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SEDIMENTARY ROCK
CHAPTER8
Manyoftherocklayers youcanseeinthis photographare composedof sedimentsthat accumulatedonthe seafloorinashallow ocean.Whatevidence wouldrevealtoa geologistthatarock formedinashallow marineenvironment?
WhyStudySedimentary Rocks?
Reflectphysicaland chemicalcharacteristics ofsourceenvironments. Containdirectand indirectevidenceoflife. Canbeinterpretedto recreateEarthhistory. Sourceoffossilfuels.
SedimentschangeastheyaretransportedacrossEarthssurface enroutetotheirEnvironmentofDeposition
ParticleSizeReflects EnvironmentalEnergy
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Clasticgrainscombinewithchemicalandbiogenicsediments
througheitherorganicorinorganicprecipitation.
ABRASION rounding,duetotransport
Dissolvedcompoundsaretransportedfromweatheringsites intoSedimentaryBasins.
SedimentsevolveinSedimentaryBasins.
Unstablegrains(olivine,pyroxene,calciumrich plagioclase,amphibole,andothers)becomeless abundant. Stablegrains(quartz,clays,muscovite,orthoclase) becomemoreabundant. b b d t Biogenicsedimentsaccumulate. Chemicalsedimentsmaybecomemoreabundant.
Lithification causedby
ThereAreEightMajorTypesofClastic SedimentaryRock.
Distinguishedby: Grainsizeand Lithology (compositionand textureofthe particlesand cementswithin them)
breccia
ClasticSedimentaryRocks(8) arkose
conglomerate
quartzsandstone
claystone
siltstone lithicsandstone
shale
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ThereAre7MajorTypesofChemical SedimentaryRock
rocksalt rockgypsum limestone
and4MajorTypesofBiogenicSedimentaryRock.
skeletallimestone chalk coal
SedimentaryRocksPreserveEvidenceofPast Environments
micrite chert
ContinentalEnvironmentsofdeposition
CoastalEnvironmentsofdeposition
MarineEnvironmentsofdeposition
PrimarySedimentaryStructuresRecord EnvironmentalProcesses
CrossBedding RippleMarks GradedBedding Stratification
MudCracks