Shown in figure 9.10.

for sodium 2Na(s) +2H2O (l) 2NaOH(aq)+H2(g)

The violence of this reaction increases going down the group.potassium, for example, reacts explosively with water. The group 11A elements, which have slightly large ionzation energies than the elements in group 1A, react less vigorously. Calcium and the elements below it react with water.although not as quickly as the alkali metals . Ca(s)+2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

Magnesium doesnt react with water because of an oxide coating on its surface, and beryllium is less reactive than magnessium. Most of the transition metals in period 4 react with dilute acid such as HCl or H2SO4 in much the same way as iron Mn (s) +2HCl(aq) Zn (s) +2HCl(ag) MnCl2(ag) +H2(g) ZnCl2 (aq) +H2(g)

An exception is copper metals that are resistant to attack by acid such as HCl are copper, silver,and mercury. Hydrogen ion is simply not a strong enough oxidizing agent to react with them.they require,in addition to H+,, an oxidizing anion such as nitrate ion thes metals willdissolve in HNO3. The products depend to adegree, on how concentrated the acid is. 3Cu + 2NO3- + 8H+ 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O ( Dilute HNO3)

The least reactive metals are those in the lower center partion of the block of transtion elements. Here we find platinum,iridium, and gold ,metls so unreactive than they are not even attacked by concentrated nitric acid. they do disegia qua rsolve slowly. However in amixture of concentrated HCl and HNO3 called aqua regia. (alchemist, using latin, named this mixture royal water because it alone attacked gold a noble metals) OXIDATION STATES OF METALS It is not difficult to corelate the oxidation states of metals with their locations in the periodic table. This is because the oxidation states found for individual metals depend on their electron configurations. Consider, for example, the representative metals: those in the A-Group.notice that the group IA and IIA metals form ions whose charges correspond to the loss of the outer s electrons from the atoms. The metals of each of these groups show only one oxidation state. In group IIIA, IVA, and VA we find two oxidation states, especially for the members at the bottom of the groups. The lower oxidation state in each case corresponds to the loss of only the p electrons from the vas eelence shell; the higher state results from the loss of both the s and p electrons. As we go down a given group of representative metals, the lower oxidation states become progressively more stable. In group IIIA , for the example, only the 3+ state is found for alumunium. At the bottom of the group, however, the 1+ state of thallium is much more stable than the 3+ state. Apparently, as we go down a group, the energy needed to remove th additional two s electrons is less well compensated by the energy released on forming two additional bonds. The transition metals characteristically have multiple oxidation states. One of the most common is 2+. Recall that these elements have a partially filled d subshell just below the next higher filled s subshell (although we saw that there are some exceptions). When electrons are removed from an atom, the first to go always come from the shell with highest principal quantum number. This means that these outer s electrons are lost first. Iron, for example, has the configuration

Fe [Ar] 3d6 4s2 Removal of the 4s electrons gives the Fe2+ ion with the configuration Fe2+ [Ar] 3d6 We will discuss the oxidation states of the transition elements and their relative stabilities in greater detail in Chapter 21.

TRENDS IN METALLIC BEHAVIOR So far we have looked at a number of physical and chemical properties normally associated with metals. But not all metals are equally metallic, especially in their chemical properties. For example, we commonly think of compounds formed from a metal and a halogen, such as chlorine or bromine, as being ionic. Beryllium chloride, however, does not fit this mold. When melted, BeCl2 is a poor conductor of electricity, which suggest that molecules are present instead of ions. Similarly, alumunium forms molecular species such as Al2Cl6 and Al2Br6 in which the atoms are held together by covalent rather than ionic bonds. Within the periodic table there are clear trends in the tendency of atoms to form covalent bonds. In Chapter 4 we learned that ionic bonds are preferred