KUMARAGURU COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

SIMULATION OF HUMAN NOSE

USING NEURAL NETWORKS

AUTHORS: MANIVANNAN.P.S Manivannan.tn89@gmail.com 9894244556 GANESH RAJ.V Ganesh_stanite@yahoo.co.in 9943658100

ABSTRACT ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK:

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information processing technique that Uses the biological nervous system , which includes the human brain to process some data. It is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurons) working in a very complex manner such that it is not noticed by either humans or other computer techniques in unison, to solve specific problems. Neural networks have the remarkable ability to obtain meaning from complicated data and can be used to extract patterns and detect trends that are even unthinkable to the human mind.

ELECTRONIC NOSES:
In this paper we describe the various applications of neural networks and how Neural networks are being implemented in designing Electronic/artificial noses. The electronic nose is a small mechanical device that is capable of deciphering a wide variety of smells, ranging anywhere from food to human breath to poisonous toxins. An electronic nose is generally composed of a chemical sensing system (e.g., sensor array or spectrometer) and a pattern recognition system (e.g., artificial neural network).

IMPLEMENTATION:
ANNs are systematically implemented in electronic noses. Electronic noses have several applications in telemedicine. Telemedicine is the practice of medicine over long distances via a communication link. The electronic nose would identify odours in the remote surgical environment. These identified odours would then be electronically transmitted to another site where an odour generation system would recreate them. Because the sense of smell can be an important sense to the surgeon, telesmell would enhance telepresent (surgery via communication links) surgery. Other applications of Electronic noses on space & food industry are discussed. Who knows, maybe the future is just a sniff away!!

The decay of nerve cells does not

NEURAL NETWORKS:
DEFINITION: Neural Network (NN) is an information processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process capable information. modeling modeling of It is a sophisticated technique complex

seem to affect the performance significantly. FLEXIBILITY: The network automatically adjust to a new environment without using any programmed instructions ABILITY TO DEAL WTH VARIETY OF DATA SITUATIONS: The network can deal with information that is fuzzy, noisy and inconsistent. COLLECTIVE COMPUTATION: The network performs routinely many operations in parallel and also a given task in a distributed manner

functions. It is a nonlinear approach. EASE OF USE: Neural networks learn by example. The user gathers up representative data, invokes training algorithms to auto learn the structure of data even though user does not have heuristic knowledge to select and prepare data about neural networks, the level of application of knowledge is much lower than other nonlinear statistical methods.

HISTORICAL BACKROUND: Neural network

simulations appear to be a recent development. However, this field was established before the advent of computers, and has survived at least one major setback and several eras.

CHARACTERISTICS OF NEURAL NETWORKS:

ROBUSTNESS AND FAULT TOLERANCE:

Many important advances have been boosted by the use of inexpensive computer emulations. Following an initial period of enthusiasm, the field survived a period of frustration and disrepute. During this period when funding and professional support was minimal, important advances were made by relatively few researchers. These pioneers were able to develop convincing technology which surpassed the limitations identified by Minsky and Papert. Minsky and Papert, published a book (in 1969) in which they summed up a general feeling of frustration (against neural networks) among researchers, and was thus accepted by most without further analysis. Currently, the neural

SPEED:
Biological Neural networks process information in milliseconds range. ANN in nanoseconds.

EFFICIENT: Able to detect more

chemicals than the number of sensors used and allows less expensive sensors.

DEMERITS: FAULT TOLERANCE:

Information is distributed throughout the network. Even if few connectors are snapped information is corrupted information is in still the preserved. But in computers if a chip memory cannot be retrieved

PROCESSING:
Neural networks can perform parallel operations massively.

network field enjoys a resurgence of interest and a corresponding increase in funding. The first artificial in 1943 neuron by was the produced

SIZE AND COMPLEXITY:

Number of neurons in brain is estimated to be around10^11.Computation is not restricted to inside the soma whereas in nn it is restricted

neurophysiologist Warren McCulloch and the logician Walter Pits. But the technology available at that time did not allow them to do too much.

ARCHITECTURE: MERITS:
NNs are composed of the following elements:

 All the weights of a NN comprise Neuron (soma) Inputs (dendrites) Outputs of Neurons (axons) Weights (synapses) The number of neurons per layer , number of hidden layers, and the specified connections for each layer comprise the network its weight set, W = {w,v}.

STRUCTURE OF BIOLIGICAL NEURON:

architecture. In the preceding figure, all of the zeroth inputs to either the hidden our output layer are referred to as thresholds and are typically set to -1. The weights of a neural network can be any positive or negative value.

STRUCTURE OF ANN:

The input values are multiplied by the weights that connect them to a particular neuron. Neurons take this weighted sum as input output. The output of one neuron becomes the input to another neuron and use an activation function to compute the neurons

FUNCTIONING

multiplied by a different subset of weights. The input coming into a neuron, Hj, can be calculated as: Hj = xi wij Where xi represents the ith input and wij represents the weight connecting the ith input to the jth hidden unit The activation of Hj, f(Hj), can be computed using a variety of functions: Here a sigmoid function is used

There is no feedback i.e. the output of any layer does not affect the same layer Hj = xi wij Ok = f(Hj) vik (where f is a sigmoid function) Outk = f(Ok)

IMPLEMENTATION OF ANN IN E-NOSE ELECTRONIC NOSE:

Electronic noses are generally made up of two main parts: a sensing system and a pattern recognition system. In the past, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry have been used as the sensing system although these are

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usually expensive and time consuming. Today, the use of chemical sensors has been established

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In p u t ( d e n d ri te ) W e ig h t ( S y n a p s e )

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to analyze odours. Essentially, each odour leaves a characteristic pattern or fingerprint of compounds. Known odors can be used to build up a database to train a pattern recognition system. One possibility is to have a sensor for every chemical, though this would be costly since there are so

FORWARD PASS: ANNs

Feed-forward

allow signals to travel only

one way from input to output.

many different chemicals. The answer is in artificial neural networks (ANNs). ANN are able to detect more chemicals than number of sensors it is utilizing. ANNs also allow for less selective and therefore less expensive chemical sensors. The artificial neural networks are trained to distinguish certain odours from certain chemical combinations. Pattern recognition is gained through giving the network known odours and classifying them with a signature. Then the nose is tested to see how well the ANN has learned. The results can be adjusted through experimentation. The sensors basically measure the change in voltage due to the presence of certain chemicals. The chemicals in the air change the oxygen content over the sensors, which are electronic circuits. By changing the oxygen content, the resistance across the sensor is changed which can be measured as a voltage drop from the normal or standardized conditions. This analog signal must then be translated into a digital signal by an A/D converter in order for the computer to understand the information. The number of odour signatures the system can recognize

depends on the number of sensors used and the number of grey levels in the convertor. The maximum signature number is given by gn, where n is the number of sensors and g is the number of grey levels. A 10bit converter has a grey level value of 1024, so an array of three sensors could yield over a billion different signatures. Unfortunately, the actual number is far below this value.

SENSING SYSTEM:
There are two types of sensors namely >polymer based sensors >metal oxide sensors.

POLYMER SENSORS:
electronic nose is

BASED

The inside of a polymer-based composed of various types of polymer films. These polymer films are made up of an insulator and a filler. The polymer insulator actually absorbs some of the gas molecules. The substance that is found inside of the insulator is a conducting polymer with a certain resistance. Each film in the electronic nose is made of a different insulator and a different conducting polymer.

The resistance of the polymer films before exposure to a gas is initially recorded. Then, as a gas passes through the electronic nose, it is actually absorbed into the polymer films. Upon absorption of the gas, the polymer insulators swell. This affects the conducting polymer contained inside of the insulator by limiting the number of connected pathways throughout the conductor . The larger the insulator swells, the fewer the number of connections in the polymer conductor, degree. Since each film in the electronic nose is made of a different insulator and conducting polymer, the final resistance of each film is different. The combination of the ultimate resistances forms the fingerprint needed for the identification of the gas. The films are connected to an artificial of odors. neural network, which contains pre-programmed fingerprints If the smell is not programmed into the machine, it will not be able to identify it. Using the programmed fingerprints, the polymer-based electronic nose is then which decreases the resistance of each polymer film to a

able to identify the gas. This data is finally sent to a computer, which displays the data determined by the electronic nose.

METAL OXIDE SENSORS:

Metal oxide-based electronic noses also contain several main parts, but they are mostly different than those of the polymer-based electronic nose. It must also contain a power supply in order to run the machine. Instead of an air pump, the metal oxide-based electronic nose contains a sampling chamber where the sample to be analyzed is placed. A pump and fan system then wafts air from the sample through the electronic nose and over its sensors. These sensors are contained in chambers located inside of the electronic nose. In order to work

properly, the chambers must be kept at an elevated temperature, so a heater is also attached to the electronic nose. Each chamber, constructed of a nonreactive material, which does not affect oxide the metal as oxide well sensors, as one contains a various number of metal sensors,

integrated sensor.

This integrated

detect a more complex gas will require many more sensors. Once the sensors react to the gas, a fingerprint of the odor is then made up of the combination of the sensors changes in resistance. This fingerprint is sent to a data acquisition device, which is hooked up to the electronic nose. The device then translates the fingerprint into the actual identity of the gas and sends this information to a computer. WHICH IS BETTER? It is hard to definitely say which type of electronic nose is better because it depends on how it is being applied In general, though, the polymer-based electronic nose seems to be superior to the metal oxide-based electronic nose. The metal oxide-based electronic nose surpasses the polymerbased in only a few limited areas. The metal oxide-based electronic nose shows a high repeatability due to the fact that its sensors do not change shape to record the electrical data. They also show a very high sensitivity to substances, especially organic compounds.

sensor is sensitive to changes in humidity and temperature and records the changes relative to the sample . Therefore, if a drastic change occurs, the experimenter will be able to interpret the data accordingly. The sensors contained in a metal oxide-based electronic nose vary in number and composition according to the electronic the noses purpose. and Determining number

composition of sensors needed comes down to understanding exactly how the sensors operate. Each sensor is composed of a ceramic substance coated with a different semiconductive metal oxide film. When exposed to a gas, the surfaces of the films chemically react with the gas, and an electron transport takes place. This translates into a change in the sensors resistances. Since each surface is covered in a different metal oxide, each reacts differently to the gas and therefore, has a different change in resistance. . An electronic nose designed to detect a simple gas will only have a few sensors, while one designed to

Beyond these few areas, the metal oxide-based electronic nose falls short. Since it has to be kept at a high temperature, it can be quite a hassle to use. Its sensors also demonstrate a very low selectivity, and because of this, they must be used in arrays. own. Polymer-based based electronic noses. electronic They are noses greatly surpass the metal oxidemore convenient because they can be used at any temperature. They also demonstrate response time. The polymer sensors are what really make this electronic nose better. The fact that they are made of polymers offers unlimited possibilities for the types of sensors as well as the arrangement of arrays. Not only do they make diverse arrays, the polymer sensors have such a high selectivity that they can be used individually as well. Unlike the metal oxide sensors, polymer sensors also show no sensitivity to water, increasing the environments in which this type of lower power consumption as well as a faster The sensors are not sensitive enough to be used on their

electronic nose can be used.

The

sensors are also very easy to make and can be done so at a lower cost than the metal oxide sensors. Finally, they show a durability of at least six months, which is long for this type of new technology . electronic Research that noses overwhelmingly polymer-based suggests

surpass metal oxide-based electronic noses in almost every category. While some industries do prefer the metal-oxide based electronic nose, most choose the polymer-based for its convenience, reliability, and accuracy.

PRE-TRAINING PROCESS:
Each chemical vapor presented to the sensor array produces of the vapor. By presenting many different chemicals to the sensor array, a database of signatures is built up. a signature or pattern characteristic

 This

database

of

labeled

single digit. The network would therefore need 256 input units (one for each sensor), 10 output units (one for each kind of digit) and a number of hidden units. For each kind of digit recorded by the sensors, the network should produce high activity in the appropriate output unit and low activity in the other output units. To train the network, we present an image of a digit and compare the actual activity of the 10 output units with the desired activity. We then calculate the error, which is defined as the square of the difference between the actual and the desired activities. Next we change the weight of each connection so as to reduce the error. We repeat this training process for many different images of each different images of each kind of digit until the network classifies every image correctly.

signatures is used to train the pattern recognition system. The goal of this training process is to configure to the recognition unique system produce

classifications of each chemical so that an automated identification can be implemented

An Example to illustrate the above training procedure: Assume that we want a network to recognise hand-written digits. We might use an array of, say, 256 sensors, each recording the presence or absence of ink in a small area of a

PATTERN RECOGNITION SYSTEM:

An important application of neural networks Pattern is pattern recognition. can be recognition

implemented by using a feed-forward

(figure 1) neural network that has been trained accordingly. During training, the network is trained to associate outputs with input patterns. When the network is used, it identifies the input pattern and tries to output the associated output pattern. The power of neural networks comes to life when a pattern that has no output associated with it, is given as an input. In this case, the network gives the output that corresponds to a taught input pattern that is least different from the given pattern.

Control of valve responsible for phase measurement. The control program of an Electronic nose is implemented using these steps: Turn on the pump collect one sample from each active sensor send display If all samples are collected goto step5 else goto step 2. Turn off the pump Data acquisition from the nose is finished. The control program is basically structured as an endless loop within a main function . A switch statement tat checks the variable com ,which is used in the loop to direct the program to the correct action decided by the input character. the samples to the

CONTROL ALGORITHM:

The Electronic nose consists of two objects to be controlled namely the Control of inhalation pump

The variable com gets its character from a receive buffer with the help of

an interrupt service routine. The basic structure of program is as follows: Void main(void) { While(1) { com = getchar(); // wait for serial interface switch(com) { Case!: break; caseL: default: break; } }} Hense electronic noses comes into application in space station. Here the Enose consists of 16 different polymer films.These films are capable of conducting electricity and are used to detect the gases.

ELECTRONIC NOSES IN TELEMEDICINE:

Because the sense of smell is an important sense to the physician, an electronic nose has applicability as a diagnostic tool. An electronic nose can examine odours from the body (e.g., breath , wounds, body fluids, etc.) and identify possible problems. Odours in the breath can be indicative of sinus gastrointestinal liver problems. Infected wounds and tissues emit distinctive odors that can be detected by an electronic nose. Odours coming from body fluids can indicate liver and bladder problems. ELECTRONIC NOSES IN FOOD INDUSTRY: problems,

MAJOR APPLICATIONS:
ELECTRONIC NOSE IN SPACE: In the space station, astronauts are surrounded by ammonia. It flows through pipes, carrying heat generated inside the station outside to space. Ammonia helps keep the station habitable. But it's also a poison. And if it leaks, the astronauts will need to know quickly. Ammonia becomes dangerous at a concentration of a few parts per million (ppm).

problems, infections, diabetes, and

The computing world has a lot to Applications of electronic noses in the food industry include Quality assessment in food production . inspection of food quality by odour. control of food cooking processes. inspection of fish. monitoring the fermentation process. verifying if orange juice is natural. Monitoring food and beverage odours. inspection of beverage containers. E- NOSE IN SEWAGE: Each stage of a sewage treatment process emits odor causing compounds and these compounds may vary from one location in sewage treatment works to another. In order to determine the boundaries of legal standards reliable and efficient odor measurement methods need to be measured. An E-NOSE equipped with 12 different poly pyrrole sensors is used for characterizing sewage odour. gain from neural networks. Their ability to learn by example makes them very flexible and powerful. Perhaps the most exciting aspect of neural networks is the possibility that some day 'concious' networks might be produced. There is a number of scientists arguing that conciousness is a 'mechanical' property and that 'concious' neural networks are a realistic possibility. Judging by its popularity in current trade and scientific magazines and its various practical uses, the future of ANN in electronic nose looks very bright. It is being introduced into the medical world as a device that can actually identify a disease from a sample of the patients breath. So far, the electronic nose has a wide variety of uses, and its possibilities are literally endless. In the near future, the electronic nose could very well become a part of everyday life. Finally, we would like to state that even though neural networks have a huge potential we will only get the best of them when they are integrated

CONCLUSION:

with computing, AI, fuzzy logic and related subjects.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Articifial Neural networks,B.YEGNANARAYA NA. B.S. Hoffheins, Using Sensor Arrays and Pattern Recognition to Identify Organic Compounds. MS-Thesis, B.S. Hoffheins, Using Sensor Arrays and Pattern Recognition to Identify Organic Compounds. MS-Thesis,