Triacylglycride

Triacylglycride is formed from three molecules of fatty acids linked with glycerol by tri ester bond. Each fatty acid consists of a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end. Usually fatty acids in the Triacylglycride are not the same. each ( OH- ) of the Three carbons of glycerol are esterified with a fatty acid.
Three acyl groups are linked with glycerol. Acyl = fatty acid Usually the number of carbons atoms in fatty acid is even number but also odd no. of fatty acid can be found. Fatty acid is considered a weak acid because of carboxyl group , the pKa =4.8 As dr.Mamon taught us this group (carboxyl group) in the physiological ph(ph=7) is found in ionization form (coo-) {lose it hydrogen}. It's hydrophobic (poorly soluble in water) because it's nonpolar.

1-Numeration of carbon:
Starting from the first carbon that one in ( carboxyl group ) Another way for numeration is using greece letter (, ,,,,) : is the first carbon after carboxyl's carbon. :is the 2nd carbon after carboxyl's carbon. : is referd to the last carbon ,by the way is the last letter in greece alphabetic order.

And so on

Fatty acid can be saturated ( no doble bond ) or unsaturated ( with one or more doble bonds) .

2-Nomenclature of fatty acids: Number of carbons : number of double bonds site of double bondes
for example:

a) Is a fatty acid consist of 18 carbons has one double boned at carbon 9 b) Is a fatty acid consist C5,C8,C11,C14,C17. of 20 carbons has 5 double bonds at

NOT: ignore the 2nd nomenclature of (a) & (b) structures in figure 10-1.

Other way for nomenclature (-x):

Start numbering from the opposite side of carboxyl group the closest double bond for example : until you reach

That must be 3 if there is no bond in carbon 3 it will be 6

And so on Not : two double bonds are separeted atleast (CH3-CH2-) . by a methylene group

In other words douple bonds are not conjugated(alternated) no (doublesingle-double) in fatty acids.

Common names (non-systematic) or trivial names :

Fatty acid named according to the first source comes from.

Fatty acid butyric acid palmitic acid

Stearic acid Linolenic acid

Linoleic acid arachidonic acid

isolated first from butter and milk palm tree Wax

linen
Linen peanut

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Triacylglycerol is the major energy in the bode which stores in adipose tissue.

Q1:What is better to store energy in form of carbohydrate or fat ? It's more efficient to store energy in form of TAG rather than carbohydrates. Fat is more reduced ( -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-. ) so it more oxydaysed ,can produce more energy. unlike Carbohydrates has high amount of (o2) (CH2OHCH2OH). 1 gm of carbohydrates 4 kcal

1 gm of fat 9 kcal

9 kcal is huge number means that the 1 gm of fat can rises 1L by 90,000 degree or rises 1000L of water by 9 degree.

1-It occupies small volume {Fat}. 2-hydrophobic dont need H2O to store it unlike Carbohydrates that the one gram of it associate with 2 gm of H2O. That why it's better to store energy in form of fat

Q2: Let say that we have 10 Kg of fat from total body weight, How much fat cal we have? 1 gm of fat 9 kcal 10.000 gm X X = 90.000 kcal That means if we have 1000 kg of water, heat can rise to 90 degree . Each day we consume proximately 1500-2000 cal. So, if we have 90.000 kcal energy store and every day we consume 2000 kcal!! . It means that our fat provide us an energy enough for 45 days.

Q3: what is the mass of carbohydrates produce 90.000 kcal?

22.5 kg carbohydrates + ( 22.5 *2 ) water =67.5 kg Remember: We multiply 22.5 by 2 because we said that each gram of carbohydrates is associated with 2 gm of water for storage . Fatty acid preferred fuel by most tissue & glucose is the major circulatory fuel. after 12h from eating (fasting state) in the basal state there is continuous & dynamic usage of fatty acid equal 540 kcal =90 gm. But glucose the amount use for 12h = 280kcal. Fat stores in adipose tissue and use it when glucose decrease as a source of energy.

90 % of adipose cell is fat . 10% is membrane + nucleus

Adipose tissue dont store fat for it own use but for other tissue use. Hormonal signal stimulate TAG, first step is hydrolysis TAG to three fatty acids and glycerol. They defuse out from adipocyte to reach other body's tissue. The enzyme that Catalyzes this Rxn is Lipas ( hormone sensitive lipase)

Stimulated by: -glucagon -epinephrine -nor epinephrine - Adrenocorticotropic hormnon (ACTH) While boys are fighting epinephrine increase, bind to adipocyte membranereceptor This receptor activate adenyl cyclase that convert ATP to c-AMP (soluble molecule inside cell) activate protein kinase a that add phosphate group to many proteins including hormone sensitive lipase turn it to the phosphorylated form ( active form ) that hydrolyzed TAG to fatty acid and diacylglycerol (DAG) 2nd and 3rd fatty acid will hydrolysed by different lipases. If insoline increase, epinephrine will decrease the hormone is deactivated by dephosphrlation by phosphrlays enzyme ( inactive form ). Glycerol defuse to the blood (its soluble ) reach liver glycerol kinase will add (P-) group then called glycerol phosphate it will oxydaysed in c2 in to keton group to triacylglycerol phosphate that is intermediate in glycolysis. Can used in glycolysis and glugoneugnsis. Better to use it in gluconeogenesis to form glucose. Fatty acid bind to albumin when it goes to other tissue through blood . It oxidesed at Carbon no.3 (carbon no. 2 after carboxyl group) carbon (CH2)(c=o) followed by cleavage in two carbon units. Fatty acid +coAoxidation of carbon by removal of 2H to form Keto Fatty acid.

. Done by: Fahad Al-aswad Date: 15-march-2012.