i

M O DELLING WIND- BLOWN SEDIM ENT

TRANSPO RT IN THE AG RIC ULTURAL VALLEYS O F
SO UTHERN PATAG O NIA





M Sc Thesis by Jacopo Parigiani
Oct ober 2009











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M odelling w ind-blow n sediment t ransport in t he
agricult ural valleys of sout hern Pat agonia


By
Ja c op o Pa rig ia ni



M a ste r the sis La nd De g ra d a tion a nd De ve lopme nt G roup sub mitte d in p a rtia l
fulfillme nt of the d e g re e of M a ste r of Sc ie nc e in Soil Sc ie nc e a t Wa ge ning e n
Unive rsity, the Ne the rla nd s




St udy program:
M sc Int er nat i onal Land and Wat er M anagement (M IL)


St udent regist rat ion number:
820302-641-080


Thesis Erosion and Soil & W at er Conservat ion:
ESW80424


Supervisor:
Dr . Ir . Geer t St er k
Dr . Ir . M i chel Ri ksen
Pi et Pet er s


Examinat ors:
Dr . Ir . Leo St r oosni j der


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Houses w er e shut t ight , and cl ot h wedged ar ound
door s and w i ndow s, but t he dust came i n so t hi nly t hat
i t coul d not be seen i n t he ai r , and i t set t l ed li ke poll en
on t he chai r s and t abl es, on t he di shes.

John St ei nbeck, The Gr apes of Wr at h
v

Abst ract
Despi t e bei ng ment i oned as one of t he mai n degr adat i on pr ocesses i n Sout her n
Pat agoni a, t he condi t i ons and t he r at es of w i nd er osi on i n t hi s r egi on have not been
st udi ed ext ensi vel y. Wi ndbl ow n mass f l uxes w er e measur ed i n t he val l ey of
Sar mi ent o (Chubut pr ovi nce, Ar gent i na) usi ng t w o sal t i phones and 24 M odi f i ed
Wi l son and Cooke (M WAC) sedi ment cat cher s. The l at t er w er e i nst al l ed al ong t hr ee
t r ansect s: (1) a cont r ol on a bar e st r i p of l and cl ear ed of i t s nat ur al veget at i on, t o
measur e t he pot ent i al maxi mum w i nd er osi on; (2) a si mi l ar t r ansect pr ot ect ed by an
ar t i f i ci al w i ndbr eak w i t h an opt i cal por osi t y of 50%; and (3) a t r ansect i n a cher r y
or char d pr ot ect ed w i t h t he same t ype of w i ndbr eak. Wi nd speed w as r ecor ded usi ng
f i ve cup anemomet er s and w i nd di r ect i on w i t h a w i nd vane. Ni ne w i ndst or ms w er e
r ecor ded t hr oughout t he exper i ment al per i od. The r ecor ded maxi mum mass
t r anspor t s w er e t est ed usi ng f i ve sedi ment t r anspor t equat i ons i n or der t o sel ect t he
best f i t t i ng t o i nt egr at e i t i n a GIS-based w i nd er osi on pr edi ct i on syst em. St or ms w i t h
w i nd speed peaks of 20 m s
-1
det er mi ned soi l l osses of 158 t on ha
-1
i n t he cont r ol
st r i p and heavi l y depl et ed t he soi l of i t s er odi bl e f r act i on. The w i ndbr eaks r educed
t he sal t at i on f l ux by 63.7% i n aver age, w hi l e no er osi on w as r ecor ded i n t he cher r y
or char d. Kaw amur a s equat i on pr oved t o be t he best per f or mi ng model (mean R =
0.86), expr essi ng t ot al mass t r anspor t as a f unct i on of t w o empi r i cal const ant s: t he
t hr eshol d f r i ct i on vel oci t y, w hi ch can be est i mat ed usi ng Bagnol d s f or mul a; and a
coef f i ci ent , r epr esent i ng t he er odi bi l i t y of t he soi l , w hi ch var i ed consi der abl y
bet w een st or ms and t her ef or e r equi r es mor e exper i ment at i on f or a bet t er
est i mat i on.

vi

Resumen
A pesar de ser uno de l os pr i nci pal es pr ocesos de degr adaci n del suel o en l a
Pat agoni a Sur , l as condi ci ones y l a i nt ensi dad de l a er osi n el i ca en est a r egi n no
han si do est udi adas en pr of undi dad. Los f l uj os de masa t r anspor t ada por el vi ent o
f uer on medi dos en el val l e de Sar mi ent o (Pr ovi nci a del Chubut , Ar gent i na) usando
dos sal t f onos y 24 t r ampas de sedi ment os Wi l son and Cooke (M WAC). Est as l t i mas
f uer on i nst al adas a l o l ar go de t r es t r ansect as: (1) una zona de cont r ol de suel o
desnudo, en l a cual l a veget aci n nat ur al f ue el i mi nada par a medi r el mxi mo
pot enci al de er osi n el i ca; (2) una t r ansect a si mi l ar , en un r ea si n veget aci n, per o
pr ot egi da por una cor t i na cor t avi ent os ar t i f i ci al con 50% de por osi dad pt i ca; y (3)
una t r ansect a en un mont e de cer ezos t ambi n pr ot egi da por el mi mo t i po de
cor t i na. La vel oci dad del vi ent o f ue medi da con ci nco anemmet r os y l a di r ecci n
con una vel et a. Dur ant e el per i odo exper i ment al se r egi st r ar on nueve t or ment as
el i cas. Los mxi mos f l uj os de masa obt eni dos f uer on compar ados, en cuant o a su
cal i dad de aj ust e, con ci nco ecuaci ones de t r anspor t e de sedi ment os y l a mej or f ue
i nt egr ada en un si st ema SIG de pr edi cci n de er osi n el i ca. En l a zona de cont r ol ,
t or ment as con vel oci dade vel oci dades mxi mas de vi ent o de 20 m s
-1
det er mi nar on
pr di das de suel o de 158 t on ha
-1
y r eduj er on f uer t ement e l a f r acci n er osi onabl e
del suel o. Las cor t i nas cor t avi ent os r eduj er on el f l uj o de sal t aci n de suel o en un
63.7% en pr omedi o, mi ent r as que en el mont e de cer ezos no se det ect o er osi n. La
ecuaci n de Kaw amur a pr esent el mej or aj ust e a l os dat os (R medi a = 0.86),
expr esando el t r anspor t e de masa t ot al en f unci n de dos const ant es empr i cas: l a
vel oci dad l mi t e de f r i cci n, que puede ser est i mada con l a ecuaci n de Bagnol d; y el
coef i ci ent e , que r epr esent a l a er odi bi l i dad del suel o y que debi do a que var i
consi der abl ement e ent r e l as di f er ent es t or ment as, r equi er e ms exper i ment aci n
par a una mej or est i maci n.

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Acknow ledgement s
The r esear ch w as f unded by EULACIAS (Eur opean-Lat i n Amer i can Co-Innovat i on of
Agr i cul t ur al Syst ems) and t he Uni ver si t y of Wageni ngen. I am ext r emel y gr at ef ul t o
al l t he per sonnel of INTA (Inst i t ut o Naci onal de Tecnol oga Agr opecuar i a) i n
Sar mi ent o and Tr el ew f or pr ovi di ng assi st ance dur i ng t he f i el d exper i ment s and f or
al l t he l ogi st i cal hel p of f er ed dur i ng my st ay i n Sar mi ent o. I w oul d t her ef or e l i ke t o
t hank Yeni , Car i na, Cr i st i na, Feder i co, Cl audi a, Nor a, and, i n par t i cul ar , Li l i ana, gui l t y
of i nt r oduci ng me t o t hose w onder f ul asados a l a cr uz, and Facundo, f or al l hi s hel p
i n t hose ear l y w i ndy mor ni ngs pi cki ng up bot t l es f ul l of sand. I w oul d al so l i ke t o
t hank Ni ki de Sy, f or al l her hel p on and of f t he f i el d and f or havi ng shar ed t hi s
beaut i f ul Pat agoni an exper i ence w i t h me, but al so f or havi ng managed t o put up
w i t h me f or t he mont hs spent en el f i n del mundo . Gr aci as a t odos.
I am par t i cul ar l y t hankf ul t o t he hel pf ul comment s and t he f r i endl y and encour agi ng
super vi si on of Geer t St er k, t he f undament al t echni cal assi st ance of Pi et Pet er s, and
f or t he usef ul i nput s and t i me consumi ng r evi si ons of Eduar do Ci t t adi ni and Pabl o
Per i . Fur t her mor e I w oul d l i ke t o expr ess my gr at i t ude t o M i chel Ri ksen f or st eppi ng
up t o assi st t he f i nal i sat i on of t hi s t hesi s.
I am gr at ef ul t o ever yone, and I am t er r i bl y sor r y i f I f or got t o acknow l edge anyone,
f or havi ng made my st ay i n Sar mi ent o so except i onal .
Last , but not l east , I w oul d l i ke t o t hank my w onder f ul par ent s f or t hei r
uncondi t i onal l ove and f or havi ng gi ven me t he suppor t t o make al l of t hi s possi bl e i n
an ext r emel y di f f i cul t year .
I w oul d l i ke t o dedi cat e t hi s w or k t o my uncl e Gi ovanni and my gr andmot her .

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Table of Cont ent s
1. Int r oduct i on ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Pat agoni a and Sout her n Pat agoni a .............................................................................. 1
1.2. Wi nd Er osi on ............................................................................................................... 3
1.3. Resear ch Obj ect i ves .................................................................................................... 4
2. M at er i al s and M et hods ...................................................................................................... 5
2.1. The EULACIAS Fr amew or k ........................................................................................... 5
2.2. Si t e Descr i pt i on ........................................................................................................... 5
2.3. Wi nd Speed and Wi nd Di r ect i on .................................................................................. 7
2.4. Sal t at i on Tr anspor t ...................................................................................................... 7
2.5. Exper i ment al Set up ................................................................................................... 10
2.6. Soi l Sur f ace and Sedi ment Pr oper t i es ........................................................................ 11
2.7. Wi nd Er osi on M odel l i ng ............................................................................................ 12
3. Resul t s and Di scussi on ..................................................................................................... 15
3.1. Soi l Sur f ace Pr oper t i es............................................................................................... 15
3.2. Wi nd Speed, W i nd Di r ect i on and Wi ndst or ms ........................................................... 16
3.3. Enr i chment Rat i o ....................................................................................................... 18
3.4. Wi nd Er osi on ............................................................................................................. 19
3.5. Thr eshol d Fr i ct i on Vel oci t y ........................................................................................ 23
3.6. Fi t t i ng of Sedi ment Tr anspor t Equat i ons.................................................................... 25
3.7. M odel Appl i cat i on ..................................................................................................... 27
4. Concl usi ons ...................................................................................................................... 29
Ref er ences ........................................................................................................................... 31
Annexes ............................................................................................................................... 34

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1
1. I nt roduct ion
1.1. Pat agoni a and Sout her n Pat agoni a
Pat agoni a i s t he sout her nmost r egi on of Sout h Amer i ca, di vi ded by t he Andes bet w een Chi l e
and Ar gent i na. It l i es bet w een t he l at i t udes of 36 and 56S. In Ar gent i na Pat agoni a i s di vi ded
i n f i ve admi ni st r at i ve pr ovi nces, f r om Nor t h t o Sout h: Neuqun, Ro Negr o, Chubut , Sant a
Cr uz and Ti er r a del Fuego (Fi gur e 1). The r egi on i s t he l east popul at ed i n t he count r y,
cover i ng 28.2% of t he t ot al ar ea w i t h onl y 4.5% of t he count r y s popul at i on (1.9 i nhabi t ant s
per km) (Naumann, 1999). Sout her n Pat agoni a r ef er s t o t he t hr ee sout her nmost pr ovi nces:
Chubut , Sant a Cr uz and Ti er r a del Fuego.

Figure 1 Locat ion of t he Pat agonian provinces of Argent ina (brow n). From Nort h t o Sout h: Neuqun, Ro
Negro, Chubut , Sant a Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.
Pat agoni a pr esent s a var i et y of ecosyst ems and cl i mat es w her e t he mai n ecosyst em i s t he
semi -deser t st eppe. The r ai nf al l i s not st r i ct l y seasonal (Laya, 1981), but a hi gh pr opor t i on of
i t occur s i n t he w i nt er mont hs usual l y i n smal l event s (Sor i ano 1992). The di st ance f r om t he
Andes det er mi nes a spat i al gr adi ent i n t he r ai nf al l and r esul t s i n a year l y r educt i on of 7 mm
f or each ki l omet r e east w ar d of t he mount ai n r ange (Par uel o et al ., 1998). Pat agoni a can
t her ef or e be di vi ded i n t w o sect or s: t he Andes and t he pl at eau (Cor onat o and Bi si gat o,
2
1998). The Andes sect or r ecei ves hi gher quant i t i es of r ai n t han t he pl at eau, up t o and over
1.200 mm per year (Naumann, 1999), det er mi ni ng a mor e abundant ani mal l i f e and a mor e
l uxur i ant veget at i on. It i s t he r egi on of t he Ando-Pat agoni an f or est s. Thi s r egi on pr ovi des
excel l ent condi t i ons f or t he pr oduct i on of f or age, f or est and some f r ui t and hor t i cul t ur al
speci es (Di mi t r i , 1972).
The pl at eau i s an ar i d envi r onment w i t h annual pr eci pi t at i on bet w een 200 and 500 mm
(Len et al ., 1998; Naumann, 1999). These ecol ogi cal char act er i st i cs have det er mi ned t hat
t he mai n agr i cul t ur al act i vi t y i s ext ensi ve sheep product i on i n l ar ge paddocks (2000-5000 ha)
on a year -r ound basi s. The Pat agoni an val l eys, cut t i ng t he pl at eau f r om West t o East ,
r epr esent onl y a smal l f r act i on of t he ar ea ( 1.5%) but it is here where the urban centres are
concent r at ed and t hey have a gr eat i mpact on r egi onal agr i cul t ur e, t hanks t o t he possi bi l i t y
of usi ng i r r i gat i on. In t he mai n i r r i gat ed val l eys (some w i t h good l evel s of i nf r ast r uct ur e and
ser vi ces) agr i cul t ur e i s gener al l y l i mi t ed t o semi -i nt ensi ve act i vi t i es, such as gr azi ng of
past ur es by sheep and beef cat t l e, and al f al f a cul t i vat i on (sol d as hay f or w i nt er f eedi ng t o
t he sheep f ar ms of t he st eppe). Cr ops l i ke w heat and pot at o ar e cul t i vat ed, as w el l as f r ui t
or char ds and veget abl es (Ci t t adi ni , 2007).
The w i nd i s al so anot her char act er i si ng phenomenon i n Pat agoni a. Sever e and f r equent
w i ndst or ms occur mai nl y i n spr i ng and summer , w i t h w i ndspeeds over 120 km h
-1
.
Over gr azi ng i s l eadi ng t o t he degr adat i on of vast por t i ons of l and and t he exposur e of t he
soi l s t o t he subsequent pr ocesses of w i nd and w at er er osi on. Over gr azi ng and dr ought have
r esul t ed i n soi l degr adat i on of mor e t han 6.5 mi l l i on hect ar es (Per i and Bl oomber g, 2002). It
i s now est i mat ed t hat mor e t han 30% of t he sur f ace i n t he r egi on bet w een t he 41
st
par al l el
and t he M agel l an st r ai t i s af f ect ed by ser i ous w i nd and w at er er osi on (Pel i za et al ., 1997).
The const ant pr esence of st r ong w i nds has det er mi ned an ext ensi ve use of w i ndbr eaks
(appr oxi mat el y 1,500 km of w i ndbr eaks) i n t he i r r i gat ed val l eys of Sout her n Pat agoni a (Per i
and Bl oomber g, 2002) t o pr ot ect t he cr ops f r om t he damagi ng ef f ect s of t he w i nd:
desi ccat i on, di r ect damage t o cr ops and sandbl ast i ng due t o w i nd er osi on pr ocesses. Despi t e
t he i mpor t ance of t he pr obl em, no pr evi ous st udi es on w i nd er osi on exi st .
3
1.2. Wi nd Er osi on
Wi nd er osi on i s t he pr ocess w her eby soi l par t i cl es ar e t aken up and car r i ed aw ay by t he
w i nd. It can become a maj or agr i cul t ur al pr obl em w henever t he soi l i s l oose, dr y, sandy and
uncover ed, w hi l e t he w i nd speed exceeds t he t hr eshol d vel oci t y f or i ni t i at i on of par t i cl e
movement (St er k et al ., 1999). It i s a pr ocess w hi ch i s i nf l uenced by t he sever i t y of t he
cl i mat e, t he suscept i bi l i t y (er odi bi l i t y) of t he soi l and by t he soi l sur f ace condi t i ons (soi l
t ext ur e, soi l r oughness and soi l cover ).
The w i nd r emoves soi l par t i cl es, or gani c mat t er and nut r i ent s and consequent l y r educes t he
soi l pr oduct i vi t y i n t he sour ce ar eas by decl i ni ng t he physi cal and chemi cal f er t i l i t y of t he
t opsoi l (Zobeck and Fr yr ear , 1986). Besi des soi l degr adat i on, w i nd er osi on may cause di r ect
cr op damage (r educed qual i t y and yi el ds), pol l ut e t he at mospher e w i t h f i ne par t i cl es and i t
may cause r educed vi si bi l i t y and deposi t i on at unw ant ed pl aces (r oads, r unaw ays, houses,
et c.) w i t h r esul t i ng economi c dr aw backs (M ohammed et al ., 1995).
Ther e ar e t hr ee di st i nct modes of par t i cl e t r anspor t dependi ng on t he si ze of t he gr ai ns
(Bagnol d, 1941):
1. Suspensi on: ver y smal l par t i cl es (<60-70 m) ar e kept al of t f or r el at i vel y l ong
di st ances by t he t ur bul ent eddi es i n t he w i nd;
2. Sal t at i on: r el at i vel y l ar ge par t i cl es (60-500 m) move dow nw i nd by a ser i es of
bounces or j umps char act er i sed by par t i cul ar t r aj ect or i es w hi ch i ni t i al l y ej ect t he
par t i cl es i nt o t he ai r and, af t er r eachi ng a maxi mum hei ght (usual l y bel ow 1 m), t he
par t i cles ar e car r i ed back t o t he sur f ace by t he w i nd;
3. Sur f ace cr eep: l ar ger par t i cl es (>500 m) ar e pushed or r ol l ed al ong t he sur f ace
pr i mar i l y by t he i mpact of t he sal t at i ng gr ai ns.
The amount s of mat er i al t r anspor t ed by t hese t hr ee modes depend on w i nd speed, par t i cl e
densi t y and t ext ur e of t he t opsoi l . Accor di ng t o an est i mat e of Chepi l (1945) sal t at i on
account s f or 50-75% of t ot al t r anspor t , suspensi on f or 3-40% and sur f ace cr eep f or 5 t o 25%.
Wi nd er osi on w i l l onl y occur w hen soi l gr ai ns capabl e of movi ng i n sal t at i on ar e pr esent i n
t he soi l (Chepi l and Woodr uf f , 1963). The i mpact of sal t at i ng sand as i t st r i kes t he sur f ace
det er mi nes a r el ease of moment um t o ot her st at i onar y gr ai ns ej ect i ng t hese gr ai ns at l ow er
shear vel oci t i es (i mpact t hr eshol d) t han t hose r equi r ed t o ent r ai n t he st at i onar y par t i cl es by
4
di r ect f l ui d and l i f t f or ces (f l ui d t hr eshol d). Thi s i s w hat i s know n as t he cascade ef f ect and i t
i s i ni t i at ed onl y by a f ew gr ai ns i n sal t at i on ent r ai ned by t he dr ag and l i f t f or ces of t he w i nd
(Ni ckl i ng, 1988). Sal t at i on coul d t her ef or e be r egar ded as t he mai n engi ne t o t he pr ocess of
w i nd er osi on.
1.3. Resear ch Obj ect i ves
Even t hough t he pr ocess of w i nd er osi on i s of t en ment i oned as one of t he mai n soi l
degr adat i on pr ocesses i n Sout her n Pat agoni a, t her e i s no pr evi ous sci ent i f i c r esear ch on t he
condi t i ons and on t he r at es. The amount of soi l w hi ch i s l ost as a r esul t of w i nd er osi on i s
unknow n.
The ai m of t hi s st udy w as t her ef or e t o quant i f y and pr edi ct w i nd er osi on i n t he agr i cul t ur al
val l eys of Sout her n Pat agoni a. Thi s w as accompl i shed by achi evi ng t he f ol l ow i ng obj ect i ves:
1. M easur e t he maxi mum pot ent i al hor i zont al soi l mass f l ux;
2. Det er mi ne t he pot ent i al r educt i on i n w i nd er osi on r at es by w i ndbr eak syst ems;
3. M odel w i nd-bl ow n sedi ment t r anspor t as a f unct i on of w i nd speed and soi l
condi t i ons.
The model (obj ect i ve 3) i s devel oped i n or der t o bui l d a GIS-based w i nd er osi on pr edi ct i on
syst em i n a separ at e st udy (De Sy, 2009).

5
2. M at erials and M et hods
2.1. The EULACIAS Fr amew or k
EULACIAS (Eur opean-Lat i n Amer i can Co-Innovat i on of Agr i cul t ur al Syst ems) i s an EU-f unded
pr oj ect w hi ch has as i t s mai n goal t o i mpr ove t he sust ai nabi l i t y of f r ui t pr oduct i on syst ems of
Sout her n Pat agoni a at t he economi cal , soci al and envi r onment al l evel . The pr oj ect has been
f ocused on cher r y (Pr unus avi um L.) pr oduct i on i n t hr ee mai n l ocat i ons: t he Low er Val l ey of
t he Chubut Ri ver (LVCHR), Los Ant i guos and Sar mi ent o. Sust ai nabi l i t y i s ul t i mat el y eval uat ed
t hr ough a set of i ndi cat or s; one of t hi s i s soi l er osi on w hi ch i s r el evant bot h f r om an
envi r onment al poi nt of vi ew but al so f r om a pr oduct i on and economi cal per spect i ve.
2.2. Si t e Descr i pt i on
The r esear ch w as car r i ed out i n t he ar ea of Sar mi ent o, i n t he Pat agoni an pr ovi nce of Chubut .
Thi s pr ovi nce i s l ocat ed bet w een t he l at i t udes of 42 and 46S cover i ng an ar ea of 224,686
Km. Thr ee maj or ecol ogi cal r egi ons can be di st i ngui shed i n Chubut : t he Andes M ount ai ns,
t he st eppes (pl at eaux) and t he val l eys. The st eppe cover s 85% of t he t ot al ar ea and i s mai nl y
used f or sheep gr azi ng, a t r adi t i onal act i vi t y i n t hi s ki nd of ecol ogi cal envi r onment .

Figure 2 Climograph of t he w eat her st at ion of Colonia Sarmient o (45. 35 Lat it ude Sout h and 69. 08 Longit ude
W est ; Alt it ude 266 m a. s. l. ). Sequence of dat a: 30 years.
The val l ey of Sar mi ent o i s l ocat ed i n sout her n cent r al Chubut , at l at i t ude of 45 32 S and
l ongi t ude of 69 06 W. It i s at 268 m above sea l evel (a.s.l .) and cover s an ar ea of mor e t han
50,000 ha. The cl i mat e can be char act er i sed as t emper at e or col d-t emper at e (mesot her mal
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6
i n accor dance t o Thor nt w ai t e, deser t i c i n accor dance t o Koppen) w i t h mean annual
t emper at ur es var yi ng bet w een 8,2C t o 13,5C (Ci t t adi ni , 2007) (Fi gur e 2). The r ai nf al l
r egi me i s ver y l ow , aver agi ng 150 mm per year . M ost of t he pr eci pi t at i on i s as snow and t hi s
occur s pr i nci pal l y i n t he w i nt er mont hs f r om M ay t o August .
The st r ong w est er l y w i nds have t he ef f ect of decr easi ng t he per cept i on of t he mean annual
t emper at ur e (a phenomenon know n as w i nd chi l l ) by 4.2C (Cor onat o, 1993). These ef f ect s
ar e mor e pr onounced i n t he summer mont hs (bet w een Sept ember and Januar y) w hen t he
w i nd r eaches i t s maxi mum speeds. M ost of t he t i mes (65-75% of t he dai l y obser vat i ons) t he
w i nds bl ow f r om t he West -Sout hw est . In t he cent r e-w est of Chubut , t he mean annual val ues
of w i nd speed ar e bet w een 4.2 and 6.1 m s
-1
(Par uel o et al ., 1998).
The val l ey i s cut by t he Ro Senguer w hi ch connect s t w o l akes: M ust er s and Col hu Huapi .
Thi s det er mi nes t he pr esence of a par t i cul ar t ype of veget at i on know n as mal l i n (w et l and)
consi st i ng of ext ended f l ood pl ai ns cover ed mai nl y by shor t gr asses and smal l shr ubs and
w her e sheep and cat t l e ar e al l ow ed t o gr aze f r eel y. The sur r oundi ng ar ea (out si de t he
i nf l uence of t he r i ver ) has t he t ypi cal veget at i on of t he Pat agoni an st eppe, w hi ch consi st s of
a domi nance of bushes such as Anar t hr ophyl l um r i gi dum, Ber ber i s buxi f ol i a (Cal af at e), et c. It
i s an ar i d envi r onment w her e any t ype of agr i cul t ur al pr oduct i on r equi r es i r r i gat i on. Thi s
t ype of envi r onment char act er i ses t he r esear ch si t e.
The r esear ch w as conduct ed on an exper i ment al cher r y f ar m of 18 ha est abl i shed i n 2004,
Baha Sol ano (45 32 S, 69 05 W). The f ar m i s subdi vi ded i nt o 11 par cel s of si mi l ar si zes
bet w een 1.4 and 1.7 ha. The pl ant i ng densi t y of t he cher r y t r ees i s of 2222 t r ees/ ha. Al ong
t he r ow s t he cher r y t r ees ar e 1 m apar t and t he r ow s ar e 4.5 m apar t . Bet w een t he r ow s
Fest uca spp. has been sow n t o pr ot ect t he bar e soi l and i s i r r i gat ed by spr i nkl er s. Thi s i nt er -
r ow pr ot ect i on w i t h Fest uca spp. has onl y been est abl i shed t hr ee year s af t er t he pl ant at i on.
The r esear ch w as conduct ed dur i ng a f our mont h f i el d campai gn begi nni ng i n Oct ober 2008
and endi ng i n Januar y 2009, i n accor dance w i t h t he spr i ng and t he summer per i ods.
The t opogr aphy of t he exper i ment al si t e i s f l at , w i t h a mean sl ope of 0.5%, and t he soi l s have
a hi gh sand cont ent (> 90%). Ther e i s a net w or k of ar t i f i ci al w i ndbr eak syst ems and young
nat ur al w i ndbr eaks. The f i r st ar e made out of net s 5 m hi gh and w i t h an opt i cal por osi t y of
50%, w hi l e t he second most l y consi st i ng of popl ar s (Popul us ni gr a cv i t al i ca) r each
7
hei ght s of up t o 5 m. The opt i cal w i ndbr eak por osi t i es w er e est i mat ed f r om di gi t i sed col our
phot ogr aph usi ng an i mage-pr ocessi ng pr ogr am (Zhang et al ., 1995). The w i ndbr eaks ar e
or i ent at ed East -West and Nor t h-Sout h, per pendi cul ar t o t he di r ect i on of t he pr edomi nant
w i nds.
2.3. Wi nd Speed and Wi nd Di r ect i on
Wi nd speed and w i nd di r ect i on w er e measur ed r espect i vel y usi ng a w i nd t ow er w i t h 5 cup
anemomet er s i nst al l ed at 5 di f f er ent hei ght s up t o 4 m (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.0 m) and a
w i nd vane i nst al l ed at a hei ght of 5 m. The val ues w er e r ecor ded and st or ed i n a dat a l ogger
(Campbel l CR10) and pr ovi ded aver age val ues of 1 mi nut e f r om r eadi ng i nt er val s of 5
seconds. These i nst r ument s w er e i nst al l ed i n an unshel t er ed ar ea, f r ee f r om di st ur bances,
and pr ovi ded t he cont r ol condi t i ons of t he r esear ch (see sect i on 2.4).
The w i nd speed val ues obt ai ned w er e used t o descr i be t he w i nd pr of i l e i n or der t o
char act er i ze t he f r i ct i on vel oci t y and t he aer odynami c r oughness hei ght . For such a pur pose
t he l ogar i t hmi c w i nd pr of i l e w as used (Eq. 1):
u( z) =
u

k
l n _
z
z
0
]
(1)
Wher e u( z) i s t he aver age w i nd speed (m s
-1
) at hei ght z (m); z
0
i s t he aer odynami c
r oughness l engt h (m); k i s Von Kr mn s const ant (= 0.4); u

i s t he f r i ct i on or shear vel oci t y

(m s
-1
). u

i s def i ned as u

= (
o
p ) , w her e
o
i s t he shear st r ess at t he sur f ace and p i s
t he ai r densi t y. Wi t h a mi ni mum of t w o aver age w i nd speed measur ement s at t w o di f f er ent
hei ght s bot h u

and z
0
can be det er mi ned by l i near r egr essi on.
2.4. Sal t at i on Tr anspor t
Sal t at i on t r anspor t w as quant i f i ed usi ng t w o sal t i phones and 24 M odi f i ed Wi l son and Cooke
(M WAC) sedi ment cat cher s. Spaan and Van den Abeel e (1991) pr ovi de a det ai l ed descr i pt i on
of t he sal t i phone. It i s an acoust i c sensor t hat cont i nuousl y r ecor ds t he i mpact s of sal t at i ng
sand gr ai ns by means of a mi cr ophone w i t h a membr ane of 201 mm i nst al l ed i nsi de a
pr ot ect i ve st ai nl ess st eel t ube (l engt h = 130 mm, di amet er = 50 mm). The t ube i s mount ed
on a bal l bear i ng and has t w o w i nd vanes i n t he back w hi ch al l ow t he sal t i phone t o be
8
const ant l y or i ent ed i nt o t he w i nd (Fi gur e 3). The cent r e of t he mi cr ophone w as i nst al l ed at
0.1 m above t he soi l sur f ace.
e
a a a
c
c
d
b
d
e
b
side- view f ront - view
a = vanes
d = bal l bear i ng
b = micr ophone
e = connect ion cable
c = tube

Figure 3 Schemat ic diagram of t he Salt iphone adapt ed from Spaan and Van den Abeele (1991).
Dur i ng w i nd st or ms, sal t at i ng par t i cl es movi ng t hr ough t he t ube hi t t he mi cr ophone
pr oduci ng hi gh f r equency si gnal s. The sal t at i ng sand can be di st i ngui shed by ot her noi ses (eg
w i nd, r ai n) by ampl i f yi ng t he si gnal s and at t enuat i ng t he l ow t ones (St er k et al ., 1999). Each
sand gr ai n col l i si on pr oduces a si gnal t hat i s cut of f af t er 1 ms, meani ng t hat i n t heor y a
maxi mum of 1000 gr ai ns per second can be r ecor ded. The act ual number of gr ai n i mpact s
may how ever be hi gher due t o t he over l ap of col l i si ons w i t hi n t he t i mef r ame of t he 1 ms
pul ses (St er k et al ., 1999). Al l t he pul ses ar e cont i nuousl y count ed and st or ed i n t he dat a
l ogger at 1 mi n i nt er val s t hus gi vi ng a cont i nuous moni t or i ng of aeol i an sedi ment t r anspor t
r at es. The out put i s i n count s per mi nut e and show s t he t empor al var i abi l i t y of t he sal t at i on
pr ocess w hi ch can be used t o det er mi ne t he st ar t ing t i me, dur at i on and t he i nt ensi t y of w i nd
er osi on event s. The sal t i phone cannot how ever be used t o measur e t he absol ut e magni t ude
of par t i cl e f l ux (Leender s et al . , 2005).
Tw ent y f our M WAC sedi ment cat cher s (Fi gur e 4) w er e used f or t he measur ement of
w i ndbl ow n mass f l uxes. These devi ces consi st of a ser i es of t r aps mount ed on a r ot at i ng
cent r al pol e. A w i nd vane (sai l ) i s at t ached on t he cent r al pol e ensur i ng a const ant
or i ent at i on i n t he w i nd di r ect i on. Each t r ap consi st s of a PVC pl ast i c bot t l e (100 ml ) w i t h t w o
gl ass t ubes (di amet er = 8 mm, openi ng = 50.3 mm) posi t i oned hor i zont al l y on t he cent r al
pol e: an i nl et t ube w hi ch al l ow s t he ent r ance of w i nd-bor ne par t i cl es and an out l et t ube
w hi ch al l ow s ai r t o escape (St er k and Raat s, 1996).
9
Fi ve t r aps w er e used on each cat cher i n or der t o t r ap movi ng aeol i an mat er i al at t he
f ol l ow i ng hei ght s above t he soi l sur f ace: 0.05, 0.12, 0.19, 0.26, and 0.75 m (Fi gur e 4). The
over al l t r appi ng ef f i ci ency of t he sedi ment cat cher , def i ned as t he r at i o bet w een t he
measur ed mass t r anspor t r at e w i t h a M WAC cat cher and t he act ual mass t r anspor t r at e
measur ed i n t he w i nd t unnel w as 54.4% (St er k, 1993).
0. 75m
0. 26m
0. 12m
0. 05m
0. 19m
out let inlet
sail
sample bot tle
soil surface
sample bot tle
copper fr ame
p. v.c. tube

Figure 4 Schemat ic diagram of t he M odified W ilson and Cooke sediment cat cher (pvc = polyvinyl chloride)
adapt ed from St erk and Raat s (1996).
Fr om t he obser vat i ons of t he mass f l ux densi t i es (kg m
-2
s
-1
), a model w as f i t t ed descr i bi ng
t he ver t i cal pr of i l e of t he measur ed mass densi t i es (Zi ngg, 1953; St er k and Raat s, 1996):
q( z) = q
0
[
z
o
+ 1
-p

(2)
Wher e q( z) i s t he hor i zont al mass f l ux densi t y (kg m
-2
s
-1
) at hei ght z (m); q
0
i s t he mass f l ux
densi t y at z = 0; o i s a l engt h scal e; p i s a di mensi onl ess exponent .

Int egr at i ng Eq. (2) over hei ght f r om z = 0 t o z = 1 m r esul t s i n t he mass t r anspor t r at e (kg m
- 1

s
-1
) at t he sampl i ng poi nt . Cor r ect i ng t hi s val ue f or t he t r appi ng ef f i ci ency pr ovi des a t ot al
mass t r anspor t r at e (kg m
-1
s
-1
) f or each cat cher ,
t
. M ul t i pl yi ng t hi s val ue w i t h t he dur at i on
of t he w i nd event s as r ecor ded by t he sal t i phones w i l l gi ve a val ue of t ot al mass t r anspor t ,
(kg m
-1
), equal l i ng t he t ot al mass of w i nd-bor ne sedi ment bel ow 1 m hei ght t hat passes a 1
m w i de st r i p per pendi cul ar t o t he w i nd di r ect i on.
10
2.5. Exper i ment al Set up
In Baha Sol ano t hr ee t r ansect s of ei ght M WAC cat cher s w er e i nst al l ed i n di f f er ent
condi t i ons of soi l and w i nd (Fi gur e 5). Tw o 100 by 20 m st r i ps of l and w er e cl ear ed of t he
nat ur al bush veget at i on and l evel l ed w i t h a moul dboar d pl ough, t he l ongest l engt h par al l el
t o t he di r ect i on of t he pr edomi nant w i nd (East -West ). One of t he st r i ps w as pr ot ect ed by an
ar t i f i ci al w i ndbr eak, or i ent ed Nor t h-Sout h, w i t h an opt i cal por osi t y of 50% and a hei ght of 5
m at t he non er odi bl e boundar y (NEB) t he upw i nd edge of t he f i el d. The cont r ol scenar i o
pr ovi ded val ues of t he pot ent i al maxi mum er osi on of t he exper i ment al si t e, w hi l e t he
pr ot ect ed st r i p pr ovi ded i nf or mat i on on t he ef f ect of t he w i ndbr eak on t he unpr ot ect ed soi l .
The M WAC sedi ment cat cher s w er e hor i zont al l y spaced acr oss t he f i el d at x = 1, 5, 10, 20,
35, 50, 75, and 100 m, w her e x i s t he di st ance f r om t he upw i nd edge of t he f i el d. It w as
assumed t hat t he cat cher s onl y caught sedi ment or i gi nat i ng f r om t he same st r i ps.
1m
5m
10m
20m
35m
50m
75m
100m
Sediment Catcher
Saltiphone
Wind Tower
Windbreak
Cherry Trees
Wind Direction
KEY
N
E
B

Figure 5 Experiment al set up of t he Bahia Solano t rials (NEB = Non Erodible Boundary)
The t hi r d exper i ment w as set up di r ect l y i n t he cher r y or char d, sect or 2, w i t h ar t i f i ci al
w i ndbr eaks and a doubl e r ow of nat ur al w i ndbr eaks at t he NEB. The nat ur al w i ndbr eaks
have an opt i cal por osi t y of 25% and ar e 3 m w i de (Popul us ni gr a, 5 m hi gh) (De Sy, 2009).
Sect or 2 has been chosen because of i t s posi t i on at t he upw i nd edge of t he or char d,
r ecei vi ng t he f r ee appr oach f l ow of t he w i nd, and t hus compar abl e t o t he ot her t w o set ups
(Fi gur e 5). In t hi s case t he cat cher s w er e pl aced at x = 1.8, 8.8, 13.8, 18.8, 26.8, 40, 58, and
75 m due t o t he r est r i ct i on of t he di st r i but i on of t he r ow s of t he cher r y t r ees.
11
The w i nd t ow er and t he sal t i phones w er e i nst al l ed i n t he cont r ol st r i p at x = 100. One of t he
t w o sal t i phones w as pl aced next t o t he M WAC at x = 100 m (Fi gur e 5).
2.6. Soi l Sur f ace and Sedi ment Pr opert i es
The soi l sur f ace pr oper t i es w hi ch di r ect l y have an ef f ect on w i nd er osi on w er e det er mi ned
on t he f i el d. Soi l t ext ur e (per cent age of cl ay, sand and si l t ) and t he w i nd er odi bl e f r act i on
(per cent age of aggr egat es w i t h a di amet er < 0.84 mm) w er e det er mi ned usi ng a dr y si eve.
To det er mi ne t he soi l t ext ur e, t hr ee t opsoi l (0 5 cm dept h) sampl es w er e t aken f r om each
of t he sect or s i n Baha Sol ano. Thr ee t opsoi l sampl es, not bul ked, w er e t aken f r om each st r i p
and f r om sect or 2 (at 2, 50 and 100 m f r om t he NEB). The t opsoi l sampl es w er e anal ysed f or
nut r i ent (Ni t r ogen, Phosphor ous and Pot assi um) and or gani c mat t er cont ent . The mat er i al
t r apped i n t he 0.05, 0.19 and 0.75 m hi gh bot t l es of t he l ast cat cher (100 m f r om t he NEB)
and of t he cat cher at 50 m f r om t he NEB i n t he cont r ol st r i p w as chemi cal l y anal ysed f or
or gani c mat t er and macr onut r i ent s (ni t r ogen, phosphor ous and pot assi um). Or gani c mat t er
w as anal ysed usi ng t he mi cr o met hod pr oposed by Wal kl ey and Bl ack (1934), ni t r ogen w as
anal ysed usi ng t he Kj el dahl met hod (Br emmer , 1960), i nt er changeabl e pot assi um w as
anal ysed usi ng ext r act i on w i t h ammoni um acet at e w hi l e phosphor ous w as anal ysed usi ng
t he Ol sen met hod (Ol sen, 1954). The enr i chment r at i o (ER) - t he r at i o of nut r i ent s i n t he
er oded sedi ment t o t he nut r i ent s i n t he or i gi nal soi l w as t hen cal cul at ed, pr ovi di ng det ai l s
on t he pot ent i al amount of nut r i ent l osses.
Soi l sur f ace cover w as est i mat ed i n t he cher r y or char d usi ng t he l i ne-i nt er cept met hod
(Canf i el d, 1941) w hi l e st one cover w as measur ed i n t he cont r ol and t he w i ndbr eak pl ot s
usi ng t he l i ne-poi nt i nt er sect met hod (Bonham, 1989) w her eby st one cover i s measur ed
al ong a l i near t r ansect and i s based on t he number of hi t s on a r ock or st one out of t he
t ot al number of poi nt s measur ed al ong t he t r ansect .
The pr esence of soi l cr ust s w as opt i cal l y est i mat ed bef or e and af t er er osi on event s. Soi l
cr ust s ar e an i mpor t ant par amet er t o consi der as t hei r pr esence may r educe t he quant i t y of
w i ndbl ow n sedi ment by l i mi t i ng t he suppl y of sal t at i on mat er i al (St er k et al ., 1999). In Baha
Sol ano, due t o t he sandy t ext ur e of t he soi l s, cr ust i ng does not seem t o be a maj or i ssue.
Dur i ng t he exper i ment al per i od, soi l moi st ur e w as l ow i n t he f i r st f ew cent i met r es of t he
t opsoi l due t o t he const ant pr esence of w i nd and i nt ense sunshi ne t hat caused hi gh
12
evapor at i on r at es i n t he t opsoi l and w as t her ef or e i gnor ed i n t hi s st udy. In a coupl e of
st or ms, how ever , soi l moi st ur e di d have an ef f ect i n decr easi ng soi l er odi bi l i t y, but i n onl y
one case t he ef f ect w as st r ong enough t o j ust i f y an adj ust ment i n t he model l i ng.
2.7. Wi nd Er osi on M odel l i ng
The dat a of t ot al mass t r anspor t r at es (Q) r ecor ded w i t h t he M WAC sedi ment cat cher al ong
t he t r ansect s w as f i t t ed usi ng a negat i ve exponent i al decay cur ve (St out , 1990) account i ng
f or t he i ncr ease t o a maxi mum mass t r anspor t capaci t y (
n]
), i n or der t o anal yse t he t ot al
mass t r anspor t r at e al ong t he exper i ment al pl ot s, Eq. (3):
( x) =
n]
(1 c
-x
b
,
)
(3)
Wher e x i s t he f i el d l engt h (m); b i s a const ant (m), a measur e of t he r at e of i ncr ease of mass
t r anspor t ; ( x) i s t he t ot al mass t r anspor t r at e at f i el d l engt h x (kg m
-1
);
n]
i s t he
maxi mum mass t r anspor t r at e over t he speci f i c soi l sur f ace (kg m
-1
).
The mass t r anspor t r at e f or a speci f i c ar ea can be pr edi ct ed w i t h t he use of var i ous sedi ment
t r anspor t equat i ons. These equat i ons usual l y assume t hat t he f r i ct i on vel oci t y, or shear
vel oci t y, u

, i s t he dr i vi ng var i abl e f or sedi ment t r anspor t . Ot her equat i ons al so i ncl ude t he
t hr eshol d f r i ct i on vel oci t y, u
t
, and i ncor por at e i nt o t he equat i on t he concept t hat
movement of soi l par t i cl es w i l l onl y occur w hen u

exceeds u
t
. The t hr eshol d shear vel oci t y
i s t he mi ni mum f r i ct i on vel oci t y r equi r ed t o over come t he f or ces hol di ng t he par t i cl es on t he
sur f ace (Shao, 2000).
Fur t her mor e, t r anspor t equat i ons cont ai n empi r i cal const ant s t hat account f or t he soi l
er odi bi l i t y and ar e t hus dependent on soi l char act er i st i cs such as t ext ur e and soi l cover .
As an exampl e of a sedi ment t r anspor t equat i on t he Let t au and Let t au (1978) equat i on i s
show n (Eq. 4) w hi ch enabl es t o expl ai n t he meani ng of t he di f f er ent par amet er s used i n such
sedi ment t r anspor t equat i ons:

mux
= C
I
_
J

]
0.5
p
u
u

2
( u

u
t
)
(4)
Wher e
mux
i s t he maxi mum sedi ment f l ux or t ot al t r anspor t r at e (kg m
-1
s
-1
) f or t he gi ven
soi l and w i nd condi t i ons (equal t o
n]
); C
L
i s t he soi l er odi bi l i t y const ant ; J i s t he mean
13
gr ai n di amet er (mm); i s t he st andar d gr ai n di amet er (0.25 mm); p
u
i s t he ai r densi t y (~ 1.2
kg m
-3
); u

i s t he shear vel oci t y (m s

-1
); u
t
i s t he t hr eshol d shear vel oci t y (m s
-1
).
The val ues of and p
u
w er e der i ved f r om l i t er at ur e. C
L
i s a coef f i ci ent w hi ch account s f o r
t he er odi bi l i t y of t he soi l and i s t her ef or e a f unct i on of al l soi l par amet er s t hat i nf l uence t he
soi l s t endency t o be er oded (soi l moi st ur e, st one cover , sur f ace r oughness, cr ust s, et c). The
t hr eshol d shear vel oci t y w as est i mat ed f r om t he dat a obt ai ned f r om t he sal t i phones and
f r om t he w i nd pr of i l es (Eq. 1). The pr ocess i s r el at i vel y si mpl e and consi st s of t aki ng t he
aver ages of t he w i nd pr of i l e dat a over 30 mi nut es. The 30 mi nut e aver age f r i ct i on vel oci t y
val ues w er e t hen cor r el at ed t o t he summed sal t i phone dat a f or t he same t i me i nt er val s. A
l i near f i t t hr ough t he f r i ct i on vel oci t y val ues pr ovi ded t he t hr eshol d f r i ct i on vel oci t y.
Eq. (4) and f our ot her t r anspor t equat i ons (Tabl e 1) w er e t est ed i n or der t o f i t t he measur ed
t ot al mass f l uxes t o t he measur ed w i nd and soi l char act er i st i cs.
Besi des Eq. (5) al l t he mass t r anspor t r at e equat i ons i n Tabl e 1 t ake t he t hr eshol d vel oci t y
condi t i on i nt o consi der at i on, i n ot her w or ds, t he mass t r anspor t r at e w i l l be zer o w hen u

<
u
t
. The equat i on t hat does not t ake t hi s f act or i n consi der at i on w i l l t her ef or e pr edi ct
sedi ment t r anspor t at vel oci t i es bel ow t hose r equi r ed t o i ni t i at e par t i cl e movement .
Table 1 Overview of t he mass t ransport equat ions used in t his st udy.
Sour ce Expr ession Equat ion n
Zi ngg (1953)
a

mux
= C
z
( J )
0.75
pu

3
g 5
Kaw amur a (1964)

mux
= C
Ku
[1 + |
u
t
u

, ]
2
(1
u
t
u

, ) pu

3
g
6
M aegl ey (1976)
a,

mux
= C
M
[
J

,
0.75
[1 |
u
t
u

, ]
13.72
pu

3
g
7
Ki nd (1976)

mux
= C
K
[1 |
u
t
u

, ]
2
pu

3
g
8

mux
= mass f l ux
C
z
, C
Ku
, C
M
, C
K
= empi r i cal coef f i ci ent s
a
= 0.25 mm
g = gr avi t at i onal accel er at i on (9.81 m s
-2
)

The equat i ons w er e t est ed f or t he st or m event s w hi ch have been r ecor ded on t he r esear ch
si t e. The measur ed w i nd speed pr of i l es and t he t ot al mass t r anspor t r at es measur ed dur i ng
30 mi nut e i nt er val s w er e used f or t he cur ve f i t t i ng. The cur ve f i t t i ng w as done f or t he
maxi mum mass t r anspor t r at e measur ed w i t h t he M WAC cat cher f ur t her st f r om t he NEB (at
14
x = 100 m) usi ng non l i near i nt er pol at i on i n t he st at i st i cal sof t w ar e package Syst at
(Wi l ki nson, 1987). The i nt er pol at i on of t he dat a w as anal ysed w i t h R. In case t he t r anspor t
equat i ons pr edi ct ed mass t r anspor t bel ow t he t hr eshol d w i nd speed t hese have been
i gnor ed and equal l ed t o zer o.


15
3. Result s and Discussion
The w i nd t ow er w as i nst al l ed and f unct i onal on t he 11
t h
of December 2008. The l ast w i nd
measur ement s w er e t aken on t he 26
t h
of Januar y 2009. Dur i ng t hi s exper i ment al per i od a
t ot al of ni ne er osi ve w i nd st or ms w er e sampl ed. An unexpect ed r ai n event occur r ed dur i ng
t he w i nd st or m of t he 20
t h
t o t he 21
st
December 2008 and r ai n event s al so pr eceded t he
w i nd st or m of t he 18
t h
-20
t h
Januar y 2009 and t hat of t he 24
t h
-26
t h
of Januar y 2009. In t he
f i r st case t he r ai n i nf l uenced t he er odi bi l i t y of t he soi l and i t w as t her ef or e necessar y t o t ake
t hi s i nt o consi der at i on i n t he dat a anal ysi s of t hi s event . Thi s w as not how ever t he case f or
t he ot her t w o w i ndst or ms.
3.1. Soi l Sur f ace Pr oper t i es
Thr ee soi l sampl es w er e t aken f r om each Baha Sol ano sect or , and t hr ee sampl es w er e t aken
f r om each exper i ment al si t e, one at t he NEB, one at 50 m and one at 100 m f r om t he NEB.
Al l t he soi l s t est ed w er e cl assi f i ed as sandy soi l s. Ther e w as no st at i st i cal di f f er ence (P < 0.05
i n one-w ay ANOVA) i n t ext ur e, or gani c mat t er cont ent , and nut r i ent cont ent i n any of t he
exper i ment al si t es (Tabl e 2). Some var i abi l i t y w as obser ved i n t he soi l sampl es, especi al l y
w i t h r egar d t o t he nut r i ent cont ent (phosphor ous i n par t i cul ar ), but i t i s not si gni f i cant .
Table 2 Physical and chemical propert ies of t he t opsoil (0-5 cm) in Baha Solano.
Par t i cl e Si ze di st r i but i on
1

Exper iment al Si t e No. of
Soil
Sampl es
Cl ay
(%)
Si l t
(%)
Sand
(%)
Or gani c
M at t er
(%)
Tot al
Ni t r ogen
(%)
Avail abl e
Phosphorous
(p.p.m.)
Avail abl e
Pot assi um
(meq/ 100g)
Bahi a Sol ano 30 3.01 3.19 93.80 0.69 0.05 26.67 2.40
Cher r y f i el d (sect or 2) 3 4.43 3.08 92.49 0.48 0.06 13.54 1.59
Cont r ol si t e 3 3.79 2.13 94.07 0.51 0.09 11.27 2.33
Wi ndbr eak si t e 3 3.75 3.48 92.78 0.55 0.02 19.81 2.33
1
Sand 50-2000 m, silt 2-50 m, clay < 2 m
The mean gr ai n di amet er f al l s w i t hi n t he si ze cl ass 0.05 0.25 mm (Fi gur e 6). One of t he
par amet er s t hat need t o be def i ned f or t he model l i ng i s J (t he mean gr ai n di amet er ). Si nce
t he exact val ue of J w as not avai l abl e f r om t he soi l t ext ur e anal ysi s, a val ue of 0.15 mm w as
used f or t he f i t t i ng of t he t r anspor t equat i ons, cal cul at ed as t he aver age si ze bet w een t he
upper and l ow er l i mi t of t he most r epr esent ed si ze cl ass (0.05 0.25 mm).
When t he t w o st r i ps w er e pr epar ed f or t he exper i ment s t he st one cover w as ver y l ow and
assumed t o be 0%. Dur i ng t he exper i ment al per i od, t he st one cover i ncr eased and w as
16
measur ed by t he l i ne poi nt -i nt er sect met hod on t he 7
t h
of Januar y on bot h st r i ps and
r esul t ed t o be 26% and 41% i n t he cont r ol st r i p and w i ndbr eak st r i p r espect i vel y.

Figure 6 Part icle size dist ribut ion (USDA classificat ion) of t opsoil of experiment al sit e at Baha Solano.
No st r ong pr esence of soi l cr ust s w as obser ved dur i ng t he exper i ment al per i od. Onl y i n one
occasi on a sl i ght cr ust w as not ed f ol l ow i ng a r ai n event (18-20
t h
Januar y 2009, St or m 7)
(Tabl e 3), t hi s had t he ef f ect of decr easi ng t he er odi bi l i t y of t he soi l and t he l ow est mass
t r anspor t w as obser ved i n t hi s occasi on (Fi gur e 9).
The i nt er -r ow veget at i on cover on t he cher r y f i el d (sect or 2, Baha Sol ano) as est i mat ed by
t he l i ne-i nt er cept met hod w as 34.3%.
3.2. Wi nd Speed, Wi nd Di r ect i on and Wi ndst orms

Figure 7 Daily average w ind speed and w ind direct ion recorded during t he experiment al period at 1. 5 m and
5 m height respect ively.
The aver age w i nd di r ect i on t hr oughout t he exper i ment al per i od (11/ 12/ 08 26/ 01/ 09) w as
27050 (West ). The aver age w i nd di r ect i on r ecor ded dur i ng w i nd er osi on event s w as
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Cl ay & Si l t
(<0.05 mm)
Fi ne Sand (0.05-
0.25 mm)
M edi um Sand
(0.25-0.5 mm)
Coar se Sand
(>0.5 mm)
V
o
l
u
m
e

(
%
)
90
135
180
225
270
315
360
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1
1

D
e
c
1
3

D
e
c
1
5

D
e
c
1
7

D
e
c
1
9

D
e
c
2
1

D
e
c
2
3

D
e
c
2
5

D
e
c
2
7

D
e
c
2
9

D
e
c
3
1

D
e
c
1
5

J
a
n
1
7

J
a
n
1
9

J
a
n
2
1

J
a
n
2
3

J
a
n
2
5

J
a
n
W
i
n
d

d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n

(

)
W
i
n
d

S
p
e
e
d

(
m

s
-
1
)
Day
Wi nd Speed Wi nd di r ect i on
17
27520. The dai l y aver age w i nd speeds dur i ng t he exper i ment al per i od (r ecor ded at 1.5 m)
and t he w i nd di r ect i on (r ecor ded at 5 m) ar e show n i n Fi gur e 7.
The w i nd di r ect i on w as, t hr oughout t he exper i ment al per i od, qui t e const ant . Ther e w er e
onl y f ew osci l l at i ons but t he pr edomi nant di r ect i on w as al w ays West .
Wi nd speed peaks of up t o 20 m s
-1
wer e obser ved at 1.5 m dur i ng a ver y st r ong w i nd st or m
occur r i ng bet w een t he 20
t h
and 21
st
of December 2008. Even t hough t he w i nd speed
f l uct uat ed t hr oughout t he exper i ment al per i od, t he speeds w er e i n gener al hi gh, w i t h an
aver age of 6 m s
-1
at 1.5 m.
Table 3 Dat e, t ime, durat ion and w ind charact erist ics of nine w ind erosion event s, December 2008 t o January
2009.
Dat e Event Ti me
(hh:mm)
Dur at i on
(hh.mm)
Wi nd speed at 1.5 m
(m s
-1
)
Wi nd di r ect ion at 5 m
(degr ees)
M ean St d. dev. M ean St d. dev.
15 Dec 16 Dec 1 12:49 04:27 15.38 7.88 1.2 275.8 12.1
16 Dec 2 16:55 22:19 5.24 8.17 1.5 262.1 9.8
20 Dec 21 Dec 3 18:11 04:55 10.44 13.23 2.5 314.6 14.8
23 Dec 24 Dec 4 15:26 11:07 20.41 10.71 2.3 300.7 11.1
14 Jan 5
14:02 16:40
19:58 23:32
6.12 11.10 1.2 256.1 10.7
15 Jan 6 16:23 20:47 4.24 9.14 1.4 284.6 14.1
18 Jan 20 Jan 7
23:07 4:36
02:39 08:51
11.41 9.61 1.4 258.7 12.7
20 Jan 8 12:40 19:33 6.53 10.80 1.4 246.4 10.2
24 Jan 26 Jan 9
23:27 02:55
06:40 07:29
4.17 11.45 1.3 258.0 12.0
A t ot al of ni ne w i ndst or ms w er e r ecor ded dur i ng t he exper i ment al per i od. Ther e w as a l ar ge
var i abi l i t y i n w i nd speed, st or m dur at i on and t i me of st or m amongst event s (Tabl e 3 Dat e,
t i me, dur at i on and w i nd char act er i st i cs of ni ne w i nd er osi on event s, December 2008 t o
Januar y 2009.). Wi nd di r ect i on var i ed bet w een West Sout h West (st or m 8) and Nor t h West
(st or m 3) i ndi cat i ng t he pr evai l i ng w est er l y di r ect i on of t he w i nd. In gener al st or m dur at i on
w as ver y l ong, l ast i ng f r om 4 t o up t o 20 hour s w i t h var yi ng sal t at i on i nt ensi t i es. Thr oughout
t he dur at i on of each st or m, bot h w i nd speed and w i nd di r ect i on w er e qui t e const ant as can
be seen f r om t he st andar d devi at i on (Tabl e 3 Dat e, t i me, dur at i on and w i nd char act er i st i cs
of ni ne w i nd er osi on event s, December 2008 t o Januar y 2009.). The sal t at i on f l ux as
r ecor ded by t he sal t i phones show ed a posi t i ve cor r el at i on (R = 0.65) (ANNEX I) w i t h w i nd
speeds i ndi cat i ng an i ncr ease i n mass f l ux w i t h an i ncr ease i n w i nd speed.
18
3.3. Enr i chment Rat i o
Al l sedi ment sampl es t est ed f or ER der i ved f r om t he sedi ment caught i n t he cont r ol si t e,
apar t f r om t he sedi ment caught i n t he t r ap at 75 cm hei ght (AB-75) (Tabl e 4) w hi ch al so
i ncl uded t he sedi ment caught i n t he 75 cm cat cher s of t he w i ndbr eak si t e. Due t o an
i nsuf f i ci ent quant i t y of sedi ment , i t w as not possi bl e t o per f or m t he t ext ur e anal ysi s on al l
sampl es. A mi ni mum of 200 g of sedi ment w as necessar y t o per f or m al l anal ysi s and not i n
al l cases t hi s quant i t y w as avai l abl e. Due t o t hi s l i mi t at i on, t he sedi ment s caught i n di f f er ent
w i nd st or ms w er e bul ked t oget her . On t he ot her hand, t he sedi ment caught on t he 20
t h
-21
st

December 2008 (A1-21 and A3-21) (Tabl e 4) w as suf f i ci ent t o per f or m al l anal ysi s.
In t w o of t he t hr ee cases f or w hi ch t ext ur e has been anal yzed t he sedi ment cont ai ned a
hi gher per cent age of cl ay t han i n t he or i gi nal soi l (Tabl e 4), and i n t he ot her case t he
per cent age of si l t w as hi gher . Thi s si t uat i on i s i n agr eement w i t h t heor y w hi ch i ndi cat es t hat
w i nd er osi on depr i ves a soi l f r om i t s smal l er (cl ay and si l t ) par t i cl es (Vi sser et al ., 2005).
The ER val ues of phosphor ous ar e al w ays > 1 i ndi cat i ng a pr ef er ent i al l oss of t hi s nut r i ent
t hr ough w i nd er osi on. Possi bl y t he phosphor ous i s bound ont o t he f i ner par t i cl es of t he soi l ,
t he cl ay and t he si l t , expl ai ni ng t he enr i chment of t he nut r i ent i n t he sedi ment . ER val ues of
pot assi um ar e al w ays bel ow 1. In onl y t w o cases t he ER of or gani c mat t er w as hi gher t han 1.
Table 4 Physical and Chemical propert ies of t he sediment caught in t he M W AC t raps.
Par t i cl e Si ze di st r i but i on
1

Soil Sampl e
Codes
Hei gt of
sampl e (m)
Cl ay
(%)
Si l t
(%)
Sand
(%)
ER O.M . ER N ER P Er K
A6-1 0.05 n.a.
2
n.a. n.a. 0.47 0.63 1.40 0.91
A6-3 0.19 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.95 0.17 1.45 0.91
A8-1 0.05 1.88 5.73 92.4 2.06 5.04 1.31 0.91
A8-3 0.19 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.94 0.49 1.33 0.95
AB-75 0.75 n.a. n.a. n.a. 1.62 0.60 1.11 0.91
A1-21 0.05 5.55 2.01 92.4 0.84 1.59 2.02 0.80
A3-21 0.19 5.42 3.11 91.5 0.82 0.45 1.39 0.80

1
Sand 50-2000 m; silt 2-50 m; clay < 2 m

2
Not avai l abl e
The ER of ni t r ogen w as al so > 1 i n onl y t w o cases. The expl anat i on of t hi s hi gh ni t r ogen and
or gani c mat t er cont ent coul d be due t o t he pr esence of some or gani c mat er i al such as
l eaves or smal l t w i gs i nsi de t he col l ect ed sampl es but t hi s seems t o be t he case onl y i n
19
sampl e A8-1 w her e enr i chment i n or gani c mat t er w as al so accompani ed by an enr i chment i n
ni t r ogen. The ot her ER val ues of or gani c mat t er and ni t r ogen ar e st r ange, f l uct uat i ng f r om
l ow t o hi gh val ues w i t hout a cl ear pat t er n bet w een t hem. A hi gh enr i chment i n ni t r ogen i s
not al w ays pai r ed w i t h a hi gh enr i chment i n or gani c mat t er and vi ce ver sa. An expl anat i on
coul d not be f ound f or t hese r esul t s and t he onl y concl usi ons t hat can be dr aw n f r om t he
dat a ar e t hat w i nd er osi on i mpover i shes t he soi l of phosphor ous and t hat t he l evel s of
pot assi um ar e not i nf l uenced.
3.4. Wi nd Er osi on
No sal t at i on occur r ed i n t he cher r y f i el d i n t he f i r st t hr ee w i nd st or ms r ecor ded. The w el l
est abl i shed w i ndbr eak pr esent at t he upw i nd edge of t he cher r y f i el d caused a r educt i on i n
t he w i nd speed over t he cher r y f i el d. M or eover , t he 34.3% gr ound cover i n t he i nt er -r ow
(Fest uca spp.) has t he ef f ect of pr ot ect i ng t he soi l f r om w i nd er osi on as i t sl ow s dow n t he
w i nd and t r aps sal t at i ng par t i cl es. The r ow s of cher r y t r ees (per pendi cul ar t o t he domi nant
w i nd di r ect i on) modi f y t he w i nd pr of i l e by di spl aci ng i t upw ar ds f r om t he sur f ace t o a new
r ef er ence pl ane (Oke, 1978), t he zer o pl ane di spl acement hei ght , and t hi s has t he ef f ect of
decr easi ng t he w i nd speed at gr ound l evel . The r esul t of t hese t w o f act or s i s t hat t he
t hr eshol d f r i ct i on vel oci t y of par t i cl e movement i s never exceeded by t he f r i ct i on vel oci t y
act i ng on t he gr ound, i ndi cat i ng t hat t he cur r ent management of t he pl ant at i on i s ef f i ci ent i n
pr ot ect i ng t he soi l f r om w i nd er osi on. The M WAC cat cher s w er e t her ef or e r emoved f r om
sect or 2 i n t he cher r y pl ant at i on zone and t he exper i ment on t he cher r y f i el d st opped. An
ext r a M WAC cat cher w as i nst al l ed at 125 m f r om t he NEB i n t he cont r ol si t e and i n t he
w i ndbr eak si t e st ar t i ng f r om t he 13
t h
of Januar y 2009.
Eq. 2 w as f i t t ed t hr ough t he measur ed mass f l ux densi t i es at f i ve hei ght s f or each M WAC
cat cher and f or each st or m (t he dat a of t he M WAC sedi ment cat cher s i s show n i n ANNEX II).
The cur ve f i t t i ng show ed a good cor r el at i on w i t h t he measur ed mass f l ux densi t i es at al l
l evel s (Fi gur e 8). It i s cl ear how t he mass f l ux densi t y of w i nd-bl ow n mat er i al st r ongl y
decr eases w i t h hei ght . When sal t at i on i s t he domi nant t r anspor t mode, bet w een 0 0.15 m
(St er k & Raat s., 1996), t he mass f l ux densi t y i s hi gh, w her eas t he mass f l ux densi t y decr eases
w i t h hei ght as t he domi nant t r anspor t mode becomes suspensi on.
20

Figure 8 Fit t ed profiles t hrough t he measured mass fluxes for one M W AC sediment cat cher at t he cont rol sit e
during t he w ind erosion evens of (A) 14 January (st orm 5) and (B) 18-20 January 2009 (st orm 7).
For each st or m a t ot al mass t r anspor t r at e,
t
, (kg m
-1
s
-1
) w as cal cul at ed usi ng Eq. (2) and
t he t r appi ng ef f i ci ency of t he cat cher s (see sect i on 2.3). The dat a w as t hen f i t t ed usi ng t he
negat i ve exponent i al decay cur ve pr oposed by St out (1990) (Eq. 3). In Fi gur e 9 t he mass
t r anspor t pr of i l es al ong t he cont r ol and w i ndbr eak pl ot s of al l t he w i ndst or ms ar e show n.
The shapes of t he cur ves i n t he cont r ol pl ot ar e i nconsi st ent . Fr om pr evi ous w or ks (St out ,
1990; St er k et al ., 1999) t he expect ed hor i zont al pr of i l es shoul d be si mi l ar t o t hose obt ai ned
i n St or ms 3, 5, and 9, t hat i s t o say t hat t he mass t r anspor t i ncr eases t o a maxi mum val ue as
t he di st ance dow nw i nd f r om t he NEB (or t he w i ndbr eak) i ncr eases (negat i ve exponent i al
decay). Thi s t r end w as al so obser ved (t hough i t w as not as cl ear ) i n st or ms 7 and 8. How ever ,
i n st or ms 1, 2, 4 and 6 t her e seems t o be an exponent i al i ncr ease i n t he mass t r anspor t as
t he di st ance f r om t he NEB i ncr eases.
A possi bl e expl anat i on f or t hi s behavi our coul d be encount er ed i n t he char act er i st i cs of t he
w i nd pr of i l e. As t he w i nd pr oceeds over t he nat ur al veget at i on, t he w i nd pr of i l e i s shi f t ed
upw ar ds by t he veget at i on s r oughness l engt h. When t he nat ur al veget at i on i s abr upt l y
i nt er r upt ed by t he bar e st r i p of l and, t he w i nd pr of i l e changes i n or der t o r e-est abl i sh an
equi l i br i um w i t h t he new , l ow er , r oughness l engt h. Thi s has t he ef f ect of i ncr easi ng t he
f r i ct i on vel oci t y at gr ound l evel f r om an i ni t i al l ow val ue at t he NEB up t o an equi l i br i um
val ue at a cer t ai n di st ance f r om t he NEB. Fr om t he behavi our of t he mass t r anspor t al ong
t he exper i ment al pl ot t he i ncr ease i n f r i ct i on vel oci t y seems t o be exponent i al and t he
equi l i br i um i s r eached at x > 100 m. It i s how ever a st r ange behavi our si nce i t i s not obser ved
f or t he ot her st or ms, but no unambi guous expl anat i on can be gi ven.
0
50
100
150
200
250
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
M
a
s
s

f
l
u
x

d
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
K
g

m
-
2
s
-
1
)
Height (m)
A
measur ed
f i t t ed
0
10
20
30
40
50
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
M
a
s
s

f
l
u
x

d
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
K
g

m
-
2
s
-
1
)
Height (m)
B
measur ed
f i t t ed
21
Due t o t he par t i cul ar t r end obser ved, onl y st or ms 3, 5, 7, 8 and 9 w er e chosen t o t est t he
sedi ment t r anspor t equat i ons (Tabl e 1).
The st r ongest st or m obser ved dur i ng t he exper i ment al per i od w as st or m 3. The w i nd
r eached speeds of up t o 20 m s
-1
at 1.5 m. Wi nd er osi on caused ser i ous soi l l osses of 158 t on
ha
-1
i n t he cont r ol st r i p and 77.6 t on ha
-1
i n t he w i ndbr eak st r i p. Fur t her mor e t he er osi on
event w as pr eceded by a r ai n and a hai l st or m w hi ch det er mi ned a w et t i ng of t he soi l on t he
sur f ace. Wet soi l par t i cl es have hi gher cohesi on f or ces and t hus t he t hr eshol d vel oci t y f or
soi l par t i cl e movement i s hi gher t han f or dr y soi l . It i s t her ef or e l i kel y t hat even hi gher
er osi on r at es have occur r ed under dr y soi l condi t i ons. St or m 3 had a st r ong ef f ect on t he
condi t i ons of t he exper i ment al st r i ps. The st or m w as so st r ong t hat i t i ncr eased t he st one
cover by bl ow i ng aw ay most of t he er odi bl e mat er i al . Thi s heavi l y af f ect ed t he er odi bi l i t y of
t he exper i ment al st r i ps i nf l uenci ng t he sal t at i on t r anspor t of subsequent st or ms. It i s qui t e
cl ear f r om t he r ange of val ues on t he or di nat es i n Fi gur e 9 t hat t he most er osi ve st or ms
w er e t he f i r st f our , l at er t he w i nd w as act i ng on a soi l sur f ace w i t h a l ow er suppl y of er odi bl e
mat er i al .
The change i n er odi bi l i t y i n t he st r i ps can al so be seen compar i ng t he sal t at i on f l ux of t w o
st or ms, one t hat t ook pl ace bef or e st or m 3 (Fi gur e 10 A) and one t hat t ook pl ace af t er st or m
3 (Fi gur e 10 B). The sal t at i on f l ux on t he 15-16
t h
December 2008 r eached hi gher peaks t han
t he sal t at i on f l ux on t he 14
t h
Januar y 2009 despi t e t he hi gher w i nd speeds r ecor ded dur i ng
t he l at t er . On t he 15-16
t h
December 2008, si gni f i cant sal t at i on t r anspor t occur r ed at w i nd
speeds bet w een 10 and 12 m s
-1
, w hi l e on t he 14
t h
Januar y 2008 a si gni f i cant f l ux w as
r ecor ded at w i nd speeds bet w een 12 and 14 m s
-1
. The pr ot ect i on of t he soi l gi ven by t he
hi gher st one cover t hat r esul t ed f r om t he sel ect i ve r emoval of smal l par t i cl es af t er t he
st r ong w i nd st or m r ecor ded on t he 24
t h
-25
t h
December 2008, det er mi ned a l ow er sal t at i on
f l ux i n t he st or ms t hat f ol l ow ed, t her ef or e a hi gher st one cover has a posi t i ve ef f ect i n
r educi ng w i nd er osi on, but i t must be r emember ed t hat t hi s i ncr ease i n st one cover w as
det er mi ned by pr evi ous er osi on event s.
22

-


0
100
200
300
400
500
0 20 40 60 80 100
Q

(
k
g

m
-
1
)
Dist ance (m)
St orm 1
Wnd measur ed
Cnt r measur ed
0
50
100
150
0 20 40 60 80 100
Q

(
k
g

m
-
1
)
Dist ance (m)
St orm 2
Cnt r f i t t ed
Wnd f i t t ed
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Q

(
k
g

m
-
1
)
Dist ance (m)
St orm 3
0
100
200
300
400
0 50 100
Q

(
k
g

m
-
1
)
Dist ance (m)
St orm 4
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Q

(
k
g

m
-
1
)
Dist ance (m)
St orm 5
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Q

(
k
g

m
-
1
)
Dist ance (m)
St orm 6
0
5
10
15
20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Q

(
k
g

m
-
1
)
Dist ance (m)
St orm 7
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Q

(
k
g

m
-
1
)
Dist ance (m)
St orm 8
0
20
40
60
80
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Q

(
k
g

m
-
1
)
Dist ance (m)
St orm 9
Figure 9 Tot al M ass Transport (Q) recorded during
t he w ind event s from 15
t h
December 2008 t o 26
t h

January 2009 as a funct ion of dist ance downw ind
from t he non-erodible boundary of t he field
(cont rol sit e) and from t he w indbreak (w indbreak
sit e).
23
Wi ndbr eaks ar e a physi cal obst acl e t o advanci ng ai r f l ow and t her ef or e have t he ef f ect of
pr ovi di ng shel t er f or some di st ance upw i nd and dow nw i nd of t he w i ndbr eak. The behavi our
of t he ai r f l ow i n t he l ee of t he w i ndbr eak i s i nf l uenced by t he por osi t y of t he w i ndbr eak and
t he pr ot ect ed di st ance behi nd t he w i ndbr eak i s pr opor t i onal t o i t s hei ght (h). The shel t er ed
zone i s bet w een -5 h and 20 h (Cl eugh, 1998). A r educt i on i n w i nd speed w as t her ef or e
expect ed i n t he w i ndbr eak exper i ment al st r i p w hi ch w oul d i n t ur n det er mi ne a r educt i on i n
t he t ot al mass t r anspor t measur ed. It i s ver y cl ear f r om t he cur ves (Fi gur e 9) t hat t he
ar t i f i ci al w i ndbr eaks i ndeed had a posi t i ve ef f ect i n t he pr ot ect i on of t he f i el ds f r om w i nd
er osi on. In al l t he r ecor ded st or ms, er osi on i n t he w i ndbr eak si t e w as on aver age 63.7% l ess
t han i n t he cont r ol si t e. Dur i ng st or m 2 and 4 t he hi ghest r educt i ons w er e obser ved, 84. 2
and 74.5% r espect i vel y. The l ow est r educt i on r ecor ded w as of 50.8% obser ved i n st or m 7.

Figure 10 W ind speed at 1. 5 m and corresponding salt at ion flux at 0. 1 m during t he w ind st orms of t he 15-
16
t h
December 2008 (A) and t he 14
t h
January 2009 (B).
3.5. Thr eshol d Fr i ct i on Vel oci t y
The t hr eshol d f r i ct i on vel oci t y w as cal cul at ed usi ng t he 30 mi nut e aver ages of t he f r i ct i on
vel oci t i es and t hei r r espect i ve sal t at i on f l uxes i n t he same t i me i nt er val (ANNEX III). One
t hr eshol d f r i ct i on vel oci t y w as cal cul at ed f or al l t he st or ms except f or st or m 3, w hi ch can be
char act er i zed by a w et and dr y par t .
Fi gur e 11 show s t he sal t at i on f l ux and t he f r i ct i on vel oci t y pl ot t ed agai nst t i me f or 30 mi nut e
per i ods dur i ng st or m 3. The l i nes have been cut i n or der t o di f f er ent i at e t w o di st i nct per i ods
of t he st or m, her e r ef er r ed as: par t 1 and par t 2 on t he l ef t and on t he r i ght hand si de of t he
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
21 h 15 22 h 00 22 h 45 23 h 30
W
i
n
d

S
p
e
e
d

(
m

s
-
1
)
S
a
l
t
a
t
i
o
n

F
l
u
x

(
1
0
0
0

c
t
s

m
i
n
-
1
)
Time (hh:mm)
A
Av Sal t Wi nd 1.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
14 h 00 14 h 45 15 h 30 16 h 15
W
i
n
d

S
p
e
e
d

(
m

s
-
1
)
S
a
l
t
a
t
i
o
n

f
l
u
x

(
1
0
0
0

c
t
s

m
i
n
-
1
)
Time (hh:mm)
B
24
gr aph r espect i vel y. The r eason f or t hi s l i es i n t he f act t hat par t 1 of st or m 3 occur r ed dur i ng
a r ai n and hai l st or m. Ini t i al l y, as t he soi l i s w et , t hus mor e cohesi ve, t he f r i ct i on vel oci t y i s
ver y hi gh (bet w een 1.4 and 1.6 m s
-1
) but t he sal t at i on f l ux i s not at a maxi mum. Par t 1 of t he
st or m w i l l t hus pr ovi de w et -soi l condi t i ons f or t he model l i ng.

Figure 11 Salt at ion flux and frict ion velocit y plot t ed against t ime. The t wo part s of t he st orm are divided as
above for t he modelling.
In t he second par t of t he st or m, w hen t he soi l w as event ual l y dr i ed up because of t he st r ong
evapor at i on (r esul t i ng f r om t he st r ong w i nd) t he dr y-soi l condi t i ons w er e r e-est abl i shed and
t he peak sal t at i on w as r eached at l ow er f r i ct i on vel oci t i es. Par t 1 and par t 2 of t he st or m,
t her ef or e, w er e consi der ed separ at el y f or t he f i t t i ng of t he sedi ment t r anspor t equat i ons.
The t w o par t s have been model l ed separ at el y because t hey account f or t w o di f f er ent soi l
condi t i ons, a model par amet er : a w et condi t i on and a dr y one. The i nf l uence of t he moi st ur e
on u
t
w as onl y obser ved i n st or m 3 w her e a hi gher moi st ur e cont ent i ncr eased u
t
by 70%.
Bel l y (1964) and Van Di j k et al . (1999) f ound t hat t he aver age u

t
i ncr eased w i t h hi gher
moi st ur e cont ent s. The f i r st aut hor f ound an aver age i ncr ease of 48% i n u

t
w hen t he
gr avi met r i c moi st ur e cont ent i ncr eased f r om 0 t o 0.6% and i ncr eases of up t o 206% w i t h
moi st ur e cont ent s of up t o 4% w hi l e Van Di j k show ed t hat on aver age u

t
i ncr eased by 35%
on r ai ny days. St or m 3 w as t her ef or e model l ed usi ng t w o u

t
, 1.20 m s
-1
and 0.76 m s
-1

r espect i vel y f or t he w et -soi l and dr y-soi l t hr eshol ds.
The ot her st or ms w her e model l ed usi ng one t hr eshol d condi t i on. Thi s t hr eshol d f r i ct i on
vel oci t y w as cal cul at ed usi ng t he 30 mi n aver age w i nd pr of i l es of each st or m. These w er e
bul ked and pl ot t ed agai nst t he r espect i ve sal t at i on f l uxes (Fi gur e 12). A si mpl e l i near f i t
pr ovi ded a t hr eshol d f r i ct i on vel oci t y val ue of 0.71 m s
-1
.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1
8

h

0
0
1
8

h

4
5
1
9

h

3
0
2
0

h

1
5
2
1

h

0
0
2
1

h

4
5
2
2

h

3
0
2
3

h

1
5
0

h

0
0
0

h

4
5
1

h

3
0
2

h

1
5
3

h

0
0
3

h

4
5
4

h

3
0
u
*

(
m

s
-
1
)
S
a
l
t
a
t
i
o
n

F
l
u
x

(
1
0
0
0

c
t
s

3
0
m
i
n
-
1
)
Time (hh:mm)
Sal t at i on
u*
25

Figure 12 Salt at ion flux plot t ed against t he frict ion velocit y of st orms 5, 6, 7 and 9.
3.6. Fi t t i ng of Sedi ment Tr anspor t Equat i ons
Tabl e 5 gi ves t he summar y of t he f i t t ed C val ues and t he over al l R val ues of t he f i t of t he
sedi ment t r anspor t equat i ons on t he 30 mi n aver age dat a of u

and t ot al mass t r anspor t

r at es f or st or ms 3, 5, 7, 8 and 9.
Table 5 R squared values and C values for t he st orms as modelled in Syst at
Leat t au Let t au Kaw amura Kind Zingg M eagley
C R C R C R C R C R
St or m 3 Wet 0.256 0.90 0.245 0.91 0.217 0.91 0.056 0.91 0.058 0.92
St or m 3 Dr y 0.603 0.93 0.623 0.93 0.531 0.93 0.185 0.91 0.192 0.93
St or m 5 0.303 0.76 0.248 0.76 0.231 0.76 0.032 0.68 0.041 0.73
St or m 7 0.108 0.68 0.077 0.75 0.079 0.67 0.005 0.67 0.009 0.55
St or m 8 0.341 0.93 0.289 0.93 0.226 0.93 0.036 0.68 0.047 0.79
St or m 9 0.159 0.85 0.138 0.85 0.046 0.84 0.027 0.84 0.028 0.84
St or m 7 and st or m 9 w er e bot h pr eceded by days w i t h r ai n event s. The w et ness t hus
i ncr eased t he cohesi veness of t he soi l and t her ef or e t he C val ue w as l ow er (t he soi l w as l ess
er odi bl e). The same happened i n st or m 3. The hi gher C w as obser ved w hen t he soi l w as dr y
and t he l ow er C w as obser ved w hen t he soi l w as w et t er (l ess er odi bl e). Fur t her mor e, a smal l
cr ust w as al so obser ved on t he soi l sur f ace bef or e st or m 7 w as r ecor ded. The pr esence of
t hi s cr ust had t he ef f ect of f ur t her r educi ng t he er odi bi l i t y of t he soi l t hus t he par t i cul ar l y
l ow C val ue. Leys and Raupach (1991) show ed t hat t he f i t t i ng of t he model i s w or st w hen t he
soi l f l ux i s l ow w hi ch can expl ai n w hy t he R val ue of st or m 7 i s r el at i vel y l ow compar ed t o
t he R val ues of t he ot her st or ms.
Al l t he f i t s of t he sedi ment t r anspor t model s show a good posi t i ve cor r el at i on w i t h t he
measur ed dat a (Tabl e 5). The val ues of t he C coef f i ci ent s ar e how ever var i abl e due t o t he
uni que char act er i st i cs and condi t i ons of each of t he r ecor ded st or ms.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0.65 0.68 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.95 0.98
S
a
l
t
a
t
i
o
n

f
l
u
x

(
1
0
0
0

c
t
s

3
0
m
i
n
-
1
)
Frict ion Velocit y, u* (m s
- 1
)
26
Kaw amur a s model w as t he best per f or mi ng model f or t he Pat agoni an condi t i ons si nce in al l
st or ms i t show ed t he hi ghest or second hi ghest R. Fi gur e 13 show s how Kaw amur a s model
f i t s agai nst t he measur ed dat a of each st or m.

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

r
a
t
e

(
k
g

m
-
1
s
-
1
)
Frict ion velocit y (m s
- 1
)
St orm 3
M easur ed dr y M easur ed w et
Kaw amur a dr y Kaw amur a w et
R
2
= 0.91
R
2
= 0.93
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.71 0.74 0.77 0.8 0.83 0.86 0.89 0.92
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

r
a
t
e

(
k
g

m
-
1
s
-
1
)
Frict ion velocit y (m s
- 1
)
St orm 5
M easur ed Kaw amur a
R
2
= 0.76
0.0000
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0010
0.0012
0.0014
0.0016
0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

r
a
t
e

(
k
g

m
-
1
s
-
1
)
Frict ion velocit y (m s
- 1
)
St orm 7
R
2
= 0.75
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

r
a
t
e

(
k
g

m
-
1
s
-
1
)
Frict ion velocit y (m s
- 1
)
St orm 8
R
2
= 0.93
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

r
a
t
e

k
g

m
-
1
s
-
1
)
Frict ion velocit y (m s
- 1
)
R
2
= 0.85
Figure 13 Fit t ing of t he Kaw amura model
over t he measured t ransport rat e dat a and
relat ive R values.
27
3.7. M odel Appl i cat i on
The appl i cat i on of t he model t o ot her si t es needs a good est i mat i on of t he w i nd par amet er s
and of t he soi l par amet er s t her ef or e t he u

t
and C coef f i ci ent s have t o be est i mat ed.
Fr om t he obt ai ned r esul t s t he C coef f i ci ent w as ver y var i abl e. The var i abi l i t y i n t he C
coef f i ci ent w as al so obser ved i n a pr evi ous st udy (Leender s et al ., 2007). The aver age of t he
dr y soi l C coef f i ci ent w as cal cul at ed as 0.275, t hi s does not i ncl ude t he w et soi l C coef f i ci ent
of 0.256 obt ai ned i n t he f i r st par t of st or m 3. Gr eel ey and Iver sen (1985) and Leys and
Raupach (1991) f ound a val ue of 0.29 f or sand t r anspor t on a nat ur al beach, and 0.27 f or a
cul t i vat ed l and w i t h d = 0.11 mm r espect i vel y.
The C coef f i ci ent account s f or t he er odi bi l i t y of t he soi l and t her ef or e i s a f unct i on of var i ous
par amet er s such as soi l moi st ur e, st one cover and soi l sur f ace r oughness, but t he w ei ght
t hat t hese par amet er s i ndi vi dual l y have on t he C coef f i ci ent i s not know n. In t hi s st udy t w o
val ues of st one cover w er e obt ai ned, 0 and 26% w hi ch had a r espect i ve C coef f i ci ent of 0.62
and 0.25. Thi s means a 60% decr ease i n er odi bi l i t y w i t h a hi gher st one cover . How ever i t i s
not know n how t he C coef f i ci ent behaves as t he st one cover var i es bet w een t hese val ues.
The ef f ect of i ncr eased soi l moi st ur e had t he ef f ect of r educi ng t he C coef f i ci ent , but t he
r el at i on bet w een soi l moi st ur e and C coef f i ci ent coul d not be quant i f i ed because soi l
moi st ur e w as not measur ed. Si mi l ar l y, t he ef f ect of sur f ace r oughness on t he C coef f i ci ent
w as not quant i f i ed. How ever , i n or der t o have a cor r ect est i mat i on of t he C coef f i ci ent al l of
t hese par amet er s have t o be t aken i nt o consi der at i on i n f ut ur e exper i ment al set ups and
f ur t her anal ysi s needs t o be car r i ed out i n or der t o cal cul at e t he w ei ght t hat t hese
par amet er s have on t he C coef f i ci ent . Fur t her exper i ment s ar e t her ef or e necessar y f or a
mor e pr eci se est i mat i on of t he C coef f i cient .
The est i mat i on of t he t hr eshol d f r i ct i on vel oci t y can be done usi ng t he r el at i vel y si mpl e
expr essi on pr oposed by Bagnol d (1941) (Eq. 10):
u
t
= A
_
p
s
-p
c
p
c
gJ
Eq. (10)
Wher e A i s a di mensi onl ess const ant (A = 0.118) (Hsu & Weggel , 2002); p
s
i s t he gr ai n
densi t y (kg m
-3
); p
u
i s t he ai r densi t y (~ 1.2 kg m
-3
); g i s t he gr avi t at i onal accel er at i on (9.81 m
s
-2
) and J i s t he mean gr ai n di amet er (m). Usi ng a mean gr ai n di amet er of 0.0015 m, and a
28
gr ai n densi t y of 2700 kg m
-3
, equal t o t hat of l oose sand, a t hr eshol d f r i ct i on vel oci t y of 0.68
m s
-1
i s obt ai ned. Even t hough t hi s val ue sl i ght l y under est i mat es t he act ual measur ed
t hr eshol d f r i ct i on vel oci t y of 0.71 m s
-1
i t i s a r easonabl y good est i mat e. In case of r ai ny days,
w hen moi st ur e i ncr eases t he t hr eshol d f r i ct i on vel oci t y, u
t
coul d be est i mat ed by
modi f yi ng Bagnol d s equat i on (Van Di j k et al ., 1999; Bel l y, 1964; M cKenna-Neuman and
Ni ckl i ng, 1989), so mul t i pl yi ng u
t
by a f act or var yi ng on t he moi st ur e cont ent of t he soi l . At
t hi s t i me i t i s how ever not possi bl e t o f i x t hi s f act or si nce t he exper i ment al dat a i s not
suf f i ci ent t o pr ovi de a good est i mat e.
29
4. Conclusions
Thi s st udy pr esent s t he f i r st ever quant i f i cat i on of sedi ment t r anspor t by w i nd i n Pat agoni a.
A t ot al of ni ne w i nd er osi on event s w er e r ecor ded i n t he exper i ment al per i od w hi ch
ext ended f r om Oct ober 2008 t o Januar y 2009.
The r esear ch show ed t hat t her e i s ser i ous danger of w i nd er osi on i n t he Pat agoni an
agr i cul t ur al val l eys, especi al l y w hen t he nat ur al veget at i on cover i s r emoved f r om t he sandy
soi l s. Out of al l t he st or ms r ecor ded dur i ng t he campai gn, t he one w hi ch shoul d be
consi der ed as t he pot ent i al maxi mum er osi on i s t he t hi r d event , st or m 3. The hi ghest w i nd
speeds w er e r ecor ded i n t hi s event w i t h peaks of up t o 20 m s
-1
. Soi l l oss r eached val ues of
up t o 158 t on ha
-1
and i t modi f i ed t he er odi bi l i t y condi t i ons of t he bar e st r i p of l and as i t
depl et ed i t heavi l y f r om t he er odi bl e f r act i on of t he soi l . Thi s det er mi ned an i ncr ease i n t he
st one cover w hi ch had t he ef f ect of pr ot ect i ng t he soi l f r om st r ong f l uxes of sedi ment .
Subsequent l y t he st or ms t hat f ol l ow ed never r eached as hi gh l evel s of sedi ment t r anspor t .
On aver age sedi ment t r anspor t w as r educed by 63.7% by t he ar t i f i ci al w i ndbr eaks and no
sedi ment t r anspor t w as r ecor ded i n t he cher r y or char d pr ot ect ed by bot h nat ur al and
ar t i f i ci al w i ndbr eaks, i ndi cat i ng t hat w i ndbr eaks ar e a posi t i ve sol ut i on i n t er ms of soi l
pr ot ect i on.
In case of no pr ot ect i on f r om t he w i nd, t her e coul d be an i mpover i shment of phosphor ous
w hi ch coul d det er mi ne def i ci enci es of such nut r i ent t o t he cher r y t r ees, al t hough t hi s speci e
does not usual l y mani f est def i ci enci es of t hi s nut r i ent (San M ar t i no et al ., 2006). Ther ef or e
t her e w oul d be a need t o f er t i l i ze t he soi l s r esul t i ng i n ext r a management cost s.
Al l t he t est ed model s per f or med w el l agai nst t he measur ed dat a, how ever t hi s st udy pr oved
t hat t he model pr oposed by Kaw amur a (1964) i s t he best per f or mi ng model. The model
expr esses t he t ot al mass t r anspor t as a f unct i on of t w o empi r i cal const ant s, t he t hr eshol d
f r i ct i on vel oci t y and t he coef f i ci ent C w hi ch can be i nt er pr et ed as t he er odi bi l i t y of t he soi l .
The C coef f i ci ent s est i mat ed by t he model l i ng var i ed consi der abl y, bet w een 0.62 and 0.08
and t he par amet er coul d not t her ef or e be f i xed. The est i mat i on of t he C coef f i ci ent f or t he
appl i cat i on of t he model t o ot her si t es at t hi s t i me i s t her ef or e not f easi bl e due t o t he hi gh
var i abi l i t y of t he val ues and due t o t he l i mi t ed amount s of w i nd er osi on event s t hat w er e
30
r ecor ded and model l ed. For a mor e pr eci se est i mat i on mor e w or k i s r equi r ed on t he f i el d,
mor e st or ms need t o be r ecor ded and ot her par amet er s t hat have a di r ect i nf l uence on t he
er odi bi l i t y, such as st one cover , shoul d al so be accur at el y moni t or ed. On t he ot her hand t he
use of Bagnol d s f or mul a t o pr edi ct t he t hr eshol d f r i ct i on vel oci t y (Eq. 10) per f or ms w el l and
pr ovi des a good est i mat e w i t hout r equi r i ng t aki ng any par t i cul ar measur ement s on t he f i el d
how ever t he pr eci se ef f ect of soi l moi st ur e on t he val ue of u
t
cannot be det er mi ned at t hi s
t i me si nce exper iment al dat a i s not suf f i ci ent .
In accor dance w i t h t he f i ndi ngs of Leender s et al . (2007), t he adequat e pr edi ct i on of
sedi ment t r anspor t t hr ough a gener al t r anspor t model i n Pat agoni a w oul d r equi r e t he
suppor t and val i dat i on of act ual sedi ment t r anspor t measur ement s and/ or a pr eci se
document at i on on t he soi l er odi bi l i t y f act or s.


31
References
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34
Annexes
I

Table of Cont ent s
ANNEX I ................................................................................................................................. II
ANNEX II ................................................................................................................................ V
ANNEX III ............................................................................................................................... X
II

ANNEX I
Sal t at i on f l ux as r ecor ded by t he sal t i phones pl ot t ed agai nst w i nd speed at 1.5 m hei ght .

Figur e 1 Salt at ion f lux against w ind speed at 1. 5 m r ecor ded dur ing st orm 1 bet w een t he 15
t h
and 16
t h
December 2008.

Figur e 2 Salt at ion f lux against w ind speed at 1. 5 m r ecor ded dur ing st orm 2 on t he 16t h December 2008.

Figur e 3 Salt at ion f lux against w ind speed at 1. 5 m r ecor ded dur ing st orm 3 bet w een t he 20
t h
and 21
st
December 2008.
III


Figur e 4 Salt at ion f lux against w ind speed at 1. 5 m r ecor ded dur ing st orm 4 bet w een t he 23
rd
and 24
t h
December 2008.

Figur e 5 Salt at ion f lux against w ind speed at 1. 5 m r ecor ded dur ing st orm 5 on t he 14
t h
Januar y 2009.

Figur e 6 Salt at ion f lux against w ind speed at 1. 5m r ecor ded dur ing st orm 6 on t he 15
t h
of Januar y 2009.

IV


Figur e 7 Salt at ion f lux against w ind speed at 1. 5 m r ecorded dur ing st orm 7 bet w een t he 18
t h
and 20
t h
Januar y 2009.

Figur e 8 Salt at ion f lux against w ind speed at 1. 5 m r ecor ded dur ing st orm 8 on t he 20
t h
Januar y 2009.


Figur e 9 Salt at ion f lux against w ind speed at 1. 5 m r ecor ded dur ing st orm 9 bet w een t he 24
t h
and 26
t h
Januar y 2009.

V

ANNEX I I
M odi f i ed Wi l son and Cooke sedi ment cat cher s dat a.
STORM 1: 15 - 16
t h
December 2008 STORM 2: 16
t h
December 2008


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1

(1 m)
0.06 12.33 12.35 0.06 38.79 38.87 0.06 1.79 1.77 0.06 10.35 10.41
0.13 5.77 5.71 0.13 11.54 11.53 0.13 0.80 0.86 0.13 3.38 3.37
0.20 2.79 2.89 0.20 4.18 4.32 0.20 0.60 0.52 0.20 1.39 1.49
0.27 1.59 1.57 0.27 1.99 1.90 0.27 0.40 0.36 0.27 0.80 0.78
0.76 0.20 0.07 0.71 0.20 0.07 0.76 0.00 0.09 0.71 0.20 0.07
2

(5 m)
0.08 11.74 11.68 0.06 30.44 30.11 0.08 2.79 2.78 0.06 13.33 13.33
0.15 2.98 3.34 0.13 7.16 7.05 0.15 0.80 0.77 0.13 3.38 3.40
0.22 1.39 1.02 0.20 2.79 2.76 0.22 0.20 0.28 0.20 1.39 1.33
0.29 0.80 0.33 0.27 1.39 1.38 0.29 0.20 0.12 0.27 0.60 0.65
0.73 0.20 0.00 0.76 0.20 0.11 0.73 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.00 0.04
3

(10 m)
0.07 61.08 61.03 0.05 53.12 53.51 0.07 13.13 13.11 0.05 9.15 9.10
0.14 21.88 21.86 0.12 11.74 11.84 0.14 4.77 4.77 0.12 2.19 2.21
0.21 9.15 9.09 0.19 3.98 4.18 0.21 2.19 2.12 0.19 0.99 0.81
0.28 4.18 4.22 0.26 1.99 1.89 0.28 0.99 1.08 0.26 0.20 0.37
0.77 0.20 0.11 0.75 0.20 0.09 0.77 0.20 0.06 0.75 0.00 0.02
4

(20 m)
0.07 128.12 128.05 0.05 61.08 61.02 0.07 26.86 26.86 0.05 9.55 9.57
0.14 53.91 53.93 0.12 15.12 15.08 0.14 12.14 12.17 0.12 2.79 2.74
0.21 26.66 26.67 0.19 4.97 4.99 0.21 5.97 5.84 0.19 0.80 0.99
0.28 14.92 14.72 0.26 1.99 1.99 0.28 2.79 2.95 0.26 0.60 0.42
0.77 0.60 1.03 0.75 0.40 0.04 0.77 0.40 0.07 0.75 0.00 0.01
5

(35 m)
0.06 238.33 238.52 0.06 96.89 96.94 0.06 64.66 64.68 0.06 35.01 35.02
0.13 111.81 111.29 0.13 30.64 30.69 0.13 32.43 32.41 0.13 13.53 13.48
0.20 53.91 55.23 0.20 11.54 11.48 0.20 17.31 17.34 0.20 5.17 5.28
0.27 29.64 28.89 0.27 4.77 4.87 0.27 9.75 9.79 0.27 2.19 2.10
0.76 1.19 0.84 0.76 0.20 0.08 0.76 0.60 0.48 0.76 0.20 0.01
6

(50 m)
0.06 358.50 358.40 0.07 107.63 107.51 0.06 98.48 98.45 0.07 31.04 31.03
0.13 145.63 145.48 0.14 44.17 43.95 0.13 43.77 43.81 0.14 12.73 12.84
0.20 65.85 65.79 0.21 20.09 20.19 0.20 21.29 21.12 0.21 6.57 6.34
0.27 32.23 32.38 0.28 10.15 10.14 0.27 10.74 10.87 0.28 3.38 3.53
0.76 1.79 0.92 0.77 0.99 0.34 0.76 0.40 0.33 0.77 0.20 0.27
7

(75 m)
0.06 701.67 698.40 0.07 268.77 269.05 0.06 211.08 211.29 0.06 49.74 49.68
0.13 255.64 270.35 0.14 111.01 111.72 0.13 77.39 77.48 0.13 22.28 22.29
0.20 115.59 105.36 0.21 55.70 54.67 0.20 35.01 35.36 0.20 11.54 11.40
0.27 56.10 41.34 0.28 29.05 29.93 0.27 18.90 18.56 0.27 6.37 6.41
0.71 3.58 0.13 0.77 1.79 2.03 0.71 0.99 1.44 0.76 0.40 0.44
8

(100 m)
0.06 1144.32 1143.81 0.06 380.58 381.33 0.06 350.74 350.90 0.06 54.11 54.15
0.13 421.16 422.15 0.13 146.22 147.01 0.13 151.60 152.78 0.13 26.66 26.48
0.20 188.60 184.95 0.20 70.43 70.00 0.20 75.00 72.80 0.20 13.13 13.28
0.27 88.73 91.46 0.27 37.60 38.12 0.27 35.41 37.30 0.27 6.76 6.83
0.76 3.38 3.65 0.71 2.98 3.47 0.76 1.39 1.21 0.71 0.80 0.16

VI


STORM 3: 20 - 21
st
December 2008 STORM 4: 23 - 24
t h
December 2008


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1

(1 m)
0.07 357.50 357.07 0.07 487.81 487.50 0.07 15.52 15.61 0.07 28.05 28.11
0.14 231.17 229.85 0.14 248.28 247.20 0.14 9.95 9.52 0.14 13.93 13.77
0.21 141.65 150.53 0.21 141.05 139.25 0.21 5.37 5.93 0.21 7.56 7.71
0.28 109.62 100.17 0.28 81.57 84.71 0.28 3.98 3.77 0.28 4.58 4.74
0.72 5.77 10.46 0.72 13.53 9.80 0.77 0.40 0.24 0.72 0.99 0.64
2

(5 m)
0.09 347.95 347.62 0.07 354.12 356.08 0.12 18.30 18.16 0.07 23.48 23.29
0.16 186.61 187.16 0.14 152.19 154.13 0.19 9.15 9.17 0.14 10.35 10.50
0.23 111.01 111.30 0.21 84.95 84.50 0.26 5.57 5.49 0.21 6.57 6.09
0.30 72.81 71.12 0.28 52.12 52.85 0.33 3.78 3.63 0.28 3.98 4.03
0.79 6.96 8.82 0.77 7.16 8.25 0.77 0.60 0.75 0.77 0.60 0.83
3

(10 m)
0.07 907.78 933.92 0.05 1121.25 1113.22 0.10 57.49 57.52 0.05 57.89 57.94
0.14 612.55 552.42 0.12 386.15 381.30 0.17 34.02 34.04 0.12 22.88 22.86
0.21 349.54 326.76 0.19 184.22 183.80 0.24 20.89 20.66 0.19 10.94 10.93
0.28 109.62 193.28 0.26 107.83 105.61 0.31 12.53 12.82 0.26 5.77 5.93
0.77 14.32 4.90 0.75 14.32 12.78 0.80 0.99 0.75 0.75 0.80 0.42
4

(20 m)
0.08 1672.72 1734.05 0.05 1359.98 1361.30 0.10 92.91 93.17 0.05 52.12 52.12
0.15 1383.65 1273.04 0.12 732.51 728.12 0.17 60.88 60.43 0.12 25.27 25.21
0.22 943.79 935.06 0.19 393.51 397.08 0.24 39.99 39.21 0.19 13.33 13.21
0.29 630.85 687.15 0.26 218.24 220.54 0.31 24.07 25.45 0.26 7.16 7.38
0.78 28.85 80.64 0.75 20.29 5.53 0.80 2.59 1.25 0.75 0.80 0.38
5

(35 m)
0.07 1202.42 1133.42 0.06 1411.51 1422.35 0.08 103.05 103.79 0.06 110.81 110.87
0.14 690.53 922.37 0.13 891.27 853.24 0.15 74.80 72.85 0.13 63.66 63.39
0.21 929.27 751.06 0.20 478.86 512.70 0.22 50.53 51.19 0.20 36.61 36.78
0.28 628.66 611.91 0.27 309.36 308.59 0.29 35.01 36.01 0.27 21.49 21.64
0.77 90.52 148.16 0.76 26.06 9.24 0.78 4.18 3.16 0.76 1.79 0.74
6

(50 m)
0.08 1111.50 1255.06 0.09 1306.66 1320.47 0.10 155.18 155.39 0.09 98.28 98.31
0.15 1055.60 1071.35 0.16 955.53 917.37 0.17 99.87 99.07 0.16 59.68 59.66
0.22 1109.51 914.52 0.23 608.17 637.88 0.24 63.46 63.53 0.23 37.80 37.70
0.29 877.14 780.66 0.30 450.01 443.93 0.31 39.79 40.98 0.30 24.47 24.67
0.78 38.40 257.82 0.79 21.29 35.96 0.80 5.77 2.21 0.79 2.59 2.44
7

(75 m)
0.07 1526.69 1768.64 0.08 1297.11 1378.11 0.10 258.23 257.90 0.08 139.06 139.22
0.14 1710.32 1469.83 0.15 1169.99 1108.53 0.17 151.20 154.05 0.15 88.73 88.57
0.21 1327.55 1221.79 0.22 980.00 891.68 0.24 102.46 98.58 0.22 58.89 58.41
0.28 1031.52 1015.84 0.29 691.93 717.26 0.31 64.86 66.49 0.29 38.79 39.72
0.72 96.69 320.08 0.78 46.75 156.29 0.75 10.54 11.32 0.78 5.37 4.80
8

(100 m)
0.06 2066.43 2074.41 0.07 1521.72 1630.71 0.09 664.67 662.72 0.07 187.21 187.50
0.13 1471.98 1727.26 0.14 1283.19 1107.37 0.16 378.59 385.70 0.14 113.40 111.69
0.20 1670.73 1438.20 0.21 942.00 752.69 0.23 249.08 240.74 0.21 66.85 71.66
0.27 1371.52 1197.51 0.28 200.73 512.08 0.30 158.56 158.60 0.28 52.32 48.61
0.76 75.60 332.28 0.72 40.78 46.45 0.79 15.12 20.29 0.72 7.76 8.73

VII


STORM 5: 14
t h
Januar y 2009 STORM 6: 15
t h
Januar y 2009


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(1 m)
0.06 19.30 19.45 0.06 27.85 27.91 0.06 10.74 10.76 0.06 13.93 13.91
0.13 6.76 6.86 0.13 11.74 11.83 0.13 5.57 5.45 0.13 5.97 5.99
0.20 3.38 3.40 0.20 6.17 6.06 0.20 2.98 3.21 0.20 3.18 3.11
0.27 1.99 2.00 0.27 3.38 3.50 0.27 2.19 2.09 0.27 1.79 1.82
0.76 0.20 0.27 0.71 0.40 0.40 0.76 0.40 0.34 0.71 0.20 0.22
2

(5 m)
0.06 34.82 34.85 0.07 26.66 26.83 0.08 16.51 16.55 0.07 7.16 6.67
0.13 13.93 13.98 0.14 9.75 9.84 0.15 6.76 6.80 0.14 2.79 2.65
0.20 6.76 6.65 0.21 4.97 4.88 0.22 3.38 3.34 0.21 1.79 1.51
0.27 3.38 3.55 0.28 2.59 2.85 0.29 1.79 1.85 0.28 0.99 1.00
0.71 0.40 0.26 0.77 0.60 0.35 0.73 0.20 0.17 0.77 0.20 0.23
3

(10 m)
0.06 73.21 73.18 0.06 37.00 36.96 0.07 33.82 33.62 0.06 19.70 19.73
0.13 27.06 27.00 0.13 12.53 12.45 0.14 13.73 13.78 0.13 6.96 6.96
0.20 12.53 12.51 0.20 5.17 5.25 0.21 7.76 7.28 0.20 3.18 3.24
0.27 6.57 6.68 0.27 2.59 2.56 0.28 4.18 4.43 0.27 1.79 1.77
0.76 0.80 0.47 0.76 0.40 0.11 0.77 0.60 0.62 0.76 0.20 0.16
4

(20 m)
0.05 89.72 89.70 0.05 70.43 70.40 0.07 36.41 36.46 0.05 39.99 39.98
0.12 42.38 42.28 0.12 24.27 24.15 0.14 17.31 17.24 0.12 16.91 16.80
0.19 22.28 22.23 0.19 9.35 9.57 0.21 9.95 9.79 0.19 7.76 7.86
0.26 12.53 12.68 0.26 4.38 4.23 0.28 5.77 6.21 0.26 3.98 4.00
0.75 1.19 0.86 0.75 0.60 0.08 0.77 1.39 0.95 0.75 0.60 0.14
5

(35 m)
0.05 103.25 103.67 0.06 78.18 78.11 0.06 29.44 29.61 0.07 33.22 33.22
0.12 67.64 66.57 0.13 34.22 34.14 0.13 20.09 19.70 0.14 15.92 15.90
0.19 42.57 42.74 0.20 16.71 16.57 0.20 13.13 13.11 0.21 7.76 7.89
0.26 26.66 27.44 0.27 8.55 8.72 0.27 8.36 8.72 0.28 4.18 4.05
0.75 1.79 1.23 0.76 0.80 0.36 0.76 0.80 0.50 0.77 0.40 0.08
6

(50 m)
0.05 147.62 147.70 0.06 99.87 99.69 0.07 33.82 33.84 0.07 59.09 59.11
0.12 78.38 78.62 0.13 44.76 44.90 0.14 16.11 16.28 0.14 29.64 29.35
0.19 45.56 45.10 0.20 24.07 23.34 0.21 9.55 9.36 0.21 15.72 16.29
0.26 26.86 27.45 0.27 12.93 13.40 0.28 5.97 6.00 0.28 10.15 9.80
0.75 2.59 2.26 0.76 1.19 1.09 0.77 0.80 0.95 0.77 0.99 0.91
7

(75 m)
0.07 160.75 160.76 0.07 115.59 115.61 0.08 36.41 36.47 0.07 64.46 64.49
0.14 91.71 91.78 0.14 63.07 63.00 0.15 20.89 20.77 0.14 38.00 37.95
0.21 55.31 55.02 0.21 36.41 36.03 0.22 12.53 12.56 0.21 23.48 23.44
0.28 34.02 34.36 0.28 20.89 21.47 0.29 7.76 7.98 0.28 14.92 15.08
0.72 3.58 3.37 0.77 1.99 1.26 0.73 1.19 0.93 0.77 1.59 1.44
8

(100 m)
0.06 228.59 229.42 0.05 187.60 188.03 0.07 109.82 109.76 0.05 62.07 62.31
0.13 109.02 103.22 0.12 112.80 111.35 0.14 57.89 57.89 0.12 40.98 40.40
0.20 36.01 49.00 0.19 65.25 66.09 0.21 33.42 33.04 0.19 26.66 26.49
0.27 33.42 24.38 0.26 38.60 39.31 0.28 19.70 20.06 0.26 16.71 17.55
0.76 2.79 0.47 0.70 3.98 1.58 0.77 1.99 1.67 0.70 2.39 1.63
9

(125 m)
0.06 227.79 227.75 0.10 51.33 51.39 0.09 94.10 94.10 0.10 30.04 29.99
0.13 125.53 126.14 0.17 31.04 31.03 0.16 49.54 49.44 0.17 18.50 18.60
0.20 72.61 70.53 0.24 19.89 19.44 0.23 27.85 27.45 0.24 12.33 12.19
0.27 37.80 39.80 0.31 11.94 12.57 0.30 15.32 15.96 0.31 8.36 8.36
0.76 3.38 0.92 0.75 1.79 1.37 0.79 1.79 0.85 0.80 1.19 1.24

VIII


STORM 7: 18 - 20
t h
Januar y 2009 STORM 8: 20
t h
Januar y 2009


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1

(1 m)
0.06 0.99 1.66 0.07 7.56 7.51 0.07 4.97 5.38 0.07 15.32 15.23
0.13 2.79 1.35 0.14 2.98 3.00 0.14 4.77 3.57 0.14 6.37 6.30
0.20 0.60 1.10 0.21 1.59 1.55 0.21 1.59 2.37 0.21 3.38 3.33
0.27 0.60 0.90 0.28 0.99 0.92 0.28 1.39 1.58 0.28 1.99 2.03
0.76 0.20 0.21 0.72 0.00 0.14 0.77 0.40 0.09 0.72 0.40 0.32
2

(5 m)
0.07 4.97 4.99 0.06 7.36 7.38 0.08 15.52 15.52 0.07 15.72 15.80
0.14 2.39 2.32 0.13 2.79 2.68 0.15 7.36 7.31 0.14 6.37 6.29
0.21 0.99 1.11 0.20 1.19 1.36 0.22 3.58 3.60 0.21 3.18 3.35
0.28 0.60 0.55 0.27 0.80 0.82 0.29 1.79 1.85 0.28 1.99 2.07
0.72 0.20 0.01 0.76 0.40 0.12 0.73 0.40 0.05 0.77 0.60 0.33
3

(10 m)
0.07 9.55 9.49 0.06 7.36 7.31 0.08 30.04 30.10 0.05 18.90 18.92
0.14 3.58 3.54 0.13 2.39 2.45 0.15 12.53 12.59 0.12 7.16 7.22
0.21 1.79 1.77 0.20 1.59 1.30 0.22 6.57 6.39 0.19 3.78 3.57
0.28 0.99 1.03 0.27 0.60 0.83 0.29 3.38 3.66 0.26 1.79 2.05
0.77 0.20 0.12 0.76 0.20 0.17 0.78 0.60 0.34 0.75 0.40 0.22
4

(20 m)
0.06 14.72 14.73 0.05 11.94 11.93 0.06 44.17 44.18 0.05 29.64 29.68
0.13 7.36 7.29 0.12 4.38 4.29 0.13 22.88 22.67 0.12 12.93 12.76
0.20 3.78 3.80 0.19 1.59 1.80 0.20 12.93 12.82 0.19 5.57 5.89
0.27 1.99 2.07 0.26 0.99 0.84 0.27 7.36 7.80 0.26 2.98 2.88
0.76 0.40 0.07 0.75 0.20 0.02 0.76 1.39 0.72 0.75 0.80 0.06
5

(35 m)
0.06 13.33 13.45 0.07 17.71 17.71 0.06 40.19 40.94 0.06 47.95 47.96
0.13 9.15 8.84 0.14 8.36 8.28 0.13 30.64 28.91 0.13 23.48 23.28
0.20 5.77 5.81 0.21 3.98 4.10 0.20 20.09 20.42 0.20 11.74 11.99
0.27 3.58 3.82 0.28 2.19 2.13 0.27 13.53 14.42 0.27 6.57 6.49
0.76 0.40 0.20 0.77 0.20 0.06 0.76 1.39 1.26 0.76 0.60 0.23
6

(50 m)
0.07 21.49 21.47 0.07 19.10 19.06 0.08 69.43 69.37 0.06 45.76 45.73
0.14 10.54 10.50 0.14 8.95 9.06 0.15 37.80 38.54 0.13 22.48 22.41
0.21 5.77 5.75 0.21 5.17 4.91 0.22 24.27 23.60 0.20 12.33 12.34
0.28 3.38 3.42 0.28 2.79 2.91 0.29 15.52 15.49 0.27 7.36 7.39
0.77 0.40 0.30 0.77 0.20 0.27 0.78 1.59 2.21 0.76 0.80 0.69
7

(75 m)
0.09 20.09 20.09 0.07 24.07 24.00 0.09 80.97 81.02 0.06 54.51 54.53
0.16 11.54 11.63 0.14 13.13 13.34 0.16 49.74 49.64 0.13 31.43 31.40
0.23 7.16 6.98 0.21 7.76 7.58 0.23 31.43 31.42 0.20 19.30 18.99
0.30 4.18 4.32 0.28 4.38 4.40 0.30 20.29 20.46 0.27 11.54 11.97
0.74 0.40 0.36 0.77 0.60 0.16 0.74 2.39 2.23 0.76 1.39 1.01
8

(100 m)
0.07 38.40 38.37 0.05 31.43 31.58 0.07 149.21 149.44 0.05 75.40 75.72
0.14 17.31 17.28 0.12 19.89 19.58 0.14 81.77 80.77 0.12 50.33 49.48
0.21 8.95 8.83 0.19 12.14 12.16 0.21 44.17 45.57 0.19 32.43 32.45
0.28 4.77 4.95 0.26 7.16 7.57 0.28 27.06 26.69 0.26 20.49 21.35
0.77 0.60 0.33 0.70 0.99 0.40 0.77 2.39 1.33 0.70 2.59 1.65
9

(125 m)
0.10 35.41 35.39 0.11 13.73 13.74 0.10 146.82 146.92 0.11 40.98 40.98
0.17 19.10 19.27 0.18 7.76 7.79 0.17 88.13 88.29 0.18 25.07 24.80
0.24 11.34 10.81 0.25 4.77 4.73 0.24 54.71 53.07 0.25 16.11 16.22
0.31 5.77 6.23 0.32 2.98 3.03 0.31 30.04 31.91 0.32 11.14 11.23
0.80 0.60 0.23 0.76 0.40 0.39 0.80 2.98 0.91 0.81 2.19 2.00

IX


STORM 9: 24- 26
t h
Januar y 2009
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1

(1 m)
0.06 6.76 6.77 0.06 10.74 10.73
0.13 3.38 3.34 0.13 4.97 4.90
0.20 1.79 1.80 0.20 2.39 2.48
0.27 0.99 1.04 0.27 1.39 1.36
0.76 0.20 0.07 0.71 0.20 0.09
2

(5 m)
0.08 17.71 17.70 0.07 15.12 15.12
0.15 7.56 7.55 0.14 5.97 5.98
0.22 3.58 3.57 0.21 2.98 2.94
0.29 1.79 1.83 0.28 1.59 1.65
0.73 0.20 0.08 0.77 0.20 0.15
3

(10 m)
0.08 30.24 30.24 0.05 19.70 19.65
0.15 12.14 12.16 0.12 6.76 6.68
0.22 6.37 6.19 0.19 2.98 3.03
0.29 3.38 3.61 0.26 1.59 1.62
0.78 0.60 0.41 0.75 0.40 0.13
4

(20 m)
0.07 55.70 55.69 0.05 32.23 32.21
0.14 28.85 28.84 0.12 11.54 11.45
0.21 16.31 16.06 0.19 4.58 4.77
0.28 9.15 9.47 0.26 2.39 2.23
0.77 0.99 0.64 0.75 0.20 0.06
5

(35 m)
0.07 56.10 56.72 0.07 53.32 53.43
0.14 40.58 39.35 0.14 23.08 23.24
0.21 27.65 27.30 0.21 11.94 11.89
0.28 17.71 18.94 0.28 6.76 6.79
0.77 1.59 1.46 0.77 0.40 0.57
6

(50 m)
0.09 79.78 79.64 0.07 41.18 41.24
0.16 41.98 43.48 0.14 20.69 20.55
0.23 28.05 26.79 0.21 10.94 11.26
0.30 18.30 17.89 0.28 6.76 6.63
0.79 1.59 3.05 0.77 0.60 0.50
7

(75 m)
0.10 85.35 85.34 0.07 57.69 57.62
0.17 52.32 52.53 0.14 31.04 31.26
0.24 34.22 33.13 0.21 18.90 18.69
0.31 20.29 21.36 0.28 12.14 12.00
0.75 2.59 2.01 0.77 1.19 1.51
8

(100 m)
0.08 126.53 126.43 0.06 82.96 83.34
0.15 63.26 63.09 0.13 53.32 52.14
0.22 35.21 35.35 0.20 32.23 32.79
0.29 21.68 21.52 0.27 20.09 20.73
0.78 2.19 2.18 0.71 2.59 1.30
9

(125 m)
0.09 131.70 131.67 0.11 43.77 43.76
0.16 73.01 73.55 0.17 23.87 24.19
0.23 43.97 42.38 0.24 14.92 14.76
0.30 23.67 25.12 0.31 9.95 9.76
0.79 2.19 1.17 0.80 1.19 1.56
X

ANNEX I I I
30 mi nut e aver age dat a of t he st or ms w hi ch w er e used f or t he f i t t i ng of t he sedi ment
t r anspor t equat i ons.
St or m Sum
Sal t at i on
u*
(m s
-1
)
Wi nd
Di r ect i on
()
Wi nd
Speed
(m s
-1
)
0.5 m
Wi nd
Speed
(m s
-1
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1.0 m
Wi nd
Speed
(m s
-1
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1.5 m
Wi nd
Speed
(m s
-1
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3.0 m
Wi nd
Speed
(m s
-1
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4.0 m

l n (Zo)
(m)
3 87890 1.457 240.76 7.42 8.46 9.79 13.01 14.38 0.0842
3 187670 1.532 289.23 8.61 9.68 11.11 14.51 15.91 0.0683
3 129750 1.587 279.22 8.32 9.41 10.91 14.46 15.85 0.0795
3 229200 1.531 309.33 8.86 9.91 11.29 14.72 16.14 0.0643
3 402230 1.781 287.24 10.65 11.88 13.48 17.44 19.14 0.0595
3 208595 1.570 311.22 9.77 10.91 12.36 15.81 17.29 0.0533
3 124035 1.338 301.68 9.56 10.57 11.74 14.67 16.00 0.0369
3 292390 1.482 303.22 11.82 12.99 14.27 17.46 19.01 0.0262
3 505575 1.365 328.69 13.40 14.51 15.72 18.62 20.06 0.0125
3 459165 1.191 315.63 13.38 14.39 15.51 17.98 19.23 0.0070
3 440750 1.173 328.66 13.26 14.23 15.29 17.74 19.00 0.0068
3 327930 1.177 330.27 12.94 13.85 14.91 17.40 18.66 0.0078
3 361805 1.235 322.23 14.22 15.27 16.48 18.99 20.29 0.0062
3 164225 1.176 325.24 15.51 16.75 17.96 20.25 21.41 0.0030
3 132380 1.027 330.01 13.51 14.58 15.61 17.63 18.66 0.0031
3 114330 0.925 327.15 12.46 13.47 14.41 16.23 17.11 0.0027
3 54900 0.830 331.01 11.00 11.89 12.70 14.35 15.17 0.0029
3 53455 0.839 332.82 10.75 11.64 12.48 14.14 14.95 0.0035
3 17445 0.751 331.63 9.83 10.62 11.37 12.86 13.59 0.0031
3 36235 0.788 318.52 10.59 11.45 12.25 13.80 14.55 0.0027
3 44015 0.797 327.59 10.80 11.69 12.52 14.07 14.82 0.0025
3 15180 0.783 326.46 10.23 11.05 11.87 13.37 14.17 0.0031
5 27495 0.801 259.29 9.28 10.39 11.23 12.72 13.38 0.0053
5 61030 0.855 260.12 10.00 11.18 12.09 13.69 14.36 0.0050
5 64415 0.846 258.60 9.84 10.96 11.84 13.45 14.15 0.0052
5 10320 0.746 252.55 8.62 9.65 10.43 11.82 12.44 0.0053
5 16025 0.821 257.12 9.26 10.29 11.13 12.72 13.42 0.0061
5 2120 0.746 259.56 9.05 10.11 10.89 12.27 12.87 0.0042
5 11875 0.773 250.80 8.74 9.83 10.64 12.07 12.70 0.0058
5 15230 0.750 251.36 8.68 9.74 10.50 11.92 12.52 0.0052
5 10075 0.793 254.38 8.88 9.96 10.79 12.29 12.93 0.0061
5 20680 0.814 258.18 8.91 9.97 10.80 12.35 13.06 0.0069
5 25910 0.856 252.37 9.41 10.54 11.41 13.05 13.77 0.0068
5 26540 0.872 261.30 9.36 10.46 11.34 13.04 13.78 0.0076
5 18665 0.808 255.44 9.17 10.29 11.12 12.64 13.30 0.0058
5 1340 0.815 257.60 8.95 9.99 10.84 12.42 13.08 0.0069
7 1760 0.746 257.29 8.50 9.52 10.31 11.72 12.30 0.0057
7 1120 0.706 257.07 7.79 8.71 9.48 10.80 11.39 0.0066
7 3480 0.755 255.51 8.66 9.73 10.56 11.94 12.52 0.0054
XI

7 9555 0.791 251.69 9.20 10.35 11.19 12.62 13.27 0.0051
7 2295 0.718 243.13 7.90 8.88 9.61 10.96 11.58 0.0066
7 5855 0.779 254.86 8.97 10.10 10.95 12.37 12.95 0.0053
7 3205 0.712 243.86 7.89 8.85 9.57 10.92 11.52 0.0065
7 5805 0.783 247.39 8.85 9.91 10.72 12.19 12.85 0.0059
7 5650 0.768 247.11 8.60 9.67 10.50 11.91 12.53 0.0061
7 1150 0.717 249.97 8.05 9.04 9.79 11.13 11.72 0.0060
7 1875 0.738 250.24 8.42 9.49 10.30 11.64 12.20 0.0055
7 5655 0.791 262.39 8.31 9.25 10.08 11.61 12.30 0.0084
7 2430 0.772 263.42 8.50 9.49 10.29 11.75 12.43 0.0067
7 170 0.707 264.28 6.81 7.55 8.21 9.67 10.33 0.0126
7 420 0.709 264.65 7.32 8.13 8.84 10.24 10.89 0.0092
7 4755 0.774 255.70 8.46 9.49 10.33 11.78 12.40 0.0069
7 2335 0.721 266.76 7.10 7.90 8.61 10.07 10.71 0.0112
7 515 0.693 266.05 6.88 7.61 8.29 9.69 10.35 0.0111
7 210 0.753 272.29 6.84 7.51 8.20 9.79 10.53 0.0164
7 4235 0.804 267.81 8.21 9.09 9.86 11.47 12.25 0.0098
7 655 0.699 270.17 6.86 7.60 8.29 9.71 10.35 0.0116
7 940 0.704 268.95 7.06 7.79 8.49 9.92 10.57 0.0107
7 885 0.699 266.61 7.22 7.98 8.68 10.08 10.73 0.0093
7 665 0.765 263.25 7.56 8.36 9.11 10.67 11.37 0.0113
8 12965 0.783 263.27 8.58 9.55 10.37 11.90 12.54 0.0069
8 23230 0.809 256.55 9.28 10.42 11.29 12.77 13.43 0.0054
8 875 0.668 259.17 7.39 8.27 8.99 10.25 10.78 0.0065
8 8400 0.738 253.43 8.72 9.79 10.60 11.94 12.50 0.0047
8 51880 0.877 260.21 10.06 11.25 12.19 13.83 14.54 0.0055
8 52635 0.935 260.16 10.23 11.41 12.39 14.18 14.97 0.0070
8 22935 0.832 250.64 9.78 10.99 11.88 13.37 14.07 0.0048
8 5020 0.745 254.21 8.62 9.69 10.52 11.89 12.43 0.0052
8 2805 0.763 255.12 8.52 9.57 10.39 11.81 12.41 0.0062
8 1170 0.728 246.37 7.91 8.88 9.59 11.01 11.63 0.0071
8 3115 0.745 253.47 8.66 9.73 10.54 11.90 12.48 0.0051
8 15440 0.822 254.78 9.33 10.46 11.32 12.87 13.52 0.0058
8 9250 0.802 255.00 9.18 10.32 11.18 12.66 13.29 0.0055
8 865 0.699 251.65 7.97 9.00 9.75 11.03 11.55 0.0055
9 15660 0.866 257.41 9.39 10.54 11.45 13.08 13.80 0.0071
9 15640 0.853 263.60 9.18 10.26 11.14 12.80 13.50 0.0075
9 35315 0.923 259.47 9.75 10.97 11.90 13.68 14.45 0.0080
9 36560 0.892 252.88 9.88 11.14 12.09 13.74 14.44 0.0063
9 49655 0.905 247.69 9.93 11.21 12.18 13.85 14.56 0.0066
9 20275 0.880 253.54 9.60 10.86 11.79 13.41 14.11 0.0068
9 13045 0.859 252.98 9.24 10.42 11.31 12.93 13.63 0.0073
9 23745 0.908 267.20 8.66 9.61 10.49 12.33 13.19 0.0130
9 14420 0.925 271.81 8.65 9.54 10.41 12.33 13.23 0.0143