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Solvent
Solute
Isotonic Solution
Hypertonic Solution
Hypotonic Solution
Isotonic Solution
Elements or compounds that dissolve in water and separate into ions Electrolytes that carry an electric current.
What is the percentage of body water in a young adult, the elderly, and infants. (3 answers)
An infants BSA is greater than that of an adult relative to his/her weight, with that and a high metabolism and Immature kidneys, these factors puts the infant at a risk for:
This is triggered by the hypothalamus. As we age it becomes diminished, putting the elderly at risk for fluid volume defecit.
Thirst Mechanism
What electrolyte mainy controls the distribution of water throughout Sodium the body?
Pottasium (K+)
Phosphorous (PO4-)
Sodium (Na+)
Chloride (Cl-)
2/3
1/3
What four processes do solutes and solvents move across the membranes?
The MOVEMENT OF WATER through a semipermiable membrane Osmosis from a solution with a lower solute concentration to one with a higher solute concentration.
Osmotic Pressure
Osmolality* *The higher the osmolality the greater the pulling power of water
280-300 mOsm/kg
The process by which large particles, such as protien, that can pull fluid from tissues into the vessels by osmosis?
The movement of a solute in a solution across a semipermable membrane from an area of higher solute concentration to a area of lower solute concentration until both sides are equal.
Diffusion
This requires energy to move substances across cell membranes. It Active Transport allows larger molecules to enter the cell moving thise particles uphisl from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concenteration.
This hormone is manufactured in the hypothalamus and is stored in ADH the posterior pituitary gland . It makes the kidneys more permable to water. This hormone is realesed by the Adrenal Cortex it causes the kidneys Aldosterone to reabsorb Na+ and water while exreting K+.
Because Sodium retention leads to water retention, Aldosteron acts Volume Expander as a _______.
The production of Aldosterone is stimulated by: Decreased _____ _____ _____ _____ and increased _____
Aldosterone is NOT produced with Increased _____ _____ _____ _____ and decreased _____
2600-3600 ml
Kidneys 1500 ml/day (Sensible) Skin 600ml/day (Insensible lungs 400ml/day (Insensible) GI tract 100 ml/day (Sensible) Kidneys 1500 ml/day
Nephron
125ml
1 ml/hr
Osmolar fluid
imbalances
What occurs when water and electrolytes are lost in equal proportions?
Isotonic Dehydration
Fluid losses are primarily in the ____ (the least stable fluid compartment)
Osmolar Dehydration
Fluid Overload
A higher Serum Osmolality suggests. .. These two values are often high due to
Fluid Dehydration
Hct and BUN Hemoconcentration. Normal Serum Soduim Level 135-145 mEq/L
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
8.5-10.5mg/dl
95-108 mEq/L
2.5-4.5 mg/dL
1.4-2.1 mEq/dL
22-26 mEq/dL
To control water To control water distribution and maintian normal fluid balance
Dilutinal Hyponatremia
This is caused by excessive administration of hypotonic fluids, diseases that add increased volume, an increase in ADH, drining excessive amounts of water, excessive Na+ losses from profuse perspiration , GI losses, and Diuresis
Hyponatremia
Water shifts from vascular space into the cells causeing headache and altered mental status Abdominal cramps, anorexia, nausea, and diarrhea.
This is caused by Excess sodium intake, or excessive infusion of sodium fluids, decreased sodium loss, excessive water loss, Renal failure, increased aldosterone
Hypernatremia
Whater shifts from Cells (cellular dehydration) into the vascular space. Dry
Duretics, excessive loss of GI fliuds, increase secretion of Asldosterone, and high glucose levels leading to diuresis leads to
Hypokalemia
Weak thready pulse, EKG changes, Paralytic ileus and Muscle weakness: leg cramps
This is caused by excessive intake from foods, salt substitues, IV infusion of KCL, decreased secretion due to renal failure, adrenal insufficiency, ACE inhibitors, decreased Aldosterone, massive Tissue trauma and it is rare in those individuals with normally functioning kidneys
Hyperkalemia
EKG changes, Irregular slow heart rate, Increased peristalsis, causeing nausea, vomiting or diarrhea
Principle functions of this elecrolyte include enhanced bone strength, Calcium normal clotting of the blood and regulation of neuromuscular irritability
Hypoparathyroidism , decreased magnesium leves inadequate Vitamin D, increased Phosphorus levels cause this
Hypocalcemia
Decreased blood pressure and decreased myocardial contractility, increased bleeding, nubness of fingers and toes, Tetany, positive Chvostek's sign and Positive Trousseau's sign
Tapping on the face at the point just anterior to the ear and just below the cheek bone. Positive if twitching of the facial muscles occurs
inflating a B/P cuff above systolic blood pressue for several minutes. Positive if flexion of the wrist and metacarpophalageal joints and hyperesxtension of the
Bones stones and grones, hyperparathyroidism, metastic cancer and Hypercalcemia decreased phosphourus levels are significant in patients with
this is clossaly associated with serum sodum levels, principle Chloride (Cl-) functions include serum osmolality and water balance, regulation of pH of stomach
Caused by decreased intake or absorption, prolonged vomiting , sweating, diarrhea, or GI drainage, Na+ and K+ deficiency
Hypochloremia
Caused by certain drugs that lead to retention, usually associated with increased Na+ levels
Hyperchloremia
Thees two elecrolytes have an inverse relationship when one is up the other is down
This causes Increased Serum Calcium Levels (hypercalcemia) and Decresed Serum Phosphorus Levels(hypophosphatemia)
Hyperparathyroidism
This causes Decreased Serum Calcium Levels (hypocalcemia) and Increased Serum Phosphorus Levels (hyperphosphatemia)
Hypoparathyroidism