Security Systems

_________________________________________________________________Training

Department

Networking Essentials and Basic Concepts

LAN/ WAN

Prerequisite reading for BVIP Installation Training.

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Objectives Prior to attending class you should have a firm understanding of the following topics: Understand and identify classfull IP addresses Understand private IP addressing Identify the 7 layer OSI Model Understand at what layer devices work Understand methods of delivery TCP/UDP Understand Ports Understand Multicasting

What is an IP Address? An IP Address is an Identifier for a computer or device on a TCP/IP network. Networks using the TCP/IP protocol route messages based on the IP address of the destination. The format of an IP address is a 32-bit binary address written in dotted decimal format. Every eight bits is separated by a dot, these are called Octets. Each number can be zero to 255. For example, 10.10.10.254 could be an IP address. 128 1 Each Combination of Eight Bits (in an Octet) can be Converted to a Decimal Number Each Bit Position has a Decimal Value Assigned to It 64 1 32 0 16 1 8 4 1 0 2 1 1 1 -- Place values -- Bits

128 + 64 +

0+ 16 + 8 + 0+ 2 + 1 = 219

192.168.0.219 Since computers communicate in binary form, a complete 32-bit IP address would look like this:

11011000.00011011.00111101.10001001

or is it easier to remember this

216.27.61.137

Identifying Primary Address Classes

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In order to provide the flexibility required to support different size networks, the designers of the internet decided that the IP address space should be divided into three different address classes - Class A, Class B, and Class C. This is often referred to as "classfull" addressing because the address space is split into three predefined classes, groupings, or Categories. Each class fixes the boundary between the networkprefix and the host-number at a different point within the 32-bit address. Table 1: Dotted-Decimal Ranges for Each Address Class Address Class Dotted-Decimal Notation Ranges Class A: Class A addresses are used for large networks. Their addresses start with 1-126 in the first octet (50.10.10.100). There are 126 networks within the class A address range. Each contains 17 million IP addresses giving a total of about 2 billion addresses. Class B: Class B addresses are used for medium sized networks. Their addresses begin with 128-191 (160.50.50.3). There are 16000 Class B networks each with 65000 addresses giving a total of about 1 billion addresses. Class C: Class C addresses are used for small networks. Their addresses begin with 192-223 (220.100.100.3). The first three bytes specify the network and the last byte specifies the computers in the network. There are 254 hosts on each Class C. Class D is used for multicasting technologies 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. 127.0.0.1 is reserved for loopback Address Allocation for Private Internets The number of unassigned Internet addresses is running out so the RFC 1918 requests that organizations make use of the private Internet address space for hosts that require IP connectivity within their enterprise network, but do not require external connections to the global Internet. For this purpose, the IANA has reserved the following three address blocks for private internets (Non Routable Addresses): 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (10/8 prefix) 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 (172.16/12 prefix) 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (192.168/16 prefix) SUBNETS: Subnetting an IP network allows you to break down what appears (logically) to be a single large network into smaller ones. It also reduces network overhead, by dividing the parts which receive IP broadcasts.

Static Addressing: With static addressing, each user is assigned one IP address that is used every time the user connects to the Internet. Static addressing is the opposite of dynamic addressing. You physically type in the address you want the device to use:

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DHCP: Short for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, a protocol for assigning dynamic IP addresses to devices on a network. With dynamic addressing, a device receives its address from a DHCP Server. Addresses can change with every boot or can be reserved based on the devices MAC address, this is called a lease.

COMMAND Prompt: What is your Address? There are several ways to find the IP address of the PC or device you are working on. We will use the Command Prompt in this document.

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To open the Command Prompt, select your start button and the RUN option:

This will open your Run prompt. This can also be accessed by pushing the Microsoft flag + R on your keyboard. Once open, type: CMD

Then click OK, this will open your Command Prompt

Now to find your address type ipconfig/all

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Ipconfig: This diagnostic command displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values. This command is of particular use on systems running DHCP allowing users to determine which TCP/IP configuration values have been configured by DHCP. ipconfig /all /renew /release/

The data you can find here is invaluable when troubleshooting. You can find not only your IP Address, but you also find your MAC Address, Default Gateway, and DNS information. PING From this screen you can also troubleshoot your network and check communications of devices on your network by using the Ping Command. Ping: Verifies connections to a remote computer or computers. This command is available only if the TCP/IP protocol has been installed. ping [-t] [-a] [-n count] [-l length] [-f] [-i ttl] [-v tos] [-r count] [-s count] [[-j computer-list] | [-k computer-list]] [-w Type Ping at the command prompt followed by the desired address you want to connectivity to and then hit enter. (In this example we will use the loopback address of 127.0.0.1)

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Your output should look like the following:

If the device you are trying to ping is turned off, disconnected, or on a different network or network segment (subnet), your output will look like this:

Unicast vs. Broadcast : Unicast is the term used to describe communication where a piece of information is sent from one point to another point. In this case there is just one sender, and one receiver. Broadcast is the term used to describe communication where a piece of information is sent from one point to all other points. In this case there is just one sender, but the information is sent to all connected receivers.

The 7 Layers of the OSI Model The OSI, or Open System Interconnection, model defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in seven layers. Control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer in one station, proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy.

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The portions of the OSI layer that relate to you, and BVIP, directly as installers and integrators are the bottom four layers, or layers 1,2,3,and 4. We will cover these from the bottom up, and how they relate to Video over IP.

Physical (Layer 1): This layer conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal -- through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols with physical layer components. Hubs work at the Physical layer, true since hubs are broadcast devices, and they should not be used for Video over IP implementations

Data Link (Layer 2): At this layer, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sub-layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The MAC sub-layer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking. Switches work at the Data Link Layer and create virtual circuits between devices, which allow for UNICAST!

Network (Layer 3): This layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing. ROUTERS work at the Network Layer, and the IP portion of TCP/IP lives here. By Definition, Layer 3 is where Multicast Lives!

Transport (Layer 4): This layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer. Breaks data into easily handled packet sizes,

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it also provides identification and addressing that allows a message to find its way from one node to another. TCP and UDP live here, as well as PORTS!

TCP: Transmission Control Protocol, TCP guarantees delivery of data and also guarantees that packets will be delivered in the same order in which they were sent. This is done by acknowledgments, which are considered unwanted overhead when dealing with Video over IP. UDP: User Datagram Protocol, UDP does not provide the reliability and ordering guarantees that TCP does; datagrams may arrive out of order or go missing without notice. However, as a result, UDP is faster and more efficient for many lightweight or time-sensitive purposes. Since there are no acknowledgements there is little or no overhead.

Reliable Connection Type Protocol Sequencing Uses Connection-oriented TCP Yes Email File Sharing Downloading

Best Effort Connectionless UDP No Voice Streaming Video Streaming

Device Review: Hubs and switches allow the physical media of network interfaces to connect. Hubs broadcast the IP packets to all hosts connected to it Switches create a path between the sender and receiver with the unicast delivery of packets Common PORTS: In Between the Transport layer and the Session Layer there are what is called Ports. Different Services/ Protocols use different ports and you are probably familiar with some of the common ones. 20 FTP data (File Transfer Protocol) 21 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) 22 SSH (Secure Shell) 23 Telnet 25 SMTP (Send Mail Transfer Protocol) 53 DNS (Domain Name Service) 68 DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol)

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79 Finger 80 HTTP (Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol) 110 POP3 (Post ) Common or Well-known ports are assigned by the IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), and range from 1023 and below. Registered Ports are listed by the IANA and have a range from 1024 to 49151. These are used for different proprietary applications. Dynamically Assigned Ports are ports ranging from 49152 to 65535, and these are assigned dynamically for the duration of a session.

Typically Firewalls will block specific ports and or content to keep you safe. Routers can also act as port blockers when configured correctly. Be familiar with the concept of Ports as it will apply to Video over IP in Class.

Multicasting: Multicast is the term used to describe communication where a piece of information is sent from one or more points to a set of other points. An Example would be, 25 users connecting to one encoder to see Video. Instead of sending 25 streams of video, the encoder sends only one and all the users feed off of the same stream. Multicast is a hybrid of Broadcast and Unicast, this means that a switch has to be able to do a little thing called snooping in order for it to function in a multicast environment. If s switch cannot perform IGMP or CGMP snooping, it will not be able to disseminate between Broadcast and Multicast packets and your network will be flooded. Furthermore, there must a device that can handle multicast queries some where in the network. Up until the recent past Multicast was solely the responsibility of a Router, but with the recent advent of Layer 2/3 switches that can perform most routing functions, including NAT, Multicast can function in small LANS. Be very familiar with the basic concepts of Multicasting prior to attending Class!

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