I.

Experiment Title

: Factors Influence the Rate of Reaction : Monday, October 24, 2011

II. Date of Experiment

III. Experiments completed : Monday, October 24, 2011 IV. Experiment Objectives : Examine the factors that influence reaction rates namely the concentration of reactants, surface area touches, temperature and catalyst. V. Basic Theory :

The rate of reaction is the reduction in the amount of reagent for each unit of time or increasing the number of results for each time unit. Constant reaction time can be seconds, minutes, hours, days or year. Rate also expressed as a ratio of the concentration versus time In the reaction: A (reactant) B (Products)

The rate of reaction is defined as: The reduced concentration of A (reactant) per unit time Increased concentrations of B (product) per unit time

Formulated:
V [ A](reac tan) t

[ B]( product) t
PerubahanK onsentrasi mol / liter Waktu s

The rate of reaction =

For the equation: pA + QB + mC nD

V = k [A] x [B] y

Description: V = rate of reaction K = reaction rate constant [] = Concentration of substance X = the order / level of reaction with respect to A Y = the order / level of reaction to the B x + y = order / level of the overall reaction.

Chemical reaction rate is influenced by the surface area of the touch area, concentration, temperature, and catalyst. Chemical reactions can take place sooner or later. Chemical reactions take place very rapidly, for example an instant explosive reaction. In materials, explosives can destroy buildings that previously stood with it strong. Meanwhile, chemical reaction occurs very slowly, for example the reaction of iron metal rust. The chemical reaction is a process of changing one substance into another (new substances), to declare how quickly the use of a chemical reaction in the reaction rate term. Branch of chemistry devoted to learning about the rate of reaction is called chemical kinetics. Molarities Molarities is the number of moles of solute per unit volume of solvent. Conjunction with the rate of reaction is that the larger the molarities of a substance, the faster the reaction takes place. Thus at a low molarities of a reaction will run slower than a high molarities. a) Dilution of the solution Concentrated solution (has a large molarities) may be diluted by increasing the volume of solvent, so that it will obtain a more dilute solution (small molarities). At the dilution formula applies: M1 V1 = M2 V2 V1 = volume before dilution M1 = molarities before dilution V2 = volume after dilution M2 = Molarities after dilution where:

V1 M1 : the volume and concentration of the solution from M2 V2 : volume and concentration of dilution Volume of solvent is added = V2 - V1 On dilution occurs only added volume, the amount of solute was fixed, then M2 <M1

b) Mixing Mixing a solution of a kind with different concentrations produce a new concentration, with the formula:

V V ...n M MV M 1 n M1 22 campuran V n V V 1 2...

The rate law A mathematical statement that links the rate of reaction rate constants and reactant concentrations number. Constant rank k for the reaction rate is affected only by temperature. One way to assess the effect of reactant concentration on the rate of reaction is to determine how the initial rate of joining in the initial concentration. In general, the preferred is because when measuring the initial rate of reaction, the reactant concentration decreases and it will be difficult to measure accurately the changes. In addition, the possible backlash such as : Product reactant The reaction rate equation For the chemical reaction

relationships between reaction rate with molarities is with: V = rate of reaction k = reaction rate constant m = Order of reaction of substance A n = Order of reaction of substance B Order of reaction substance A and substance B can only be determined through experiments. Factor - factor Affecting Rate of Reaction The concentration of reagent Because the reaction rate equation is defined in the form concentration with increasing concentrations of the reactants then it also speeds up the react. It means concentration affects the reaction rate, because of the many particles allows more collisions, and the more collisions that produce effective change. The surface area of the touch area

Touch the surface area has a very important role in the reaction rate, because the greater the surface area of the touch area between particles, then the collision that occurred more and more, resulting in faster reaction rates. Likewise, if the smaller the surface area of the touch area, the smaller the inter-particle collisions that occur, so the reaction rate was smaller. Characteristics of the treated pieces were also influential, namely the more delicate pieces, then the less time it takes to react, while the coarse pieces, then the longer it takes to react. Temperature Temperature also played a role in influencing the reaction rate. If the temperature in a reaction that happen is raised, it causes the particles to move more actively, so that the collisions which occur more frequently, causing the reaction rate increases. Conversely, if the temperature is lowered, the particles grew more active, so the smaller the reaction rate. Catalysts Catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of chemical reactions without being used up. The catalyst can react to form intermediates, but you would get back stage the next reaction. There are three common types of catalysis depends on the type of substances that increase its speed: catalyst heterogen, homogeneous catalysis, enzyme catalysis. a. Heterogeneous catalysis, the reactants and catalyst of phase. Usually in the form of solid catalyst and gaseous or liquid reactants. Heterogeneous catalysis is by far the most important type of catalysis in the chemical industry, especially in the synthesis of a variety of important chemicals. b. Homogeneous catalysis, the reactants and the catalyst is dispersed in one phase, usually liquid phase. Acid and base catalysis is the kind of homogeneous catalysis of the most important in liquid solution. For example, reaction of ethyl acetate with water which produces acetic acid and ethanol usually takes place very slowly so that progress is difficult to measure. c. Enzyme catalysis, catalysis is a highly efficient, has a key role in all living systems.

VI. Way of Experiment 1. Influence of concentration in reaction rate 5 ml Na2S2O3 - added 5 ml HCl 3 M - shaked until homogen - switch on the stopwatch when HCl is added - switch off the stopwatch when the mixture became turbid - written the reaction Yellow precipitation 5 ml Na2S2O3 - added 10 ml water - added 5 ml HCl 3 M - shaked until homogen - switch on the stopwatch when HCl is added - switch off the stopwatch when the mixture became turbid Yellow precipitation 5 ml Na2S2O3 - added 15 ml water - added 5 ml HCl 3 M - shaked until homogen - switch on the stopwatch when HCl is added - switch off the stopwatch when the mixture became turbid Yellow precipitation 5 ml Na2S2O3 - added 25 ml water - added 5 ml HCl 3 M - shaked until homogen - switch on the stopwatch when HCl is added - switch off the stopwatch when the mixture became turbid Yellow precipitation

2. Influence of Surface Area on Reaction Rate Marble grains - put the marble grain to ballon - paired with erlenmeyer that contains 10 ml HCl 1M - count the time with stopwatch when ballon contains CO2 Ballon is inflated Marble powder - put the marble powder to ballon - paired with erlenmeyer that contains 10 ml HCl 1M - count the time with stopwatch when ballon contains CO2 Ballon is inflated 3. Influence of temperature in reaction rate 10 drops of H2C2O4 - mix with water 5 ml Solution A 2 drops os solution A added 2 drops of H2SO4 0,5 M count the temperature

10 drops of KMnO4 - mix with water 5 ml Solution B

Test tube 1 added 1 drops solution B

Test tube 2 - Heat until 35 - added 1 drops solution B

Test tube 3 - Heat until 40 - added 1 drops solution B

Test tube 4 - Heat until 45 - added 1 drops solution B

Test tube 5 - Heat until 50 - added 1 drops solution B

Count the temperature until the colour dissapear time

4.

Influence of catalyst on reaction rate 10 drops of KMnO4 added water until volume is 10 ml

solution KMnO4

1 drops of KMnO4 solution Added with 2 drops of H2C2O4 Added 2 drops of H2SO4 Count the time until the colour of KmnO4 is dissapear time

1 drops of KMnO4 solution Added with 2 drops of H2C2O4 Added 2 drops of H2SO4 Added 1 drops MnSO4 Count the time until the colour of KmnO4 is dissapear time

VII. Result of Experiment Experiment 1. Influence of concentration in reaction rate 5 ml Na2S2O3 - added 5 ml HCl 3 M - shaked until homogen - switch on the stopwatch when HCl is added - switch off the stopwatch when the mixture became turbid - written the reaction Yellow precipitation 5 ml Na2S2O3 - added 10 ml water - added 5 ml HCl 3 M - shaked until homogen - switch on the stopwatch when HCl is added - switch off the stopwatch when the mixture became turbid Yellow precipitation Result T1 = 06,26 s T2 = 14,29 s T3 = 18,00 s T4 = 22,23 s Hypothesis Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l) Conclusion The greatest rate

reaction

was happened in test tube A because the

concentration is higher.

5 ml Na2S2O3 - added 15 ml water - added 5 ml HCl 3 M - shaked until homogen - switch on the stopwatch when HCl is added - switch off the stopwatch when the mixture became turbid Yellow precipitation 5 ml Na2S2O3 - added 25 ml water - added 5 ml HCl 3 M - shaked until homogen - switch on the stopwatch when HCl is added - switch off the stopwatch when the mixture became turbid Yellow precipitation 2. Influence of Surface Area on Reaction Rate Marble grains - put the marble grain to ballon - paired with erlenmeyer that contains 10 ml HCl 1M - count the time with stopwatch when ballon contains CO2 Ballon is inflated T1 = 5 minute 19 second T2 = 1 minute 0 second CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl3(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g). The greatest rate

reaction

was happened in test tube 2

Marble powder - put the marble powder to ballon - paired with erlenmeyer that contains 10 ml HCl 1M - count the time with stopwatch when ballon contains CO2 Ballon is inflated 3. Influence of temperature in reaction rate 10 drops of H2C2O4 - mix with water 5 ml Solution A 2 drops os solution A added 2 drops of H2SO4 0,5 M count the temperature 10 drops of KMnO4 - mix with water 5 ml Solution B T1 = 4,3 s T2 = 3,0 s T3 = 2,5 s T4 = 1,2 s T5 = 0,9 s 2KMnO4(aq) + 5H2C2O4(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) 2MnSO4(aq) + 10CO2(g) + K2SO4 + 8H2O(l) The greatest rate

reaction

was happened in test tube 5

Test tube 1 added 1 drops solution B

Test tube 2 - Heat until 35

Test tube 3 - Heat until 40

Test tube 4 - Heat until 45

Test tube 5 - Heat until 50 - added 1 drops solution B

- added 1 - added 1 - added 1 drops drops drops solution B solution B solution B Count the temperature until the colour dissapear time

4.

Influence of catalyst on reaction rate 10 drops of KMnO4 added water until volume is 10 ml

T1 = 3,63 2KMnO4(aq) + 5H2C2O4(aq) + s 3H2SO4(aq) 2MnSO4aq) T2 = 2,3 s + 10CO2(g) + K2SO4 + 8H2O(l)

The

greatest rate

reaction

was happened in test tube 2

solution KMnO4 1 drops of KMnO4 solution Added with 2 drops of H2C2O4 Added 2 drops of H2SO4 Count the time until the colour of KmnO4 is dissapear time

1 drops of KMnO4 solution Added with 2 drops of H2C2O4 Added 2 drops of H2SO4 Added 1 drops MnSO4 Count the time until the colour of KmnO4 is dissapear time

VIII.

Data Analysis

1. Influence of concentration in reaction rate Diketahui:[HCl]=3M [Na2S2O3]=1M V HCl = 5 ml V Na2S2O3=5ml - [ Na2S2O3]= 1M, karena tidak diencerkan. Jadi yang dipakai adalah konsentrasi Na2S2O3 pekat. - Na2S2O3 diencerkan dengan air 10 ml. M1= konsentrasi Na2S2O3 sebelum diencerkan= 1M V1 = volume Na2S2O3 sebelum diencerkan = 5 ml M2 = konsentrasi Na2S2O3 sesudah diencerkan= ? V2 = volume Na2S2O3 sesudah diencerkan = 5 ml+ 10 ml= 15 ml M1V1=M2V2 (1)(5)=M2 (15) M2= = =0,3 M

- Na2S2O3 diencerkan dengan air 15 ml. V3= 5 ml + 15 ml= 20 ml M1V1=M3V3 (1)(5)= M3 (20) M3= = =0,25 M

- Na2S2O3 diencerkan dengan air 25 ml V4= 5 ml + 25 ml= 30 ml M1V1=M4V4 (1)(5)= M4 (30) M4= Gelas = = 0,16m M Waktu larutan keruh (t) A B C D 6,7 detik 15,3 detik 17,6 detik 29,8 detik 0,14 0,06 0,05 0,03

2. Influence of Surface Area on Reaction Rate Marmer Waktu yang diperlukan saat balon berdiri tegak Bongkahan Serbuk 12 menit 10 detik 5 detik

3. Influence of temperature on reaction rate Suhu ( 0C) Waktu yang diperlukan saat warna hilang 34 ( suhu awal) 35 40 45 50 12 detik 5 detik 4 detik 3 detik 0,08 0,20 0,25 0,30 5 detik 0,20

1. Influence od catalyst on reaction rate Tetes Waktu dengan katalis 1 2 3 4 5 5 detik 6 detik 7 detik 9 detik 12 detik 0,2 detik 0,16 detik 0,14 detik 0,11 detik 0,08 detik11

Tetes

Waktu tanpa katalis

1 2 3 4 5

6 detik 9 detik 17 detik 20 detik 22 detik

0,16 detik 0,11 detik 0,06 detik 0,05 detik 0,04 detik

IX. Discussion In the first experiment, we loaded into a glass NaS2O3 1M A, B, C and D each 5 ml. For glass B, C, D are added successively water 10 ml, 15 ml, 25 ml. After that we stir until well blended. Then we add 5 ml of 3M HCl in each cup. In glass A, at first not colored. However, when added HCl turbidity occurs at 6.7 seconds. While the glasses B, C and D occur in consecutive turbidity seconds to 15.3, 17.6, and 29.8. Reactions that occur in the first experiment is as follows:

Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + S (s) + SO2 (g) + H2O (l)

To calculate the concentration of Na2S2O3 in glass A, remain. Since no dilution occurs. While the glasses B, C and D occur dilution. So the concentration change. To calculate it we use the formula moles before dilution with moles after dilution. Which means the concentrations of Na2S2O3 prior to its volume multiplied by the same reaction with Na2S2O3 after a reaction is multiplied by the total volume (water volume plus the volume of Na2S2O3). The graph that we created in the first experiment is a graph of the concentration of Na2S2O3 with 1 / t. 1 / t indicates that the reaction rate is inversely proportional to time. The color of the solution before HCl is given not colored. Meanwhile, after a given HCl, the solution becomes yellow. But the yellow color is different, from glass A to glass D, increased yellow color faded. In the second experiment, we first take the marble. Most directly inserted into the balloon and some mashed first and then inserted into the balloon. In our erlenmeyer flask put 10 ml of 1M HCl. Then we attach a balloon to squash it. The time needed to stand tall balloon is 12

minutes

10

seconds.

Reaction

in

the

second

experiment

were

as

follows:

CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl3 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g). As for the polished marble takes 5 seconds for the balloon to stand upright. The balloon can stand tall because CO2 gas filled. Carbon dioxide (CO2) entering / fill the balloon is the result of reaction of marble with HCl. For the color of the solution before it reacts not colored. While at the time of the reaction, the solution is slightly turbid. This is due to the mixing of marble in HCl. And the latter after the reaction is complete, the color of the solution returned to its initial state that is not colored. That's because marble which cause discoloration of the time to react, react gone. In the third experiment, we observed about the effect of temperature on reaction rate. For the initial step we dilute 10 drops of oxalic acid with water and we called with a solution of A. After that we put 2 drops of solution A and 2 drops of 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution in a test tube. Then we note that the temperature of 340C. And last one added 1 drop of potassium permanganate solution as we turn on the stopwatch when the last drop added. We measure the time until the color of the solution disappeared. For the next step the same as the initial step, but before we add potassium permanganate, we heat the solution is first mixed 2 drops of solution A and 2 drops of 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution to a temperature of 350C, 400C, 450C and 500C. To heat the first step is heating to a temperature 500C until then we lower the temperature to 450C in a row, 400C, and 350C then recorded until the color disappears Potassium Permanganate. At the initial temperature of 340C, the time required for the color of the solution disappears is 5 seconds while the temperature of 350C, 400C, 450C, 500C, respectively, 12 seconds, 5 seconds, 4 seconds and 3 seconds. At a temperature of 340C at the same time when the temperature is 400C. That's because maybe the addition of Potassium Permanganate on the initial temperature is too much. Reactions that occur in this third experiment are as follows:

2KMnO4 (aq) + 5H2C2O4 (aq) + 3H2SO4 (aq) 2MnSO4 (aq) + 10CO2 (g) + K2SO4 + 8H2O (l)

In the fourth experiment, first we take 10 drops KMnO4. Then we put two drops of Oxalic Acid, Sulfuric Acid 2 drops, 1 drop of KMnO4 solution in a test tube. After that we turn on the stopwatch when the last addition and KMnO4 was stopped when the color is lost, then we record the time. Then we continue adding drops of a solution of KMnO4 until the color disappeared immediately. In the first drops of the time required for the color of the solution

disappears is 6 seconds. As for the droplets second, third, fourth and fifth in a row that is 9 seconds, 17 seconds, 20 seconds, and 22 seconds.

For the second step is actually the same as the initial step, it's just that when put 2 drops of Oxalic Acid, Sulfuric Acid 2 drops, 1 drop of KMnO4 solution coupled with manganese (II) sulfate. Manganese (II) sulfate acts as a catalyst here. In the first drops of the time required for the color of the solution disappears is 5 seconds. As for the droplets second, third, fourth and fifth in a row that is 6 seconds, 7 seconds, 9 seconds, and 12 seconds. Reactions that occur in the fourth experiment are as follows:

2KMnO4 (aq) + 5H2C2O4 (aq) + 3H2SO4 (aq) 2MnSO4 (aq) + 10CO2 (g) + K2SO4 + 8H2O (l)

Although the reaction is the catalyst itself, but drops the longer growing time. This is because the possible addition of Oxalic Acid is too much or it could be in a reaction tube contained water.

X. Conclusion In experiment 1 : The greater the concentration the faster time. Meanwhile, the smaller the concentration of the solution then the longer time. And the more concentrated solution, the greater the concentration of the solution. Solution color fades with reduced concentration.

In experiment 2 : The more surface area touching (in powder) then the faster time. While on a very long chunks of time.

In experiment 3 : The higher the temperature the faster solution time

In experiment 4 : Addition of a catalyst to accelerate the time

Answer Questions: question: 1. Write all the equations that occur in the experiment above! 2. Write the rate equation for the reaction of order one and two if the concentration of each substance is different and if the two substances have the same concentration. 3. What gases are formed in the experiments the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. Writte the equation! 4. Is the function of the addition of sulfuric acid in the reaction between oxalic acid with potassium permanganate? 5. Explain why the experiment the effect of temperature on reaction rate does not appear the color of KMnO4 solution as we get the time?

answer: 1. The reaction between sodium tiosulphate and hydrochloric acid Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + S (s) + SO2 (g) + H2O (l)

The reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl3 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

The reaction between potassium permanganate and oxalic acid 2KMnO4 (aq) + 5H2C2O4 (aq) + 3H2SO4 (aq) 2MnSO4 (aq) + 10CO2 (g) + K2SO4 + 8H2O (l)

Reaction due to the influence of catalyst 2KMnO4 (aq) + 5H2C2O4 (aq) + 3H2SO4 (aq) 2MnSO4 (aq) + 10CO2 (g) + K2SO4 + 8H2O (l)

2. Reaction rate equation of order one: V = k [Na2S2O3] [HCl]

Reaction rate equation of order two V = k [Na2S2O3] 2 [HCl] 2

3. Reaction: CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl3 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g). The gas formed is CO2 (carbon dioxide). The gas is what causes the balloon to stand upright. 4. Sulfuric acid serves to maintain the color of the oxalic acid itself. 5. In accordance with the reaction: 2KMnO4 (aq) + 5H2C2O4 (aq) + 3H2SO4 (aq) 2MnSO4 (aq) + 10CO2 (g) + K2SO4 + 8H2O (l) Because if KMnO4 reacted with oxalic acid (H2C2O4), then the oxalic acid is affecting the color of the solution.