Ionic compounds consist of cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions).

The nomenclature, or naming, of ionic compounds is based on the names of the component ions. Here are the principal naming conventions for ionic compounds, along with examples to show how they are used: Roman Numerals A Roman numeral in parentheses, followed by the name of the element, is used for elements that can form more than one positive ion. This is usually seen with metals. You can use a chart to see the possible valences for the elements. Fe2+ Iron (II) Fe3+ Iron (III) Cu+ Copper (I) Cu2+ Copper (II)

-ous and -ic Although Roman numerals are used to denote the ionic charge of cations, it is still common to see and use the endings -ous or -ic. These endings are added to the Latin name of the element (e.g.,stannous/stannic for tin) to represent the ions with lesser or greater charge, respectively. The Roman numeral naming convention has wider appeal because many ions have more than two valences. Fe2+ Ferrous Fe3+ Ferric Cu+ Cuprous Cu2+ Cupric

-ide The -ide ending is added to the name of a monoatomic ion of an element. H- Hydride F- Fluoride O2- Oxide S2- Sulfide N3- Nitride P3- Phosphide -ite and -ate Some polyatomic anions contain oxygen. These anions are called oxyanions. When an element forms two oxyanions, the one with less oxygen is given a name ending in -iteand the one with more oxgyen is given a name that ends in -ate. NO2- Nitrite NO3- Nitrate SO32- Sulfite SO42- Sulfate

hypo- and perIn the case where there is a series of four oxyanions, the hypo- and per- prefixes are used in conjunction with the -ite and -ate suffixes. The hypo- and per- prefixes indicate less oxygen and more oxygen, respectively. ClO- Hypochlorite ClO2- Chlorite ClO3- Chlorate ClO4- Perchlorate

bi- and di- hydrogen Polyatomic anions sometimes gain one or more H+ ions to form anions of a lower charge. These ions are named by adding the word hydrogen or dihydrogen in front of the name of the anion. It is still common to see and use the older naming convention in which the prefix bi- is used to indicate the addition of a single hydrogen ion. HCO3- Hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate HSO4- Hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate H2PO4- Dihydrogen phosphate

1. Ionic Compounds Without a Transition Metal. Ionic compounds are formed when a metal gives up its electrons to a non-metal. Basically if the compound contains a metal, it is ionic. But there are different sets of rules for transition metals. A transition metal is an element with an atomic number of 21 to 30, 39 to 48 or 57 to 80. a.

So for a compound with any other metal, apply these rules: The metal ion's name does not change regardless of charge The non-metal's name ends in ide.

2. Ionic Compounds With a Transition Metal. The only difference here is that we have to specify the charge of the transition metal ion by using a Roman numeral, and keep in mind that a transition metal is an element with an atomic number of 21 to 30, 39 to 48 or 57 to 80.

Roman numeral I II III IV V VI

Charge +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6

The reason we do this is not for the sake of nostalgia for bygone Roman numerals nor to imitate movie credits. Because transition metals can assume more than one charge, we have to specify which one is involved.

More Practice With Naming

1. Name the following: a. NaOH b. Li2S c. FeCl3 d. H2O e. K3N f. CaSO4

2. Write formulae for the following: a. beryllium chloride b. copper (I) oxide c. diphosphorus pentoxide d. aluminum carbonate e. ammonium phosphate f. sulfur dioxide

Answers 1. a. sodium hydroxide b. lithium sulfide c. iron(III)chloride d. dihydrogen monoxide e. potassium nitride f. calcium sulphate 2. a. BeCl2 b. Cu2O c. P2O5 d. Al2(CO3)3 e. (NH4)3PO4 f. SO2

1897 J.J. Thomson - English Physicist.

He performed experiment to find the mass of the negatively charged particle and concluded that it was much smaller that the hydrogen atom itself. This specified that there were smaller particles that composed the atom. 1906- He received the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the first subatomic particle called electron. He proposed his model of the atom as a plum-pudding model that consisted of a positive sphere in which the individual negative particles reside. 1911 Ernest Rutherford - Conducted the gold foil experiment that showed the atom as being mostly empty space through which the electrons move, and that almost all the mass and positive charge of the atom is concentrated in the center region called the Nucleus. The electrons are held on place by the attraction between the positive and negative charge of the particles. Rutherford explained that the nucleus of the atom is a very dense space compared to the space where the electrons were located. The diameter of the atom is 10,000 times bigger than the diameter of the nucleus, so the volume of the atom is determined by the space where the electrons are located. His model explained the neutral charge of the atom where the positive and negative charges balance each other. The positively charged particles are called the Protons.

1913 Neils Bohr Danish Physicist. He proposed that electrons circle the nucleus only in allowed paths called orbitals. His model was called the planetary model. When the e- are in its specific orbital, they have a definite or fixed amount of energy. The orbital closest to the nucleus carries the least amount of energy, the orbital farther away from the nucleus carries the most amount of energy. There is an empty space between orbital's in which the e- cannot exist.

If an e- moves from an orbital of higher energy to one of lower energy it will emit or release energy. If an e- moves from an orbital of less energy to one with higher energy it will absorb energy.

Daltons Atomic Theory atoms cannot be created or destroyed (false) atoms of different elements have different properties (true) atoms of the same element always have the same properties and structure (false) in a chemical reaction, elements are broken down and then rearranged to form new substances (true) Dalton's Atomic Theory: 1.) Everything is made up of atoms. 2.) All atoms from a given element are identical. (In one element - like hydrogen or fluoride - all the atoms are the same.) 3.) Atoms from different elements are different. No two elements have identical atoms. 4.) Two or more atoms of different elements can combine to form a compound. Compounds always have the same ratio of atoms (NH4 always has 1 nitrogen for every 4 hydrogen - therefore it can have 2N and 8H, 4N and 16H, etc...) 5.) Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or divided. Atoms are the smallest particles that make up matter. Numbers 2 and 5 have been found to be wrong, however. Atoms can be divided into smaller particles (protons, electrons, neutrons, and possibly into even smaller parts like quarks). They can also be "created" if energy is converted into matter and "destroyed" if the matter is converted into energy (E = MC^2 and all that). In addition, not all atoms from the same element are identical. Although they always have the same number of protons and electrons, they occasionally have a different number of neutrons (these are called isotopes). Avogadros number: 6.023x1023 Avogadro's law states that equal volumes of gases, at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules. Avogadro believed that particles could be composed of molecules and that molecules could be composed of still simpler units, atoms. The number of molecules in a mole (one gram molecular weight) was termed Avogadro's number (sometimes called Avogadro's constant) in honor of Avogadro's theories. Avogadro's number has been experimentally determined to be 6.023x1023 molecules per gram-mole.