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Outline of Presentation
SIL Determination
What is SIL Determination? Safety Integrity Levels Safety Lifecycle Risk Targets
Summary
It is the assignment of a Safety Integrity level (SIL) to the Safety Instrumented Function based on the necessary risk reduction to achieve a required risk target
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Safety Function
A Safety Function is a means of Managing Risk in relation to a specific hazardous event Definition: A function to be implemented by a
Safety Instrumented System (SIS) Other Technology safety related system or External Risk Reduction Facilities
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which is intended to achieve or maintain a safe state for the process, with respect to a specific hazardous event
IEC 61511-1 Clause 3.2.68
Safety Function
Initiating Event(s)
SIL 1 2 3
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Note (1) : This Definition of SIL is for Demand Mode of Operation Note (2) : Applies to whole safety function not to individual parts
IEC 61511-1, Clause 9.2.3 - Table 3
Lifecycle Approach
1
Clause 8 Clause 9
7 10
IEC 61511-1: Fig 8
Modification Decommissioning
9
11
Risk Targets
IEC 61511 applies to protection of people and environment Company/Site Risk Targets required for each type of risk
Overview of Methods
Methods for SIL Determination Safety Layer Matrix (IEC 61511-3 Annex C) Risk Graphs (IEC 61511-3 Annex D) Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA)
(IEC 61511-3 Annex F)
Protection Layers
EMERGENCY RESPONSE Physical Protection Relief Devices SAFETY INSTRUMENTED SYSTEMS Alarms & Operators Basic Process Control System PROCESS
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Likelihood (Frequency)
Low
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3 2 1
Medium
3+ 3 2
High
Serious
Minor
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You therefore need to fill in the matrix according to the risk criteria for your company/site.
Risk Graphs
Exposure (F)
Probability that the exposed area is occupied at the time of the hazardous event.
Avoidance (P)
The probability that exposed persons are able to avoid the hazardous situation which exists if the safety instrumented function fails on demand.
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Demand Rate
When considering the calibration of risk graphs, it is important to consider requirements relating to risk arising from both the owners expectations and Regulatory Authority requirements.
It is important that this process of calibration is agreed at a senior level within the organisation taking responsibility for safety. The decisions taken determine the overall safety achieved.
LOPA Essentials
Other Required Demand Technology Intermediate Initiating Risk Reduction Risk Event Cause Reduction Measures Reduction Frequency from SIF Measures
Failure of Flow Control Loop, leading to high pressure
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Vessel Loss of PFDavg = containment. Target / Intermediate Frequency = Event 0.2 x 0.1 x 0.01 Frequency = 1 x 10-5 / = 0.0002 /yr. 2 x 10-4 = 2 x 10-4/yr.
F = 0.2/yr. P = 0.1
P = 0.01
&
Problem Areas
A Cause 1
C Hazardous Event
Cause 2
Cause 3
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Safeguards
Dependency
Dependency is when two or more layers of protection are not independent
Multiple Layers can fail dangerous because either
(a) share items of equipment, or human contributions, or services (b) have items that can be affected by a common failure (common cause or common mode failures)
Common cause failure between safety layers, and Between safety layers and BPCS (61511-1 Clause 8.2.1)
Humans
Causing Demands on Protective Systems
Missing out steps in a process Failing to do manual tasks (e.g. manual valves left open) etc.
Ignoring Alarms or not responding in time Creating problems with Instrumented Protective Systems
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Leaving isolated, calibration errors, inadequate testing, defeating systems, maintenance errors
And hence imply that the design must achieve rigour for SIL 1 and the PFDavg stated.
Comparison of Methods
Safety Layer Matrix Initial Screening Detailed Analysis Multiple Causes with Different Protection Potential Dependency Output (SIL or PFDavg)
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Risk Graphs
LOPA
NR NR NR SIL NR 1
R R R PFDavg
All
Summary
Check that target criteria are available and calibrate tool to be used Appoint a suitable team to provide input for SIL Determination Carry out screening, using an appropriate method, to identify Unclassified and SIL 1 (identifying any dependency) Arrange more detailed consideration of SIL 2 and higher (using appropriate method) or where dependency is an issue. Consider whether the remaining risk is ALARP.
Contact Details
Dr Alan G King
ABB Eutech Process Solutions Pavilion 9, Belasis Hall Technology Park PO Box 99, Billingham Cleveland TS23 4YS Tel: +44 (0) 1642 372252 Fax: +44 (0) 1642 372111
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E-mail:
alan.g.king@gb.abb.com agking@iee.org
Further information
A Process Industry View of IEC 61508
http://www.iee.org/OnComms/sector/computing//Download.cfm?ID=D5C9A65D8376-4D5C-9D7F6A38199CC57B