Annotated Bibliography Internet addiction fact sheet. (2006). Retrieved from http://www.childnetint.org/safety/factsheets.aspx.

Childnet International is a non-profit organization with a mission to work in partnership with others around the world to help make the Internet a useful and safe place for children. This page features a concise and easy to read 3-page fact sheet that defines Internet Addiction, identifies indicators of too much Internet use and provides tips for parents and caregivers. It also cites other sources of information. Block, J. J. (2008). Issues for dsm-v: Internet addiction. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(3), Retrieved from http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=99602. The American Psychiatric Association does not recognize so-called Internet addiction as a disorder. While acknowledging that Internet addiction appears to be common, especially in South Korea and China, this journal article notes difficulties in actually diagnosing it because the problem co-exists with other disorders, such as depression and ADHD. Paradoxically perhaps, it also notes that Internet addiction is resistant to treatment, entails significant risks, and has high relapse rates. Statistics from South Korea about violence and deaths related to Internet obsession are startling. Internet addiction in children. (2009, October 5). Disabled World, Retrieved from http://www.disabled-world.com/health/pediatric/internet-addiction.php. Disabled World is an independent news media website based in Canada. This article focuses on a study from the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, which found that adolescents with psychiatric symptoms such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), social phobia, hostility and depression may be more likely to develop an Internet addiction. It also identifies different risk factors according to gender. An editorial sidebar by members of the Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development notes that Internet addiction may be a 21st-Century epidemic. Setting computer limits. (2010, November 19). Retrieved from http://www.commonsensemedia.org/advice-for-parents/setting-computer-limitstips. This page from the nations leading independent non-profit media-and-youth advocacy group, Common Sense, contains some startling statistics about kids computer use, a 3minute video discussing how to say enough is enough when it comes to the Internet, and helpful tips for all parents about computer use to help stem Internet addiction. It blends

facts and guidelines in easy-to-understand formats that will resonate with parents and educators.

DeAngelis, T. (2000, April). Is Internet addiction real? Monitor on Psychology, 31(4), 24. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/monitor/apr00/addiction.aspx Despite advances in the field of mental health, it is difficult to pinpoint an addiction focused specifically on the Internet and technology. Dr. Sara Kiesler, researcher at Carnegie Mellon and an author of one of the only controlled studies exploring Internet addiction, focuses on the issue of separating the disease out from other behaviors. "No research has yet established that there is a disorder of Internet addiction that is separable from problems such as loneliness or problem gambling, or that a passion for using the Internet is long-lasting." Interestingly enough, genders tend to enforce the social stereotypes in their different patterns of addiction, with men focusing on adult themed websites and women spending their majority of their time flirting in chat rooms. Regardless of how the time was spent, men were found to be more at risk, with an unpublished report from Rensellaer Polytechnical Institute finding that 91 out of 103 students that met the qualifications of Internet Dependency were male. Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen CS, et al: Predictive Values of Psychiatric Symptoms for Internet Addiction in Adolescents. Arch Pediatric Adolescent Med. 2009; 163(10):937-943
In a study of more than 2000 adolescents form Taiwan, the authors found that depression, ADHD, social phobia, significantly predicted the risk of developing internet. In both boys and girls, ADHD and hostility had the greatest significant association with the risk of developing internet addiction. Depression and social phobia were also indicated as possible risk factors in girls. Being easily bored and difficulty in delaying gratification are two symptoms of ADHD. The internet may decrease feelings of boredom by providing an environment of immediate reward, rapid response and multiple windows with different. The release of dopamine during video gaming may may compensate for the dopamine deficit of adolescents with ADHD;

Lam, L., Peng, Z., Mai, J., & Jing, J. (2009). Factors associated with Internet addiction among adolescents. Cyberpsychology & Behavior: The Impact Of The Internet, Multimedia And Virtual Reality On Behavior And Society, 12(5), 551-555. Peng, Mai and Jings study indicates that potential risk factors for internet addiction include being a male, excessive alcohol use, family dissatisfaction, and experiencing a recent stressful. The results of the study indicate that males are 50% more likely than females to become addicted to the internet. The authors hypothesize that internet addiction is often a coping mechanisms for adolescents who are experiencing significant stress. Peng, Mai and Jing suggest that the results of this study should be considered when developing a treatment plan for those suffering from internet addiction.

Manocha, Dr. R. (2012, March 12). [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://www.generationnext.com.au/2012/03/how-to-assess-problematic-internetuseaddiction-the-improve-strategy/. Dr. R. Manocha is a physician, a public speaker and founder of the website Generation Next. In this blog he discusses the nuances of assessing Problematic Internet Use (PIU). In this entry he provides a parent-friendly assessment tool from the Network for Internet Investigation and Research in Australia and uses the term Tiger Mothers, as one of the variables consistent in the lives of Asian youths with Internet Addictions. Shaw, M., & Black, D. (2008). Internet addiction: definition, assessment, epidemiology and clinical management. CNS Drugs, 22(5), 353-365. Drs. Shaw and Black, both professors at the University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City note that the term internet addiction is becoming increasingly common in countries where computer access and technology are widespread. Internet addition has been associated with depression, social isolation, anxiety, poor impulse control and substance abuse. The cause of internet addiction is unknown, but psychological, neurobiological and cultural factors seem to play a role in its development. Currently the treatment for internet addiction has mirrored those used in other addiction therapies and can include a self-imposed banned on computer and internet use. At this time the authors cannot recommend a specific treatment due to the lack of evidence based testing. Yoo, H., Cho, S., Ha, J., Yune, S., Kim, S., Hwang, J., & ... Lyoo, I. (2004). Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and internet addiction. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 58(5), 487-494. Researchers from the department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan compared internet use between ADHD adolescents and non-ADHD adolescents. The rate of internet addiction was greater in the ADHD groups causing them to conclude that there are signicant associations between the level of ADHD symptoms and the severity of Internet addiction in children. The internet provides everchanging stimuli and an immediate reward making internet use appealing to students with ADHD. Children in the internet addiction group were more involved in games than in other usages supporting the theory that the internet can provide immediate reward. Weinstein, A., & Lejoyeux, M. (2010). Internet addiction or excessive internet use. The American Journal Of Drug And Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 277-283. Drs. Aviv Weinstein and Michel Lejoyeux, both practicing psychologist, examine the movement to include internet addiction in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM V). Controversy exists as to whether internet addiction should be included as a diagnostic entity. It has been suggested that internet addiction has similarities to other impulse control disorders such as alcohol addiction. What is unclear is whether internet addiction is an unique disorder or a

manifestation of another condition Weinstein and Lejoyeux feel that it is too early to consider Internet addiction as a discrete disease, but do concur that some individuals with Internet addiction are at significant risk and are in need of care and treatment