1.

Introduction
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts.

1.1 Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relayscontrol power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays". Figure 1 shows relay parts.

Fig.1:Relay Parts

1.2 Pole and Throw

Since relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied to relays. A relay will switch one or more poles, each of whose contacts can be thrown by energizing the coil in one of three ways:

Normally-open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form A contact or "make" contact. NO contacts can also be distinguished as "early-make" or NOEM, which means that the contacts will close before the button or switch is fully engaged.

Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form B contact or "break" contact. NC contacts can also be distinguished as "late-break" or NCLB, which means that the contacts will stay closed until the button or switch is fully disengaged. Change-over (CO), or double-throw (DT), contacts control two circuits: one normally-open contact and one normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called a Form C contact or "transfer" contact ("break before make"). If this type of contact utilizes a "make before break" functionality, then it is called a Form D contact.

The following designations are commonly encountered:

SPST Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is ambiguous whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology "SPNO" and "SPNC" is sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity. SPDT Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others. Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total. DPST Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay has six terminals in total. The poles may be Form A or Form B (or one of each). DPDT Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight terminals, including the coil.

The "S" or "D" may be replaced with a number, indicating multiple switches connected to a single actuator. For example 4PDT indicates a four pole double throw relay (with 14 terminals). Figure 2 shows schematic of some relays and their symbols.

Fig.2: Schematic for Some Types of Relay

1.3 Push Buttons

Push button is a simple switch mechanism for controlling some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of hard material, usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate the human finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most often biased switches, though even many un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature) require a spring to return to their unpushed state. Different people use different terms for the "pushing" of the button, such as press, depress, mash, and punch. Figure 3 shows a push button which used in power circuits.

Fig.3: Push Button for Power Circuits

2. Objectives
1- To understand relays structure and how to use it. 2- To distinguish between power and control circuit by designing a simple Set/Rest circuit. 3- To be familiar with relays applications. 4- To be familiar with high voltage applications which run at 220V.

3. Equipments
12345220VAC Relay. 220VAC Lamp. Wires. Isolated board for assembly. Power supply(220V).

4. Procedures
To make seal-in circuit which will turn a 220V lamp on and off; we must do the following procedures: 1- Feed the coil of the relay by 220VAC to be sure that no problem in relay. 2- Connect NC push button(Red One) in series with power line. 3- Connect the output wire from the NC push button to a NO push button(Green One). 4- Connect the output wire from NO button to one of relay coil terminals. 5- Connect the output terminal from coil to the ground. 6- To make the circuit seal-in; connect one of relay connectors in parallel with NO swich. 7- Connect AC (220V) lamp to one NO relay connectors then connect power to it. Figure 4 shows the final control and power circuits.

Fig.4: Set/Reset Control & Power Circuits

Comment

All relays have a diagram which shows the NO & NC pins, and also it shows the coil terminals.

5. Conclusion
1234There is two types of relay: board mounted and panel mounted.
relay is a simple device that uses a magnetic field to control a switch. There are power push buttons which used for high power applications. Seal-in circuit depends on parallel connection of N.O. switch with push button.

6. Recommendation
1- Be careful when you are using high voltage because it can hit anybody touch it. 2- Wires must be mounted carefully to avoid short circuits in the panel. 3- Push buttons must be far from humidity to avoid electric chock for any person used

the system.

7. References
1- http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/relay.htm. 2- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_symbols.svg. 3- http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/relay.htm.