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One purpose of drying milk is to preserve it; milk powder has a far longer shelf life than liquid milk and does not need to be refrigerated, due to its low moisture content. Another purpose is to reduce its bulk for economy of transportation. Powdered milk and dairy products include such items as dry whole milk, nonfat dry milk, dry buttermilk, dry whey products and dry dairy blends. Many dairy products exported conform to standards laid out in Codex Alimentarius. Powdered milk is used for food and health (nutrition), and atypically also in biotechnology (saturating agent).
Due to its resemblance to cocaine and other drugs, powdered milk is sometimes used in filmmaking as a non-toxic prop that may be inhaled in lieu of the genuine article.
Reconstitution
The weight of nonfat dry milk (NFDM) to use is about 10% of the water weight.[5][note 1] Alternatively, one cup of potable fluid milk from powdered milk requires one cup of potable water and one-third cup of powdered milk.
Nutritional value
Milk powders contain all twenty-one standard amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, and are high in soluble vitamins and minerals.[6]According to USAID,[7] the typical average amounts of major nutrients in the unreconstituted nonfat dry milk are (by weight) 36% protein, 52% carbohydrates (predominantly lactose), calcium 1.3%, potassium 1.8%. Whole milk powder, on the other hand, contains on average 25-27% protein, 36-38% carbohydrates, 26-40% fat, and 57% ash (minerals). However, such inappropriate storage conditions as high relative humidity and high ambient temperature can significantly degrade the nutritive value of milk powder.[8] Commercial milk powders are reported to contain oxysterols (oxidized cholesterol)[9] in higher amounts than in fresh milk (up to 30 g/g, versus trace amounts in fresh milk).[10]Oxysterols are derivatives of cholesterol that are produced either by free radicals or by enzymes. Certain free radicals-derived oxysterols have been suspected of being initiators ofatherosclerotic plaques.[11] For comparison, powdered eggs contain even more oxysterols, up to 200 g/g.[10]
Export market
European production of milk powder is estimated around 800.000 tons of which the main volume is exported in bulk packing or consumer packs. Brands on the market include "Nido", from the company Nestl, "Incolac" from the company Belgomilk, and "Dutch Lady" from FrieslandCampinae
Adulteration
In the 2008 Chinese milk scandal, melamine adulterant was found in Sanlu infant formula, added to fool tests into reporting higher protein content. Thousands became ill, and some children died, after consuming the product.
Use in biotechnology
Fat-free powder milk is used as a saturating agent to block nonspecific binding sites on supports like blotting membranes (Nitrocellulose, PVDF, Nylon),[12] preventing binding of further detection reagents and subsequent background.[13] It may be referred as Blotto. The major protein of milk, casein, is responsible of most of the binding site saturation effect.