IT2203 Exercise 4

Task 1 R2
What are the two most important network-layer functions in a datagram network?

1. no call setup at network layer 2. routers: no state about end-to-end connections

What are the three most important network-layer functions in a virtual-circuit network?

1. call setup, teardown for each call before data can flow 2. every router on source-dest path maintains state for each passing connection 3. link, router resources (bandwidth, buffers) may be allocated to VC

Task 2 R11
What is HOL blocking? Does it occur in input ports or output ports?

On the figure we have two input buffers on the right and two output buffers to the left. Here we see that both the input buffers have a package to the same output buffer. The down most input buffer gets blocked and the upper buffer writes to the output buffer. HOL blocking occurs here since the down most input buffer has ha package in the queue which should to the free down most output buffer. The problem is that the down most input buffer is blocked.

Task 3 R20.
It has been said that when IPv6 tunnels through IPv4 routers, IPv6 treats the IPv4 tunnels as linklayer protocols. Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not?

Yes, because the entire IPv6 datagram (including the header fields) is encapsulated in an IPv4 datagram

Task 4
A: To solve the problem with failures the router might use VC. This might be a problem if there is distorted distribution between the users traffic amount, however the book does not mention this in the exercise. Different answers will be approved depending on what condition you have used. Remember that in general case it is easier to utilize the entire link with datagram. B: VC

Task 5 P8
Destination Address Range Link Interface

11100000 00000000 00000000 00000000 Through 11100000 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100001 00000000 00000000 00000000 Through 11100001 00000000 11111111 11111111 11100001 00000001 00000000 00000000 Through 11100001 11111111 11111111 11111111 Otherwise

a. Provide a forwarding table that has four entries, uses longest prefix matching, and forwards packets to the correct link interfaces. Prefix match Link interface 11100000 0 11100001 00000000 1 11100001 2 Otherwise 3 b. Describe how your forwarding table determines the appropriate link interface for data grams with destination addresses: 11001000 10010001 01010001 01010101 11100001 00000000 11000011 00111100 11100001 10000000 00010001 01110111 The first datagram is sent to interface 3 since the 3 first bitts dont match the 3 first bits in any of the prefixes. The first 8-bits in datagram 2 match interface 2 and the first 16-bits matches with interface 1. When there are several options, the router uses the longest prefix which matches.