Second Order Circuits

EENG 223 Circuit Theory I

Second Order Circuits

Order of a circuit

Order of the differential equation (DE) required to describe the circuit

The number of independent* energy storage elements (Cs and Ls)

* Cs and Ls are independent if they cannot be combined with other Cs and p y Ls (in series or parallel, for example)

Second Order Circuits

2nd-order circuits have 2 independent energy storage elements (inductors and/or capacitors) Analysis of a 2nd-order circuit yields a 2nd-order differential equation (DE) A 2nd-order differential equation has the form:
d2x dt 2 + a1 dx dt + a o x(t) = f(t)

Solution of a 2nd-order differential equation requires two initial conditions: x(0) and x(0) All higher order circuits ( rd, 4th, etc) have the same types of responses as seen in 1stg (3 ) yp p order and 2nd-order circuits Since 2nd-order circuits have two energy-storage types, the circuits can have the following forms: 1) Two capacitors 2) Two inductors 3) One capacitor and one inductor A) Series RLC circuit B) P ll l RLC circuit Parallel i it C) Others

Form of the solution to differential equations

As seen with 1st-order circuits in Chapter 7, the general solution to a differential equation has two parts: x(t) = xh + xp = homogeneous solution + particular solution or x(t) = xn + xf = natural solution + f (t) t l l ti forced solution d l ti where xh or xn is due to the initial conditions in the circuit and xp or xf is due to the forcing functions (independent voltage and current sources for t > 0).

The forced response

The forced response is due to the independent sources in the circuit for t > 0. Since the natural response will die out once the circuit reaches steady-state (under dc conditions), the forced response can be found by y g p , analyzing the circuit at t = . In particular,

xf = x()

The natural response

A 2nd-order differential equation has the form: order
d2x dx + a1 + aox(t) = f(t) 2 dt dt

where x(t) is a voltage v(t) or a current i(t) i(t). To find the natural response, set the forcing function f(t) (the right-hand side of the DE) to zero. 2 Substituting the general form of the solution Aest yields the characteristic equation: s2 + a1s + ao = 0 Finding the roots of this quadratic (called the characteristic roots or natural frequencies) yields:
dx dx + a1 + ao x(t) = 0 dt2 dt

s1 , s2 =

-a1 a

( a1 )
2

- 4a o

The roots of the quadratic equation above may be real and distinct repeated q q y distinct, repeated, p or complex Thus, the natural response to a 2nd-order circuit has 3 possible complex. forms:

1)

Overdamped response O d d Roots are real and distinct [ (a1)2 > 4ao ] Solution has the form:

x n = A1e

s1t

+ A2e

s2t

2)

Critically d C iti ll damped response d Roots are repeated [ (a1)2 = 4ao ] so s1 = s2 = s = -a1/2 Solution has the form:

xn =

( A1t

+ A2 ) e

st

3)

Underdamped response Roots are complex [ (a1)2 < 4ao ] so s1 , s2 = j Show that the solution has the form:

xn = e [ A1 cos( t) + A2 sin( t) ] ( ) i( )
t

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits Two common second-order circuits are now considered: series RLC circuits parallel RLC circuits. Relationships for these circuits can be easily developed such that the characteristic equation can b d t h t i ti ti be determined di tl f i d directly from component values t l without writing a differential equation for each example. A general 2nd order characteristic equation has the form: 2nd-order A general 2nd-order characteristic equation has the form: where h = damping coefficient wo = resonant frequency s2 + 2s + wo2 = 0

Series RLC Circuit - develop expressions for and wo

t=0 i(t) R Vs + _ L + C v (t) _

Parallel RLC Circuit - d P ll l Ci it develop expressions f and wo l i for d

t=0 i(t) + Is R L C v (t) _

Procedure for analyzing 2nd-order circuits 1. Find the characteristic equation and the natural response Determine if the circuit is a series RLC or parallel RLC (for t > 0 with independent sources killed). If the circuit is not series RLC or parallel RLC determine the describing equation of capacitor voltage or inductor current. B) Obtain the characteristic equation Use the standard formulas for and wo for equation. a series RLC circuit or a parallel RLC circuit. Use these values of and wo in the characteristic equation as: s2 + 2s + wo2. C) Find the roots of the characteristic equation (characteristic roots). D) Determine the form of the natural response based on the type of characteristic roots: x n = A1es1t + A2es2t A) Real distinct roots: x n = e t [ A1 cos( t) + A 2 sin( t) ] ( ) ( ) B) Complex roots: ) Co p e oots x n = ( A1t + A2 ) est C) Repeated roots: Find the forced response - Analyze the circuit at t = to find xf = x(). Find the initial conditions, x(0) and x(0). A) Fi d x(0) b analyzing the circuit at t = 0- (fi d all capacitor voltages and i d Find (0) by l i h i i (find ll i l d inductor currents) B) Analyze the circuit at t = 0+ (use the values for vC and iL found at t = 0- in the circuit) and find dvC(0+)/dt = iC(0+)/C or diL(0+)/dt = vL(0+)/L. Find the complete response A) Find the total response, x(t) = xn + xf . B) Use the two initial conditions to solve for the two unknowns in the total response A)

2. 3.

3.

Example: Determine v(t) in the circuit shown below for t > 0 if : t=0 i(t) A) R = 7 B) R = 2 1H R + + C) R = 2 10 10 V
_ 0.1 F v (t) _

Example: Determine i(t) in the circuit shown below for t > 0.

t=0 3 8A 1 5H i(t)
+

0.05 0 05 F

v (t) ()
_

Example: Determine v(t) in the circuit shown below for t > 0.

i(t) 6 4u(t) A 1H 0.1 01F + v (t) _