Presented by:

abcdef Roll. No 2342

Guide:Mr.def

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Introduction Concept of Variable focus Philips Fluid Focus System Principle of Electrowetting Applications of fluid focus lenses Conclusion

INTRODUCTION
Camera phones hottest selling items in consumer electronics But, camera phones have poor quality images due to  imaging chips
 fixed focus lenses

INTRODUCTION.
Solution Fluid Focus Lens,modelled on human eye It varies focus by changing shape rather than by changing the relative positions of multiple lenses It can be made as small as fixed focus lens with the sharpness of variable focus lens

Concept of Variable Focus

Focusing- moving lens in and out till sharpest image is projected on film Fixed Focus Camera-constant focal length, to take objects at different positions the camera has to be moved. Variable Focus Camera-position of lens is shifted using motors and gears but to predetermined level. No constant focusing, system is bulky.

And here is the solution.

HISTORY
In 17th century, english scientist Stephen Gray, created microscope using water drop lens. Dia= 0.3mm,small hence curvature not influenced by gravity.Good images-smooth surface.Kept in holes drilled in a plate. Hole dia determines the curvature and hence magnification factor. 1940,Robert Graham-human like lens by changing amount of liquid between 2 flexible membranes. Not successful-1. liquid leaked, 2.due to elastic tension, lens shape uncontrollable, 3.effect of gravity In 1936, Froumkine, used electric field to change shape of water drops sitting on metal surface.-Electrowetting.

HISTORY..
First variable focus lens-Gorman,Harvard.Metal plate was replaced by transparent conducting plate. Problems due to improper centering of lens was encountered. Bruno Berge and Jerome Peseux , France, improved Gormans design by covering the transparent electrode with an insulating film, and adding a means for centering the drop. The solution to the centering problem combines electrowetting with Grays concept of centering the drop in a cylindrical holein this case, the glass cylinderand placing the electrode that creates the electric field around the inside of the cylinder, instead of on the ground plate.

STRUCTURE
Two immiscible fluids of different refractive index one an electrically conducting aqueous solution and the other an electrically nonconducting oil kept in a glass cylinder. Walls and one end cap coated with hydrophobic coating that causes the aqueous solution to form into a hemispherical mass at the opposite end of the tube and it acts as a spherically curved lens. The shape of the meniscus between the oil and water decides the focal length.

STRUCTURE..
Electrostatic forces used to change shape of drop of slightly salty water Glass cylinder- 3mm dia, 2.2mm length One end of cylinder faces image plane, other faces the subject being imaged.

Internal structure of fluid focus lens

Components & Functions

Water

Oil

: lens formation (repulsion from glass walls forms drops into lens shape.) : controls force of gravity, gives shape to
meniscus lens

Glass tube: water repellent coating, helps in shaping the Electrode : high voltage is applied to them. Insulator : separate electrode and aqueous solution.

WORKING
Based on surface tension. Glass walls attract water so liquid surface curves up, if there is grease then they get repelled and surface curves down and thus bowl shaped meniscus is obtained. Electric field applied on hydrophobic layer reduces hydrophobic natureelectrowetting- wets side walls surface tension reduces. As voltage increases, meniscus changes from convex to concave. No voltage- convex. It's demonstrated below.

WORKING..
Refractive index of oil > water, so parallel light rays spread out.

WORKING..
Voltage on the electrode attracts water molecules toward the cylinders surface, making it lessrepellent-the water surface becomes concave. Parallel light rays passing through the meniscus converge at the focal point

WORKING..
Centre of the meniscus is partially flat due to gravityalmost spherical. Effect of gravity is cancelled by making the drop very small and covering it with oil. Also, oil has same density as water. Its a mixture of silicone oils(phenylmethylsiloxane)

ELECTROWETTING
In electro wetting, one is generically dealing with droplets of partially wetting liquids on planar solid substrates . Electrowetting phenomenon, deals with the dependence of the contact angle of an aqueous solution on a surface on the application of voltage. Deals with droplets of partially wetting liquids(aq soln 1mm dia). Bond no. is less than unity (measures the strength of gravity with respect to the surface tension ).So neglect gravity and consider only surface tension.

Fluid focus system- A few more points

Strength- in diopters, proportional to inverse of radius of curvature. Range is 150 diopters(3mm).If it were same size as human eye(9mm)- 12 times optical power of human lens. In human eye, main optical power comes from cornea,40 diopters. Human lens is 9mm wide, 4mm thick, power between +20 & +24 diopters.

FEW MORE POINTS

Driving Fluid Focus Lens: Energy to drive it is generated by charging capacitor formed by wall
electrode and water. Charging this 100pF capacitor requires less than a micro joule-hence low power demands. 50 V needed for operation dc to dc convertor to raise battery voltage.

FEW MORE POINTS

Liquid lens and human eye
The cornea is the transparent dome that covers the front of the eye and serves as its outer window. Next comes the iris, the colored part of the eye, which forms the variable aperture of the systemthat is, the pupil, which opens or closes to admit more or less light. Behind the iris is the deformable lens, the part of the eye that is analogous to liquid lens, which focuses the light on the curved retina at the back of the eyeball.

Liquid lens and human eye

The human eye focuses on objects at different distances by contracting and expanding muscles attached to the lens. The muscles change the shape of the lens and alter its focal length. FluidFocus lens, on the other hand, uses electrostatic forces to alter the shape of a drop of slightly salty water inside a glass cylinder 3 millimeters in diameter and 2.2 mm long. One end of the cylinder points toward the image plane; the other is directed at the subject being imaged

FEW MORE POINTS. 4. Advantages:

Its small size is very advatageous. Also due to small size- electrostatic forces between the wall and the liquid is stronger. Lens is very fast. It can refocus in 10ms compared to human eye which refocuses in 200ms.

Advantages.
3mm in diameter by 2.2mm in length, hence its easy to incorporate into miniature optical pathways. The focal range extends from 5cm to infinity ,extremely fast : switching over the full focal range is obtained in less than 10ms. Controlled by a dc voltage and a capacitive load, the lens consumes virtually zero power, hence useful for battery powered applications. The durability of the lens is very high, Philips having already tested the lens with over 1 million focusing operations without loss of optical performance. Shock resistant since the liquids are density matched, they are not susceptible to strong impulsive forces. construction is compatible with highvolume manufacturing techniques.

Applications:
Useful in small cameras and mobile cameras. y webcams, hidden security cameras, DVD recorders and endoscopes. y With extensive bioengineering, its even possible to imagine these lenses being a key component of a future implantable artificial eye y Here is a schematic of the camera made by Philips. 5.5mm high, 4mm across in front of the plastic lens is the liquid lens. Oil side of the lens is sealed by glass plate and faces the imager. truncated glass sphere on a flexible membrane seals the other endmakes focal length independent of the wavelength.

LIMITATIONS
the lens needs about 50V to operate, it needs a dc-to-dc converter to raise the battery voltage. A camera should operate between -30C and +70C and survive temperatures from -40C to +85C. in particular the low temperatures present may cause freezing problem for water. This is maintained by adding large quantities of salt (eg. Lithium chloride) or antifreeze (e.g ethylene glycol).

Switch-a-Vision: Electric spectacles

To make eyeglass lenses that change focus electrically, the researchers created sandwiches of glass sheets separated by a fluid layer 5 micrometers thick. The filling consists of a transparent substance, a type of liquid crystal, that's made up of rod-shaped molecules suspended in a liquid . In response to voltages applied to those electrodes, the liquid-crystal rods rotate into new orientations, Guoqiang Li of the University of Arizona . The rod orientation determines the speed at which light passes through the liquid-crystal layer.

Fluid pressure lenses

Physicists at the Institute of

Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) in Singapore. have demonstrated a

new type of tunable liquid lens whose focus can be changed simply by varying the pressure on it. The lens is formed from the curved interface between a liquid and air at the exit of a small aperture

CONCLUSION
It has applications is military and commercial field. Major application can be in mobile phones . Perhaps future scope would be to replace malfunctioning human eye. A lens that can be titlted and focussed can be used in video cameras and binoculars

Thanking you all for your keen listening all this while. abcdefg