when measuring a worn belt. This can be done by measuring across multiple teeth, then dividing by the number of teeth measured. Tooth Pitch must match the pitch of pulleys in the drive system. M Letter M is used to ID Metric Curvilinear Timing belts available at Reid Supply. These are notched belts to be used with Timing and HTD (High Torque Drive) Pulleys. MXL, XL, L, H, XH, XXH, R, S, T or AT Typical synchronous belt classications. Specications for these synchronous belt types can be found in references listed in Table 29 for drive design purposes. When replacing an existing belt, measure the belt dimensions shown in Figure 11, before searching the catalog or contacting Customer Service.
Tooth Pitch
Type:
Width
Belt width in mm as shown in Figure 11.
Example:
800-8M20 A Synchronous metric belt having pitch length of 800 mm (100 teeth), a pitch of 8 mm, and 20 mm wide.
NOTE: At the time this document was published, Reid Supply did not include synchronous belts in its catalog. These belts can be ordered and purchased by contacting Customer Service.
HTD Belts
HTD (High Torque Drive) synchronous belt drives combine the positive timing action of gears with the exibility, speed and low noise level of belts. As the name implies, these belts are designed to operate in high torque applications. Table 18: Synchronous Belt Styles
Sync. Belt Style
Description
Otherwise known as trapezoidal synchronous, these belts are a wide version of the V-belt with similar construction. Many chain drive applications are being replaced with timing belts because of the advantages previously stated and those listed in Table 2.
Curvilinear Timing Similar to the Curvilinear timing belt, these belts have the added advantage of notches on each side of the belt. The advantage is the ability to transmit power on either side when curved in either direction around a synchronous drive pulley. Dual Synchronous
Synchronous Drive Pulleys
As mentioned previously, synchronous drive applications are similar to chain applications where all components must move in a timed relation to one another. Synchronous pulleys can be of different diameters to produce other than a 1:1 relationship, but the Tooth Pitch (Figure 11) between belt and all pulleys must be the same. Synchronous pulleys are listed in Table 19.
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Like V-belt systems, synchronous pulleys are sized to match classication and dimensions in belt width, thickness and tooth pitch. Table 19: Synchronous Drive Pulleys
Belt/Pulley Pitch
Belt Width1
3/4 (20 mm) 1-3/16 (30 mm)
Pitch
Face Width2
1-1/8 (28.6 mm) 1-1/2 (38 mm)
# Teeth
24 to 90
Type
Block/Flange, Web/Flange, Web Block/Flange, Web/Flange, Web, Arm Block/Flange, Web/Flange, Web, Arm Block/Flange, Web/Flange, Web, Arm Block/Flange, Web/Flange, Arm Block/Flange, Web/Flange, Arm Block/Flange, Web/Flange, Arm Block/Flange, Web/Flange, Web, Arm Block/Flange, Web/Flange, Web, Arm
Bushing3
QD - JA, L, SH, SDS QD - JA, L, SH, SDS, SK QD - JA, L, SH, SDS, SK QD - JA, L, SH, SDS, SK
24 to 112
8 mm 2 (50 mm) 3-5/16 (85 mm) 2 (40 mm) 2-3/16 (55 mm) 3-5/16 (85 mm) 14 mm HTD 4-1/2 (115 mm) 6-11/16 (170 mm) 1 1-1/2 1/2 2 H 3 2-9/32 3-5/16 16 to 120 16 to 120 10 to 84 1/2 3/4 18 to 48 60, 72, 84 12 to 17 3/4 3/8 1 18 to 48 60, 72, 84 L 1 1-1/4 13 to 17 18 to 48 60, 72, 84 14 mm 2-3/8 (60 mm) 3-3/4 (95 mm) 2-1/8 (54 mm) 2-3/4 (70 mm) 4 (100 mm) 5.25 (133 mm) 7-3/8 (188 mm) 1-1/4 1-3/4 28 to 192
8 mm HTD
34 to 192
28 to 144
SK, SF, E
28 to 216
SK, SF, E, F
28 to 216
SK, SF, E, F, J SK, SF, E, F, J, M
28 to 216
36 to 216 14 to 120 14 to 120
SF, E, F, J, M
Block/Fange, Web/Flange, Web, Arm
Taper-Lock
Flange Web Flange Web Flange Web
Plain Bore Taper-Lock Plain Bore Taper-Lock Plain Bore Taper-Lock
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Belt Width1
1/4 5/16 3/8 XL
Belt/Pulley Pitch
Pitch
Face Width2
# Teeth
10 to 72
Type
Block, Flange
Bushing3
Plain Bore
1/5
9/16 32 to 72 Block Taper-Lock
NOTES:
1 2 3
Width of belt or teeth on pulley. Overall width of pulley, excluding the hub or bushing. It is the width of that portion that carries the belt. If required, shipped with pulley. Plain bore, or xed bore, pulleys are secured to shaft with two set screws. Catalog includes type number and gure to show details for each series.
Belt Drive Attributes

Pulley Types
The information in this section can apply to several pulley types. It includes bushings, tools and other common aspects to help with pulley selection, installation and maintenance. As stated previously, belts and pulleys share the same classication system. The Reid Supply catalog also classies pulleys by type. This special classication, established by the OEM, refers to the location and design of the hub in relation to the pulley rim. Although the types may seem similar, each type is also relative to the series of pulleys for which it belongs. These types determine how the pulley laterally ts on the shaft relative to the motor and/or structure as is indicated by the samples shown below. Figure 12: Sample Pulley Types
1 3/8
3/4
F
1 3/8
3/4
M F
TYPE 1 F K N O.D. M
TYPE 2 F
L L E
L
L E
I.D.
M O.D.
Type 2 Type 1 In the above gure:

Type 1
Type 3
TYPE 1F
TYPE 2F
A blocked hub with the hub length (L) covering the full width of the pulley. The second Type 1 pulley includes a pushing and the overall width of the pulley is L+E and the position of the pulley on the shaft is similar to the rst Type 1 pulley. Shows the hub more offset from the pulley rim and skewed to one side. This design allows the belt to be positioned at or near the end of the shaft on the outside or more tightly positioned on the inside. Has a rim with a larger diameter and more distant from the hub. Larger diameter pulleys will typically have an Arm design as shown in Table 17.
Type 2 Type 3
Type 1F The hub is centered in the timing pulley and has a width (M) less than the width of the pulley. Type 2F Shows a hub width (M) offset and wider than the timing pulley.
NOTE: The above descriptions are examples only and only relative to the types shown in Figure 12. However, the concepts described may apply to other similar types of pulley hubs. In any case, when ordering, specify the type that best meets your application needs.
Bushings
Pulleys, sprockets, couplings, and other components connect to the shaft directly with a plain bore (PB) hub (xed bore with set screws shown in Figure 12, Type 2) or with a bushing as shown in Figure 12, Type 3. Bushings give a rotary component exibility by decreasing inventory, while increasing adaptability to shaft sizes. Bushings are smaller and easier to store than many pulleys and other similar components. See below table for more details.
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Table 20: Pulley Bushings
Bushing Styles
Pros
Cons
This universal QD Bushing can be used for some V-belt and timing pulleys, couplings and weld-on hubs. Refer to QD Bushing Mounting Instructions for details. Standard shaft sizes available, but can be custom ordered. Tapered t for precise alignment and t. Built-in feature for removing pulley from bushing using existing screw. Can be mounted forward or reverse. Forward uses through holes, reverse uses threaded holes shown in Figure 13. Setscrew mounted above keyway for locking bushing and key position. 100% interchangeable with licensed manufacturers products. Available in inch or metric. Must be securely fastened to pulley or other component with screws. Torque values are included and available from Customer Service.
QD Bushing
QD style idler bushings are used with products such as: sheaves, roller chain sprockets, synchronous belt sprockets and any item that accepts a QD style bushing to be used as an idler. Drive bushings are also available. Are furnished with bearings and fasteners. Ball or needle bearing versions available. QD Idler Bushing Must be securely fastened to pulley or other component with screws. Torque values are included and available from Reid Supply Customer Service.
Used to accommodate smaller shafts or when you dont have the correct bore on hand. Reducer Bushings A angeless version of the QD bushing, Taper-Lock bushings mount ush to edge of hole. Refer to Taper-Lock Bushing Mounting Instructions for details. Flush mount with two (sizes 1008-3030) or three (sizes 3535-5050) screws. Inch and metric sizes available. Threaded groove for bushing removal with existing set screw. Must be securely fastened to pulley or other component with screws. Torque values are included and available from Reid Supply Customer Service. Instantly adapt to larger bores. Inexpensive x. Adds exibility to inventory. Split to adapt to 3/16 key way.
Taper-Lock Bushing
Taper-Lock style idler bushings are used with products such as: sheaves, roller chain sprockets, synchronous belt sprockets and any item that accepts a Taper-Lock style bushing to be used as an idler. Drive bushings are also available. Are furnished with bearings and fasteners. Ball or needle bearing versions available. Must be securely fastened to pulley or other component with screws. Torque values are included and available from Reid Supply Customer Service.
Tapered Idler Bushing
QD Bushing Mounting Instructions
The information in this section applies to QD bushings and sheaves, sprockets, couplings and other components assembled with a QD bushing. The information includes mounting procedures, gures, photos and torque tables.
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Regulations and Standards Comparison Charts For Drive Types And Similar Products Bushing Install Procedures Figure 13: QD Bushing Mounting
Inside Mounting
QD Bushing
Outside Mounting
NOTE: Each bushing includes threaded and non-threaded holes. Both are used, as needed, for mounting the bushing, but the threaded holes double as a means to separate the pulley from the bushing. Mounting instructions provided with bushing, including torque data. Instructions can also be made available upon request from Customer Service.
The following procedures include photos and instructions for the installation and removal of sheaves mounted on a QD bushing. Both standard and reverse mounting procedures are included. With some small modications, these procedures can also be followed when using QD bushings with sprockets, couplings or other shaft mounted components.
10
Standard Installation of QD Bushing Flange facing end of shaft

Step
1. Photo 1 2. Photo 2
Action / Results
Insert setscrew into hole in ange edge opposite the split. Thoroughly remove all oil, moisture and other contaminants from all mounting surfaces.
This setscrew will be tightened later to hold key in keyway. It is assumed the key is already in keyway for this procedure. Bushing must be mounted DRY without lubricants or antiseize compounds on bushing and hub mounting areas. Lubricant or other contaminants can cause over-torquing of components. Sheave and bushing are tapered for a more precise t. This will enlarge the bushing bore and make it easier to slip over shaft. If sheave will not t over bushing, remove bushing and return to step 2.
3. Photo 3 4. Photo 4 5. Photo 5
Place sheave over shaft with larger diameter toward shaft end. Use a at screwdriver and hammer to pry open split in QD bushing. Place QD bushing over shaft with ange facing end of shaft, then place sheave onto bushing.
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Step
Standard Installation of QD Bushing Flange facing end of shaft

Action / Results
Align blank holes of bushing with threaded holes of sheave hub and insert cap screws into blank holes of bushing. Hand tighten cap screws into sheave. Using a straight edge or string, check alignment and reposition sheave as needed. Account for gap between sheave hub and bushing ange. This gap will be taken up in next step, but not closed. Moving in a rotating pattern, use an open end wrench to progressively tighten cap screws until sheave hub is snugly t onto the bushing. Using the same pattern in step 7, torque cap screws evenly and progressively. Torque values are listed in Table 21. Repeat Step 7 to check alignment. Tighten and torque set screw above keyway.
For alignment purposes, it is important to understand that the sheave will move toward the ange and onto taper as cap screws are tightened. For best performance and component life, all sheaves in belt drive system must be properly aligned. Sheave is drawn toward bushing ange during tightening of cap screws, but not closed. This will draw sheave toward ange, but, because of the tapered t, the sheave must not be drawn in contact with the bushing ange. IMPORTANT: If extreme screw tightening forces are applied, excess pressures will be created in the hub of the mounted sheave that may cause it to crack. V-belt drives are less sensitive to misalignment than synchronous belts, chain or couplings. The setscrew was inserted during Step 1. Torque values are listed in Table 22.
10. Photo 10 11.
End of procedure
Reverse mounting of the QD bushing has many similarities to a standard installation. Follow the below instructions using the matching photos as needed.
Reverse Installation of QD Bushing Flange facing away from end of shaft

Step
1.
Action / Results
Insert setscrew into hole in ange edge opposite the split. Thoroughly remove all oil, moisture and other contaminants from all mounting surfaces.
This setscrew will be tightened later to hold key in keyway. It is assumed the key is already in keyway for this procedure. Bushing must be mounted DRY without lubricants or antiseize compounds on bushing and hub mounting areas. Lubricant or other contaminants can cause over-torquing conditions. This will enlarge the bushing bore and make it easier to slip over shaft. Sheave and bushing are tapered for a more precise t. If sheave will not t over bushing, ip sheave over and reinsert over bushing. For alignment purposes, it is important to understand that the sheave will move toward the ange and onto taper as cap screws are tightened.
2.
3. 4. Photo 4 5. Photo 5
Use a at screwdriver and hammer to pry open split in QD bushing. Place QD bushing over shaft with ange facing away from end of shaft, then place sheave onto bushing with large hole facing bushing. Align blank holes of sheave with threaded holes of bushing and insert cap screws into blank holes of sheave hub. Hand tighten cap screws into bushing.
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Reverse Installation of QD Bushing Flange facing away from end of shaft
Action / Results
Using a straight edge or string, check alignment and reposition sheave as needed. Account for gap between sheave hub and bushing ange. This gap will be taken up in next step, but not closed. Moving in a rotating pattern, use an open end wrench to progressively tighten cap screws until sheave hub is snugly t onto the bushing. Using the same pattern in step 7, torque cap screws evenly and progressively. Torque values are listed in Table 21. Repeat Step 6 to check alignment. Tighten and torque set screw above keyway.
Step
6. Photo 6
For best performance and component life, all sheaves in belt drive system must be properly aligned. Sheave is drawn toward bushing ange during tightening of cap screws, but not closed. This will draw sheave toward ange, but, because of the tapered t, the sheave must not be drawn in contact with the bushing ange. IMPORTANT: If extreme screw tightening forces are applied, excess pressures will be created in the hub of the mounted sheave that may cause it to crack. V-belt drives are less sensitive to misalignment than synchronous belts, chain or couplings. The setscrew was inserted during Step 1. Torque values are listed in Table 22.
9. 10.
End of procedure
Table 21: QD Bushing Proper Torque Values
Bushing Size1
L JA SH SDS-SD SK SF E F J M N P W S
NOTES:
Screw size2
Inches
1/4 # 10 1/4 1/4 5/16 3/8 1/2 9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1-1/8 1-1/4
1
Torque Wrench3
lbs-ft
6 5 9 9 15 30 60 75 135 225 300 450 600 750
Open End or Socket Wrench4 Length

inch
4 4 4 4 6 6 12 12 15 15 15 18 24 30
Pull
lbs
18 15 27 27 30 60 60 75 108 180 240 300 300 300
Torque Capacity5
lbs-in
1,200 1,000 3,500 5,000 7,000 11,000 20,000 30,000 45,000 85,000 150,000 250,000 375,000 625,000
Nm
8.1 6.8 12.2 12.2 20.3 40.7 81.3 102 183 305 407 610 813 1020
mm
102 102 102 102 152 152 305 305 381 381 381 457 610 762
N
80 66.7 120 120 133 267 267 334 480 801 1070 1330 1330 1330
Nm
136 113 395 565 791 1240 2260 3390 5080 9600 16900 28200 42400 70600
2 3 4
This is an OEM ID for size and style of QD bushings. Bushings are included with sheave when ordered. These torque values apply for all mountings of QD bushing assemblies. Cap screw size for bushing. Final torque value for cap screw. Set torque wrench to this value in ft-lbs. If a torque wrench is not available, these values can be applied. Pull is the amount of force to be applied at a distance (length) from the cap screw center. Example: 15 lbs applied at 4 (1/3 ft) from the pivot point produces 5 lbs-ft of torque. This value represents the maximum operating torque of the sheave/bushing union. An applied torque operating against the sheave/bushing assembly may weaken, or even shear, bolts and allow the sheave to slip on the bushing.
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Table 22: QD Bushing Set Screw Torque and Axial Loads
Set Screw Size

#10 - 24 1/4 - 20 5/16 - 18 3/8 - 16 1/2 - 13 5/8 - 11
Socket / Allen Recommended Tightening Key Size Torque

(Across Flat)
3/32 1/8 5/32 3/16 1/4 5/16
Set Screw Axial Load ( 30%) Cup Point

N
1500 2500 3500 4500 9000 12000
Knurled Point
lbs
340 560 785
Nm
3.62 6.8 12.4 22.6 45.2 97.2
lbs-in
32 60 110 200 400 860
N
2225 3650 5110 6580 13230 17800
lbs
500 820 1150 1480 2975 4000
1010 2025 2720
NOTE: For axial loads in excess of the values listed, a shoulder shaft against the face of the inner ring is recommended.
The following procedures are for the removal of sheave and QD bushing. Removal procedures are included for both standard and reverse mounting. The below photos relate to standard mount removal, but can also be referenced for reverse mounted QD bushings.
Removing Standard Mounted QD Bushing Flange facing end of shaft

Step
1. Photo 1 2.
Action / Results
Remove cap screws and thread into tapped holes in QD bushing ange. Using a rotating pattern, similar to install procedure, progressively tighten cap screws until sheave is free from bushing taper. Loosen set screw in ange over keyway. Use a at screwdriver and hammer to pry open split in QD bushing. Remove bushing and sheave from shaft.
QD bushings are designed for both install and removal of sheave. Cap screws will act as jacking screws and push the two components apart. Too much pressure to one side can skew and damage tapered surfaces, crack ange, or worse. This screw holds key in keyway, it is not necessary to totally remove the screw. This will enlarge the bushing bore and make it easier to slip over shaft. It is not necessary to remove key from keyway.
3. 4. Photo 4 5.
End of procedure
Removal of Reverse Mounted QD Bushing Flange side at end of shaft

Step
1. 2.
Action / Results
Remove cap screws and thread into tapped holes in sheave hub. Using a rotating pattern, similar to install procedure, progressively tighten cap screws until sheave is free from bushing taper.
QD bushings are designed for both install and removal of sheave. Cap screws will act as jacking screws and push the two components apart. Too much pressure to one side can skew and damage tapered surfaces, crack ange, or worse.
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Removal of Reverse Mounted QD Bushing Flange side at end of shaft
Action / Results
Remove sheave from QD bushing and shaft.
Step
3.
QD bushing should be exposed. Depending on next operation, cap screws can be left in sheave until reinstallation. This screw holds key in keyway, it is not necessary to totally remove the screw. This will enlarge the bushing bore and make it easier to slip over shaft. It is not necessary to remove key from keyway. End of procedure
4. 5. 6.
Loosen set screw in ange over keyway. Use a at screwdriver and hammer to pry open split in QD bushing. Remove bushing from shaft.
Taper-Lock Bushing Mounting Instructions
The information in this section applies to Taper-Lock bushings plus the pulleys and couplings for which it is used. The included mounting procedures, gures, photos and torque tables are used for installation and removal of Taper-Lock bushings. Figure 14: Taper-Lock Bushing Mounting
NOTE: Each bushing includes threaded and non-threaded holes. Both are used, as needed, for mounting the bushing, but the threaded holes double as a means to separate the pulley from the bushing. Mounting instructions provided with bushing, including torque data. Instructions can also be made available upon request from Customer Service.
The following procedures include photos and instructions for the installation and removal of sheaves mounted on a Taper-Lock bushing. When installing Taper-Lock bushings: Note that Taper-Lock bushings are angeless and do not require a set screw above the keyway. Procedures also apply to two or three half-hole bushings. The same procedure can be used for both standard and reverse mounting of the bushing. Taper-Lock bushings can be mounted on sprocket, gear, and synchronous belt drives. Although the procedures reference synchronous pulleys, the same procedure applies to all drive types.
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4A
4B
4C
Taper-Lock Bushing Installation

Step
1.
Action / Results
Thoroughly remove all oil, moisture and other contaminants from all mating surfaces on bushing and pulley. Insert bushing into pulley and align blank halfholes in bushing with threaded half-holes of pulley. Check to ensure the half-threaded holes of the bushing are also aligned with blank half-holes of the hub for later removal.
Bushing must be mounted DRY without lubricants or antiseize compounds on bushing and hub mounting areas. Lubricant or other contaminants can cause over-torquing conditions. The threaded half-holes are used to separate the pulley from the bushing during removal. It should be noted that the Taper-Lock design allows the bushing to be mounted in either side of pulley. Bushings 1008-3030 have two blank half-holes and one threaded half-hole. Bushings 3535-5050 have three blank half-holes and two threaded halfholes. Refer to Figure 14 for details. It should be noted that the bushing can t into pulley from either side and pulley alignment with the belt will depend on type of hub, Figure 12, and position on shaft. In some cases, it may be better to slip pulley onto shaft with belt around pulley. If V-belt drive, align using step 7 of QD bushing standard installation procedure. For synchronous belt, ensure belt is straight and centered on pulley. If chain drive, ensure chain is straight and pulleys are aligned. As set screws are advanced, they will act as a clamp and pull the bushing tighter into pulley hub. Refer to Figure 14 for details. This process will loosen any binding which may occur during seating of the bushing into the hub. A proper, evenly spaced, torque must be applied to ensure the bushing is securely seated into the pulley hub.
2. Photo 2
3. Photo 3
Insert set screws through holes aligned in Step 2 and loosely thread each into holes by hand. Bushing should be loose in hub at this point. Align assembly with keyway and slip over and onto the shaft. Hand tighten set screws to full depth of hole. Using eye-ball, check pulley alignment and position on shaft as needed.
4. Photos 4A, B, C 5. Photo 5
6. Photo 6 7. Photo 7 8.
With a rotating pattern, progressively torque cap screws evenly until at torque value, listed in Table 23, is obtained. After torquing is complete, use a block or sleeve to hammer each quarter of the large end of bushing. Repeat steps 6 and 7 until the set screws no longer rotate at the required torque. Fill exposed holes with grease to prevent dirt buildup.
9.
End of procedure
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Wrench torque
lbs-in
55 175 175 280 430 800 1,000 1,700 2,450 3,100
Table 23: Taper-Lock Bushing Proper Torque Values
Bushing No.
1008, 1108 1210, 1215, 1310 1610, 1615 2012 2517, 2525 3020, 3030 3535 4040 4545 5050
Screws
1/4 Set Screws 3/8 Set Screws 3/8 Set Screws 7/16 Set Screws 1/2 Set Screws 5/8 Set Screws 1/2 Cap Screws 5/8 Cap Screws 3/4 Cap Screws 7/8 Cap Screws
lbs-ft
4.5 14.5 14.5 23.0 36.0 67.0 83.0 142.0 204.0 258.0
Nm
6.2 19.8 19.8 31.6 48.8 90.8 113 193 277 350
Taper-Lock Bushing Removal

Step
1.
Action / Results
Removing belt or chain from pulley.
For some cases, belt or chain can be removed with pulley in step 5. See OEM documentation for belt or chain removal procedure. It may be necessary to remove grease from holes applied during installation procedure. For Taper-Lock bushing with two screws (bushings 1008-3030) only one threaded half-hole is used to separate bushing from hub. Bushings with three set screws (bushings 3535-5050) have two threaded half-holes for disassembly. Refer to Figure 14 for details. It may be necessary to gently tap on bushing with a hammer to loosen. In some cases, belt or chain is removed with pulley. End of procedure
2. 3.
Loosen and remove all set screws. Insert screw(s) into holes that are threaded into bushing side of assembly.
4. 5.
Tighten set screw (alternately if there are two) until bushing becomes loose in the hub. Remove pulley assembly from shaft.
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Belt Drive Attributes
Additional items relative to belt drives are available. These items allow testing and checking of belt drive components. Other items allow the designer to apply bushings on most any drive system or rotary component. Table 24: Belt Drive Attributes
Belt Drive Attribute
Pros
Synchronous pulleys that include a ange on each side of the teeth. Tapered to match belt. Allows for some misalignment.
Cons
If too loose, belt can jump onto ange OD and slip or fall off. This could cut the belt.
Flanges Useful tool for inspection and belt/sheave identication. Can be used to determine the corresponding belt that ts with each sheave. Find the gage that ts, depending on size (groove must not be worn), and it will indicate the belt type. Help determine the proper belt selection; just insert the old belt in the V to determine belt cross section. This invaluable maintenance tool is a handy way of checking belt tension on single strand belts up to 1 inch wide. Refer to Figure 1, V-Belt Tension Meter Used with all small V-belt and synchronous drives. Instructions included. Measures force from 0 to 35 lbs (15.9 kg). Measures tension from 0 to 560 lbs (255 kg). Mates with QD Bushing as shown to left. Can be used to attach any customized pulley, sprocket or other object to a shaft without welding directly to the shaft. Low carbon steel. Compatible with standard QD bushings. Available with or without ange. Strength depends on weld quality. Balancing may be required. Requires conversion data in Table 5.
Sheave & Belt Gage
QD Weld-on Hub
CHAIN DRIVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Drive Chain
Precision chains are made in strict adherence to ANSI standards. They are manufactured under rigid quality control, from raw material to the nished products, to give high accuracy, strength and greater durability. Accurately controlled heat treatment of chain component parts gives uniform and deep hardened surfaces. There are several types of drive chains designed to apply, or drive, mechanical energy differently. Conveyor and lifting chain more directly performs the work of moving objects from one location to another. Roller chain, on the other hand, transmits mechanical power from one mechanism to another where the work is actually done. For instance, a roller chain may transfer mechanical power from a motor to a shaft, linking it to a conveyor chain that works to move objects. In both instances, a chain circuit is completed that allows each link to travel continuously, passing the same location over and over again. Drive chain selection requires the following information: 1. Type of input power (electric motor, internal combustion engine, etc.). 2. Type of equipment to be driven. 3. Horsepower (HP) to be transmitted. 4. Full load speed of the fastest running shaft (RPM). 5. Desired speed of the slow-running shaft. NOTE: If the speeds are variable, determine the horsepower to be transmitted at each speed. 6. Diameters of the driver and driven shafts.
Drive Chain Selection
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Regulations and Standards Comparison Charts For Drive Types And Similar Products Bushing Install Procedures 7. 8. 9.

Center distance of the shafts. NOTE: If this distance is adjustable, determine the amount of adjustment. Position of drive and space limitations (if any). Conditions of the drive. Drives with more than two sprockets, idlers, or unusual conditions such as severely abrasive or corrosive environments, severely high or low temperatures, widely uctuating loads, frequent starts and stops, etc., require special attention.
Figure 15: Roller Chain Quick Selection Chart
Use the following procedure for using the Quick Selector Chart, above, to make a tentative chain selection. [4]
Using Quick Selector Chart

Step
1.
Action / Results
Working from the bottom up, locate the design horsepower on the vertical axis by reading up the strand columns to the left, until the design horsepower is located. Start by selecting the horsepower value in the column for the least number of strands.
The number of strands are indicated at the top of the left columns (single, double, etc.).
NOTE: Using the fewest number of chain strands will usually result in the most economical selection.
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Step
2. 3.
Using Quick Selector Chart

Action / Results
Locate the RPM of the small sprocket on the horizontal axis at the bottom of the chart. Find the intersection of the two lines dened in steps 1 and 2 (design horsepower and small sprocket RPM, respectively). This should be in an area designated with the recommended chain pitch. If the intersection is near the borderline of the designated pitch area, the chains on both sides of the borderline should be evaluated to assure the best overall selection. If further assistance is required, contact Customer Service.
End of procedure
Conveyor Chain Selection
Conveyor chain selection requires the following information: 1. Type of chain conveyor (Slat, pusher, cross bar, etc.). 2. The basic layout of the conveyor, including sprocket center distances, angles of incline, etc. 3. The type and weight of material to be conveyed (M lbs/ft). 4. An estimate of the required weight of chain, attachments, and other moving parts of the conveyor (W lbs/ft). 5. Chain speed (S ft/min). 6. Type of environment the chain will operate in (i.e., temperature, corrosion, etc.). If further assistance is required, contact Reid Supply Customer Service. Table 25: Roller Chain Styles
Chain Style
Pros
Cons
Used to transport goods from one location to another, conveyor chain typically uses attachment links to attach standard or custom components to carry goods. Refer to Table 6. These chains have twice the pitch length as standard roller chain. Made with half the bearing components for the equivalent length of standard roller chain. Lighter weight. Can have longer attachments. Double Pitch Standard and custom attachments add exibility and versatility to conveyor chain applications to carry, move, or transport most objects. Conveyor Chain Attachments Can be designed to function in any direction. Custom components can be added to match goods being transported. Increases allowed space around chain. Chain guards must be designed to avoid attachments. Equivalent lubrication and maintenance requirements as standard roller chain.
A variety of conveyor chains can be applied to transport a wide variety goods. Can be made to most any length. Can convey well, indirectly or directly, with attachments.
Designed to operate at slow speeds. Can be confused with engineering chain, which has similar properties and applications.
Unlike conveyor or roller chain, lift chain is used in open-ended, counter-balancing applications where one or both ends are connected to a counterweight or anchor point. Lift Chain Capable of supporting heavy loads. Direction changed using simple pulley. Does not have means of geared engagement in chain for sprockets.
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Chain Style Pros Cons
A wide variety of chain congurations, materials, and coatings are available to suite any application requirements. Well suited to work in all speed ranges and under most all environmental conditions. Easily substituted for any compatible ANSI standard chain. Single and multi-strands available. Available in standard and heavy duty strength and wear factors. Standard and custom attachments add exibility and versatility to roller chain drive applications. Roller Chain Allow dogs, trips and other synchronous devices to be added to chain. Can be designed to function in any direction. Increases allowed space around chain. Chain guards must be designed to avoid attachments.
ANSI Standard Roller Chain
Attachments
Designed and built to provide maximum strength and wear life. Wide waist link plates for greater strength and fatigue resistance. Solid cold forged bushings with solid rollers.
Short pitch distances add to weight considerations.
Unique pin and bushing design extends wear life by up to six times longer than other competitive chains. Dry to the touch during installation. Designed for easy, damage-free disassembly. Platinum colored connecting links are easily identied. More resistant to shock loading. Requires lubrication after installation.
Synergy Chain
Ideal for applications where contamination from lubricants is to be avoided. Food industry approved lubricant and roller coating that never needs relubrication. Dry to the touch. Resists chipping and peeling of nickel-plating. Good resistance to corrosion.
Syno Self Lube Roller Chain
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Chain Attributes
Roller chain is used in many applications as a single length of chain or loop, anchored at one end or both. To complete a chain for an application, several options are available. The chain parts, connecting links, and components illustrated in Table 26 only list available types. If uncertain of the type required, contact Reid Supply Customer Service for the parts relevant to individual chain. Table 26: Chain Attributes
Chain Attributes
Pros
Cons
As was stated previously, connecting links allow chain to be congured in a loop. Refer to the section on Assembling Connecting Links. Supplied with two connecting pins riveted into an outer plate. The second outer plate is clearance t onto the connecting pins and is secured in position by a cotter (split) pin through the projecting end of each connecting pin. (Used on short pitch chains only.) Supplied with two connecting pins riveted into the outer plate. The clearance t connecting plate is secured by means of a spring clip, which snaps into the grooves in the pins. Depending on the manufacturer, may be weaker than factory assembled chain components.
Connecting Link - Slip or Press Fit
Connecting Links
Connecting Link - Slip Fit
Connect drive and conveyor chain end for end to form a loop. Multiple links in a long conveyor chain allow sections to be removed for maintenance.
Offset links allow chain to be congured in a loop. Different types of connecting links are shown in Figure 4. Also refer to the section on Assembling Connecting Links. A single Cranked Link (BS/DIN term) with cranked plates pressed onto a bush and roller assembly at the narrow end. A clearance t connecting pin is tted at the wide end and is secured by a cotter pin. A Double Cranked Links (BS/DIN term) is available for most sizes and types of chain. The unit consists of an inner link (No. 4), with cranked links, retained permanently in position by a riveted bearing pin. Depending on the manufacturer, it may be weaker than factory assembled chain components.
ANSI Offset LinkSlip Fit
ANSI Offset Link
ANSI Two Pitch Offset Link
Add only one pitch length to chain, that could result in an odd number of pitches in a length of chain.
Riveting Pin (BS/DIN term) The link is supplied with bearing pins riveted into one outer plate. The other outer plate is an interference t on the bearing pins, the ends of which should be riveted over after the plate is tted. ANSI Outer Link For use with all sizes and types of chain where optimum security is desired. Press t connecting links should only be used once; new links must be used to replace dismantled links.
The unit consists of two inner plates pressed on to the bushings which carry the rollers. Inner Links (BS/DIN term) are complete assemblies for use with all sizes and types of chain. Inner links for use with bush chains have no rollers
ANSI Roller Link
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Pros Cons
Chain Attributes
ROLL-RING is used to automatically adjust tension and reduce oscillation in roller chain applications. Signicantly dampens chain harmonics during operation. Continuously adjusts tension and completely absorbs all slack. Fast, simple installation without tools and maintenance free. Reduces chain wear and extends chain life. Made of recyclable specially formulated polymer that can outlast chain wear by 2 to 1. Made of tough plastic, but can wear or break if abused. Not recommended for chains with a sprocket tooth ratio above 2:1, e.g. 19T to 38T.
Self Adjusting Chain Tensioner
Used to break chain links by forcing end-softened bearing pins out of the outer link plates. Screw-operated. Must be sized according to chain pitch. Chain Extractor Tool Some brands of chain require rivet ends to be ground at before removal.
Sprockets
Sprockets are used with roller chain in a chain drive system to control tension and change chain direction, as previously discussed in Sprockets and Tensioners. The below table lists and compares available sprockets. Table 27: Sprocket Styles
Sprocket Style
Pros
Cons
Drive sprockets: 1) Attach directly or indirectly, through gearing, to a motor drive shaft to transmit rotary motion to the chain. 2) Attach to a driven shaft to transmit power from the chain. Manufactured to ANSI specications. ANSI standard keyway aligned with tooth centerline. Secured to shaft with two set screws located 90 and 180 from keyway. Unlike the drive sprocket, idler sprockets are allowed to freely rotate on a shaft. Assembled with a ball bearing, these free rotating sprockets are an excellent choice for tensioning and changing chain direction. Good axial and lateral bearing load protection. Ball Bearing Similar use as ball bearing sprockets, needle bearing design has both advantages and disadvantages. Performs well with larger axial loads. Can be smaller in size. Needle Bearing Change direction of chain motion. Used with a tensioner and idler shaft to adjust and maintain chain tension. For proper operation and performance, replace sprocket with one of the same number of teeth. No lateral bearing load protection.
Drive
Idler
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BELT/CHAIN DRIVE COMPONENTS
These drive components can be applied to both belt and chain drive systems. Tensioners and idler shafts can be assembled with an idler pulley or sprocket to complete the assembly. Refer to Figure 9. Table 28: Belt/Chain Components
Belt/Chain Drive Components
Pros
Cons
As shown to the left, these idler shafts are used to attach an idler pulley or sprocket to a tensioner or other mounting component. Precision ground hardened surface is ideal for needle bearing idlers. Grease tting allows lubrication of idler pulley or sprocket bearing. Adjustable shoulder for easy install and removal of idler pulley or sprocket. Available in course or ne thread. Tensioner, or other mounting component, must match thread. Although a variety of diameters and lengths are available, not all are compatible with every tensioner.
Idler Shafts
Idler shafts are used to attach an idler pulley or sprocket to a tensioner or other mounting component. Accepts medium sized idler pulleys or sprockets. Also accepts bushed idler pulley or sprocket. Made of hardened steel. No grease tting on shaft. To grease bearing, tting must be on idler pulley or sprocket.
Shoulder Stud
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Pros Cons
Belt/Chain Drive Components
Tensioners are used to support idler pulleys and sprockets for the purpose of adjusting and/or applying tension on a belt or chain. Three components complete a tensioning assembly: tensioner, idler shaft or stud, and an idler pulley or sprocket. A wide variety of tensioners are available. They fall into one of the below categories. This tensioner consists of a xed anged base. Easily mounted in tight space. Typically used in combination with an adjustable tensioner. Not adjustable.
Fixed Angle
Adjustable angle tensioners are a two piece assembly with a anged base and rotating arm. The arm is rotated up to 360 to adjust and apply tension. Available with single or double adjusting designs. Serrated teeth between arm and base do not allow ne adjustments, typically course adjustments are OK.
Adjustable Angle
For this type of tensioner, adjustments are made by loosening the mounting bolts and moving the mount up to a distance of 6 inches. Mounts are available with horizontal or vertical shaft positioning. Shaft can be mounted on either side of threaded hole. Heavy-duty versions have two locking screws for the shaft. Adjustments can only be made linear, in plus or minus direction. Depending on type of fastener and torque, tensioner can shift under excessive load.
Adjustable Mount
Tensioners
Once mounted, tension is adjusted by repositioning adjusting nut. Available in several lengths. Easily mounted to any at surface with two fasteners. Fine adjustments are possible. Must be mounted so tensioning force is toward and against adjusting nut.
Adjustable Slide
K F
C G D J-BOLT
This tensioner includes a compression spring that applies constant automatic tension on the belt or chain. The compression rate is one inch for every 28 pounds (12.7 kg) of applied force, for a maximum of 3 inches (7.62 cm). Provides constant automatic tension. Protects drive from damage due to shock and pulsation. Head rotates 360. Shaft not included, must be ordered separately.
I H
Spring Loaded
Bolts onto any surface at any angle. Accepts idler shaft or shoulder stud.
CUSTOM PRODUCTS
Reid Does More Than You Think.. We have over 52,000 products in 12 color-coded categories Whether you call our friendly customer service reps or visit our new web site, ReidSupply.com, we have what you need. Take advantage of Reids 60 years of sales and product management experience. Cant nd what you are looking for in our catalog? Reids Rapid Response team is trained to nd products that you cant nd. We will source the product for you.
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Need technical support? Ask an Expert is a free service available on the Reid SupplyLine e-newsletter. Once registered, any question submitted is passed to an experienced team of professionals who provide a quick response. Do you need help customizing a standard product? TQM, Total Quality Machining, is our manufacturing and modication tooling company. We can take virtually any standard part and customize it to meet your needs. Just call the toll-free number listed at the bottom of the page or online at ReidSupply.com.
SUMMARY
Using the design considerations, data tables and selection information should help with application and selection of Bearings and Power Transmission products for your machine or equipment design and performance. Data tables include material and usage information. Professional standards and government safety regulations improve application design and performance. Product pros and cons allow customers to compare products relative to application specications. Links send the customer directly to online catalog searches relative to the products listed. Use of the above information and references listed in Table 29 should ensure the best product selection for proper leveling, noise, shock and vibration control of machines and equipment. This Resource Guide can be viewed online at ReidSupply.com or downloaded and saved, as needed, at no cost. For comments on the contents of this Resource Guide, contact the Customer Service department using the toll-free number listed at the bottom of the page. Or email us at mail @ ReidSupply.com (enter Resource Guide in the subject line).
FOR MORE INFORMATION
Although the Internet offers a vast wealth of information, it may not always be readily available. Much of the information on the Internet and in this Resource Guide comes from professional standards, government regulations and the reference manuals available at Reid Supply, Table 29. Use Table 30 to help select the best reference manual to meet your needs. Table 29: Recommended Documentation and Reference Manuals.
Ref #
1 2
Title
Machinerys Handbook Pocket Companion Machinerys Handbook Guide
Cat. No.
DR-11 DR-12 DR-5CD DR-5C DR-5T DR-5J DR-17 DR-18 DR-26 DR-37 DR-95
3 4 5 6 7 8
NOTE:
Machinerys Handbook Basic Machining Reference Handbook Machinists Ready Reference Marks Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers Standard Handbook of Machine Design Engineers Black Book
Refer to Table 30 for details on content relative to this Resource Guide.
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DR-5C DR-CD DR-5T DR-5J DR-11 DR-12 DR-17 DR-18 DR-26 DR-37 DR-95
2,3,4 2.3 2 1,2,3,4,7 2,3,4,7 2 1,2,3 1,2 2,4,7 2,4,6 2,3,7,8 2,3,7,8 2,3,7,8 1,2,3,4,6 1,2,3,4,6 2,6 2,6 1,2,3,6 2.3.5 2,5 2,5 2,3,4,6 2,3,5 2,3,5,8 2,3,4,6 1,2,3,4,5 2,5 2,4,5 3,6,8 6 2,4 2,4,7 2,4,7 2,5 2,3,4,7
Table 30: Reference Manual Content Relative to This Guide.
Information Type
AC motors Aluminum AISI classication for Chain/ sprockets Tool steel V-belts/pulleys Belt/Gear drive calculations Belt/Pulley dimensions Belt horsepower Belt minimum radius Belt tensioning Belts Calculating # of V-Belts Chain Coefcient of friction for materials. Conversion factors Fits for shafts and holes Flywheels Gear design and application Geometric shapes Hardness Harmonics Horsepower for belts and chain Keys and keyways Lubrication guidelines Bearings Chain
1,2,3,6 2,4,7 1,2,3,6 2,4,7 1,2,3,4,7 2,4 2,7 2,4 2,4 2,7 2,4 2,4,7 1,2 2,4,7 1,2,3,4,7 1.2.3.6 1,2,5 2,3,6 2,3,5 2,3 1,2,3,4,7 2,3,4,7,8 1,2,3,4,7 2.3.7 2,3,7 1,2,3,6 2 6 2 2 1,2,3,5 1,2,6 2,3,6 2,3,4,6 3,7,8 1,2,4,7 5 2,3,7 1,2,3,6 5 5 2,4,6 3,5 2,4 3,7,8 3 7 3,4,7 2,4,7 2,3,7 2,3,7 3 1,2,3,4,7 2,3,4,7 2.3.7 2,5 2,3,5 5 1,2,3,4,7 5
Preferred limits and ts Properties of metals Properties of non-metals Pulley speeds Roller Chain horsepower ratings Roller Chain length calculations Selecting chain/sprockets Selecting drive belts Service factors for belts Service factors for chain Sheave groove ratings
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DR-5C DR-CD DR-5T DR-5J
DR-11
DR-12
DR-17
DR-18
DR-26
DR-37
Information Type
Spur gear & sprocket design Stainless steel type Standards listed in Table 1 Synchronous belt specications Tapered shaft ends Tolerances Torque conversion Trigonometry Tables V-belts, including ribbed Variable speed belts Vibration
CONTENT: 1) 2) 3) 4)
2,3,6 2,4,7 1.2.4.6 1,2,3,5 2 1,2,3,4,7 1,2,3,4,7 2,3,7 1,2,3,6 2,3,6 2,3,6 1,2,4,6 3,7,8 3,7,8 7,8 2,3 1,2,6 2,4 2.5 6 2.4
2,3,6 2,4,7 1.2.4.6 1,2,3,5
1,2,3
1,2,6 1,2,3,4 2,3,5 2,5
1,2,3,6
1,2 1,2,4 2
1,2,3,7,8
Imperial and metric systems Data/specication charts and tables Formulas Comparison information 5) 6) 7) 8) Some discussion Basics discussion Detailed discussion How-to information
GLOSSARY
Below is a list of terms used in this document.
Term
Chromate
Denition
Chromate lms are chemical conversion coatings. The substrate metal participates in the coating reaction and becomes a component of the coating; and it has a profound inuence on the properties of the coating. Among the metals commercially chromated are zinc and cadmium electroplates, zinc die castings, hot-dipped galvanized steel, aluminum (in almost every conceivable form), and sometimes copper and silver alloys. Chromate coatings improve corrosion resistance and appearance of metals and adhesion of organic topcoats.
Cog Cogging
One of a series of appendages or teeth on the rim of a wheel or gear that transmits mechanical energy, motive force, to another wheel or gear. An inherent characteristic of permanent magnet (PM) motors and generators caused by magnet pole geometry and construction; also known as detent. The poles can have detentes that, at particular positions relative to frequency and torque, can cause vibration in the motor. To deaden, restrain, or depress. A measure of sound level relative to the human ear. The dB is a logarithmic unit used to describe a ratio. Decibels can be referenced directly (in air as pressure or intensity) or indirectly (through a conductor relative to power, voltage or current). A condition that exists in a multi-belt drive system when belts are not at the same tension. This condition can exist if belt length is different (stretched) or sheave grooves are warn differently. The pulley in a belt drive system that provides the power to be transmitted along the belt. Usually powered directly or indirectly by a motor. The company who purchased a machine or system, with the intent to apply and use the machine or system for the purpose for which it was intended.
Dampening Decibel (dB)
Differential Driving
Drive Pulley End User
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2

Denition
High Torque Drive - a drive system that uses synchronous timing belts and related sprockets. A wave or cycle whose frequency is a whole-number multiple of that of another. Periodic motion whose frequency is a whole-number multiple of some fundamental frequency. A unit to quantify a specic amount of work done over time. One horsepower is the lifting of 33,000 lbs one foot in one minute. In other words:
Term
HTD Harmonic
Horsepower (HP)
1HP = 33,000 ft-lbs/minute = 550 ft-lbs/second = 745.699872 watts

Idle Pulley Moment A free turning pulley that presses against a drive belt to guide it or take up slack. Also known as an Idle Wheel. Moment refers to an applied force (work) that tends to cause an object to rotate about a pivot point. If the force is applied through the pivot point, the object will move and not rotate. Unlike Torque, whose units are lbs-ft (pounds-foot) or Nm (Newtonmeter in metric), moment is expressed in the opposite terms ft-lbs (foot-pounds) or mN (meterNewton in metric). Also see Torque. Used in this document in reference to a series of indents in a belt that match corresponding cogs on a pulley or sprocket in a synchronous drive system. Original Equipment Manufacture the company that actually designed, manufactured, and assembled the product, equipment or system. Power (P) is the rate (t) of doing work (W). P = W/t. A typical unit for power depends on the type of engineering being performed:
Electrical Mechanical = Watt (W or kW) and time is typically measured in seconds (s). = Horsepower (HP) and time is typically measured in minutes (m).
Notch OEM Power
Pulley
Pulley is a general term used to identify a rotary device used to change the direction of force transmitted in a rope, cable or belt. Also refer to Sheave, Drive Pulley, Idle Pulley or Sprocket In mechanical terms, also known as Factor of Safety. This is a multiplier applied to design calculations to compensate for uncertainty in the design process. It is the ratio between the strength of a component (S) compared to the minimum load or force (L) applied (value = S/L or as a ratio = S:L, in which case L is typically reduced to a value of 1). Pulley with grooved edge. Groove can be curve, V, or any other shape, but not at. Percentage of difference in rotation between that of the stator eld and the armature eld in a motor or generator. Slip is usually less than 0.1% of synchronous speed during normal operation. Toothed wheel used to drive chain. An idler sprocket is a free running toothed wheel used to change chain direction. OEM tests are used to determine the maximum rated capacity of a chain. It is the value at which the chain will break under load. Measured in Nm (Newton meter) or lbs-ft (pounds-foot), Torque is a measure of how rapidly a rotating body can be turned. To accomplish this rotation, a radial force (F) is applied over a radial distance (R) at, and normal to, the pivot point (P). The equation: T = FR. Also refer to Moment. Also see Work. For example: if a force (F) of 50 N is applied 300 mm (R) from the center of the pivot point (P), the resulting torque would be 15 Nm; or: 50 N x .3 m = 15 Nm.
Safety Factor
Sheave Slip
Sprocket Tensile Strength Torque (T)

P R F
Vibration
A rapid linear motion of a particle or of an elastic solid about an equilibrium position. A change of position that does not entail a change of location.
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Term
Watt (W) Work
Denition
The power that gives rise to the production of energy at the rate of one joule per second: 1 watt = 1 joule per second. Also refer to Power and Horsepower. The application of a force applied for a distance. For instance, moving a 100 pound block a distance of 2 feet is equivalent to 50 ft-lbs or 4.2 J (Joules in metric units). The Working Load (rated capacity) of conveyor chain is the estimated maximum safe operating load that a conveyor chain can handle under the operating conditions for the application. It is based on the rated Tensile Strength of the chain and operating conditions that include cleanliness, temperature, and lubrication. Refer to Eq. 1.
Working Load (LW)
REFERENCES
The following is a list of references used in to create this document. They are referred to by number, e.g. [3], in the text where applicable. 1] Reference manuals listed in Table 29 2] American Chain Association (americanchainassn.org) 3] Machine Design Magazine (MachineDesign.com) 4] RenoldJeffrey.com
NOTES
(This space reserved for user notes)
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Resource Guide Power Transmission 2

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Resource Guide Power Transmission 2

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Part 2: Mechanical Drive Systems

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

REID SUPPLY RESOURCE GUIDES

PURPOSE OF THIS RESOURCE GUIDE

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

RMA Rubber Manufacturers Association www.RMA.org

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

Acceptable Noise Levels

MECHANICAL DRIVE SYSTEMS

Table 2: Drive System Comparisons

Drive System Characteristic1

Backlash Design exibility Distance between components Efciency

Between gears Very Low Sum of gear radii

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

Bearings only Medium Low Quiet Small to Large

Bearings only Low High (decreases life) Quiet

Bearings only None (unless damaged) None Low

Can exceed 9,000 ft/min

2,000 to 3,000 ft/min 500 RPM or greater

More than twice that of chain drive without loss in efciency

2000F (1093C) (depends on material)

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

Drive System Characteristic1

Classical Heavy-Duty Narrow 3V, 5V, 8V

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

Checking Belt Tension

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

Synchronous Belt Tensioning Deection Force

Belt Cross Section

Smaller Pulley Diameter Range (in.)

Synchronous 14MM (14mm)

V-Ribbed Belt Tensioning Deection Force

Belt Cross Section

Small Sheave Diameter range

Force1 F Lbs. Per Rib

Storing and Handling Belts

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 NORMAL F CE WIDTH IN INCHES A 15 10 5 10 5 10 5 15

CONVENTIONAL BELT SHEAVES, # OF GROOVES Conventional Belt Sheaves, # of grooves

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

Lift or Transport Goods

Standard Typically gure eight design Low

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

Drive Chain Basics

Table 8: American vs. European Chain Standards

Figure 3: Basic Roller Chain Components

Figure 4: Roller Chain Link Identication

Bearing pin Bushing minus pin Bushing, Roller

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

B: Duplex and Triple Strand

NOTE: 1) Minimum dimensions to identify chain.

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

Axial breaking force/max working load

Passenger Lifts Transmission

Not Normally Used

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

B: Safety Factor Based on Temperature and Lubrication