1.3.1 Multiple Access Methods For radio systems there are two resources, frequency and time.

Most digital cellular systems use the technique of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to transmit and receive speech signals. With TDMA, one carrier is used to carry a number of calls, each call using that carrier at designated periods in time. These periods of time are referred to as time slots. Each MS on a call is assigned one time slot on the uplink frequency and one on the downlink frequency. Information sent during one time slot is called a burst. In GSM, a TDMA frame consists of 8 time slots. This means that a GSM radio carrier can carry 8 calls. 1.3.1.1 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) each for

Division by time, so that pair of communicators is allocated all (or at least a large part) of the spectrum part of the time results in Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). In TDMA, the frequency band is not partitioned but users are allowed to use it only in predefined intervals of time, at a time. Each caller is assigned a specific time slot transmission. Many conversations are multiplexed into a single channel. 1.3.1.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

one for

Frequency Division Multiple Access is a multiple access method in which users are assigned specific frequency bands. The user has the sole right of using the frequency band for the entire call duration. First generation analogy systems (e.g., AMPS) use FDMA. It could be compared to AM or FM broadcasting radio where each station has a frequency assigned 1.3.1.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Code Division Multiple Access is a method in which multiple users occupy the same time and frequency allocations and are channelized by unique assigned codes. The signals are separated at the receiver by using a correlator that accepts only signal energy from the assigned Code Channel. All other signals in that frequency band contribute only to the noise. Both CDMA2000 and WCDMA use the same fundamental concepts of CDMA modulation. 1.3.1.4 Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA

When a set of frequencies is reused another location, it is called space division multiple access (SDMA). A base station be allocated a few frequencies. The same of frequencies can be allocated to another region, provided there sufficient distance between the two regions. As shown in figure below the area covered by a mobile communication system can be divided into small regions called cells. cell is represented as a hexagon. SDMA never used in isolation. In systems providing full SDMA, there will be much more intra cell handovers than conventional TDMA or CDMA systems, more monitoring by the network is necessary. 1.3.2 Transmission through the Air Interface

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A is in and

To enable us to understand the principles of the air interface, let us imagine that an army has to be moved from one place to another, and a convoy of vehicles is set aside to do the job. The army consists of soldiers and officers. Each vehicle has 8 seats and therefore only 8 people can be carried in each vehicle. Obviously, the only solution is to divide the army into groups of eight people. One officer and seven soldiers are allocated to each vehicle. The officer sits

in the front seat and seven soldiers sit in the others. There are different types of people in the army, soldiers and officers. These could be referred to as "Logical" differences as they are all human beings but their functions are different. In addition, there can be many different ranks of officers, each one with different responsibilities. To move them from one place to another, a "Physical" connection is employed i.e. the vehicles and the seats. 1.3.3 Transmission control schemes There are a variety of different ways of controlling the two way passage of information using two transmitters. They range in complexity from the simplest systems requiring the least complex circuitry and providing more basic performance, to more complex systems providing higher levels of performance. However each scheme has its own advantages and disadvantages. Simplex: Although the definition of simplex is not always clear, is the one that can only occur in one direction. One example of this may be a broadcast system. Half duplex: This is a duplex scheme whereby communication is possible in two directions, but communication is only possible in one direction at a time. If (American National Standards Institute) definition for a simplex transmission, one transmitter is transmitting, the other one must wait until the first stops before transmitting. This form of communication is used for walkie-talkies, CB, etc. It may also be referred to as simplex, in some circumstances although exact definitions can be contradictory at times. Full duplex: Full duplex, which is sometimes referred to simply as duplex, is a scheme whereby transmissions may be sent in both directions simultaneously. However it is still necessary for the transmissions to be separated in some way to enable the receivers to receive signals at the same time as transmissions are being made. There are two ways of achieving this. One is to use frequency separation (frequency division duplex, FDD, and the other is to use time, time division duplex, TDD. The two schemes are both widely used. Some cellular systems use TDD while others use FDD. Some standards also allow for the use of either as both FDD and TDD have their own advantages and disadvantages. Frequency division duplex (FDD)

1.3.3.1

Frequency division duplex, FDD, uses the idea that the transmission and reception of signals are achieved simultaneously using two different frequencies. Using it is possible to transmit and receive signals simultaneously as the

FDD

receiver is not tuned to the same frequency as the transmitter as shown. 1.3.3.2 Time Division Duplex (TDD)

The other system uses only a single frequency and it shares the channel between transmission and reception, spacing them apart by multiplexing the signals on a time basis. Time Division Duplex, TDD, is used with data transmissions (data or digitised voice), transmitting a short burst of data in each direction. As the transmission periods relatively short no time delay is noticed voice transmissions resulting from the delays introduced by using TDD.

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are on time