INSTITUT SUPERIEUR DE COMPTABILITE BANQUE ET FINANCE

POFESSIONAL DEGREE IN ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL TECHNIQUES

TOPIC 2 : ANALYSE THE IMPACTS OF MIGRATION PHENOMENON IN THE AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT

By: Mohamed DOUMBIA Class: LPTCF 2B

Professor: PhD. Amdy FALL

INTRODUCTION
Human migrations are a movement of the living individuals. Migration beyond national borders and a continent to another is a phenomenon indispensable for peace, stability and development at national, sub-regional and regional levels. The phenomenon of international migration comes with its opportunities and challenges including those which can be termed social, economic, health, political and environmental. In Africa, the opportunities may include free movement of the population, expanded trade, widened employment opportunities, and international remittances. The challenges may include the scarcity of standardized relevant international migration statistics; lack of human resources and institutions to handle international migration. However, poverty remains a major cause of migration. By creating opportunities for development in the country that we stem the main reasons why young people decide to emigrate, and that we will solve also the problem of brain drain.

DIASPORA
For the African Union (AU), the term "Diaspora" refers to people of African descent who live abroad and who have the will or ability to contribute to the development of Africa. For the AU, the African Diaspora is the sixth region of Africa. The AU is defined as one of its goals to "invite and encourage the effective participation of Africans in the diaspora, as significant part of our continent, to build the African Union" (Article 3 (q) Protocol on Amendments to the Constitutive Act of the African Union). An enhanced contribution of the diaspora in the development process in Africa is, indeed, indispensable to maintain the link between migration and development. Members of the African Diaspora bring major contributions to economic and social development of their continent. They provide remittances, foreign direct investment, market developments, technology transfer and skills, philanthropy, tourism, and other inputs of knowledge and cultural influences more subtle. Their contribution is facilitated by the development of information technology as well as possible initiatives in countries of origin and destination to promote mobility [link to the chapter on circular migration in sub-section on mobility and circular migration] and initiatives of migrants for development - "co-development"). In addition, the diaspora is an influential lobby group, which acts as a significant force for change. More and more organizations are created in the diaspora, which aim to contribute to the development of Africa. Within the AU Commission, the Directorate for the citizens of Africa and the diaspora working with these organizations and their home governments to facilitate their role in the development of Africa.

REMITTANCES
In 2010, remittances to sub-Saharan Africa were estimated at $ 21 billion by the World Bank, an amount greater than what some countries have obtained the official development assistance and foreign direct investment. Remittances are a significant source of foreign exchange and can stimulate the financial sector and attract investment. Studies show that the majority of remittances are used for private consumption in sectors such as housing, health, education and consumer sectors that contribute to local and national economies. However, it is possible to do more to encourage the productive use of remittances, such as investment in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) or in development projects. The policies in this area must address the financial institutions to reduce transaction costs and thus increase the volume of remittances and their beneficiaries, and thus improve their ability to make appropriate financial choices. In addition, to maximize results on the development, all interested parties that contribute to the impact of remittances should be addressed in these policies: banks and money transfer agents, including financial institutions and cooperatives for the poor, national institutions, the private sector and the Diaspora, as well as NGOs and international organizations. The massive emigration of highly skilled labor can cause a phenomenon called "brain drain", which has negative consequences on developing countries. Many African countries are vulnerable to this "brain drain", particularly in sectors such as health and education. Policies of containment of the consequences of brain drain should target not only the retention of skilled migrants, but also the positive role on the development of returning migrants. Therefore, these policies should promote the return temporarily or permanently, encourage circular migration, improving knowledge and technology, regulate the recruitment practices and support skills in the institutions. Close cooperation between the countries of origin and destination is important in this regard. Underemployment brain ("brain waste") is a phenomenon that raises other questions: migrants are engaged in jobs for which they are overqualified. To remedy this, we must develop systems of skills recognition and qualifications between the countries of origin and destination, to help migrants access to employment in their field of expertise.

Directive "blue card" and the fight against brain drain The EU was particularly concerned by the problem of brain drain. By adopting the Directive 'blue card' on the conditions of entry and residence of third country nationals for highly qualified employment, it has provided the following guarantees: The Member States of the EU and the countries of origin may decide not to apply this

Directive in areas experiencing a shortage of skilled labor in the country. Member states may also refuse an application for credit card in order to ensure ethical recruitment in sectors suffering from a shortage of skilled labor. The Blue Card holders are allowed to extend the periods spent outside the EU without losing their status as long-term residents, to encourage mobility.

THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION

Migration leads to social consequences in terms of style of life, gender roles and family relations. The impact of remittances on families back home can be positive, but these do not compensate for the lack of authority and parental care. In addition, the wives left behind while their husbands went into exile often have a greater burden in their homes, because they must assume the role of husband in addition to them. However, an increasing number of women migrate alone, which also has economic and social consequences, such as changes in the labor market and gender roles. Migration can be an experience of empowerment that brings new economic and social responsibilities may change the distribution of power within the family and community, and lead to greater authority and greater participation of women in decisiondecision in the home and in the control of family resources. The extent of the positive contributions of migration to the social development of countries of origin and destination depends on the existence in the country, a national political context to support families back home. The challenges to integration in countries of destination should also be evaluated and treated appropriately.

CONCLUSION
In short, migration is considerable interest for Africa. However, this phenomenon represents a double-edged sword because it encourages investment and leads to a currency human resources and intellectual .