hedging

Definition
A risk management strategy used in limiting or offsetting probability of loss from fluctuations in Hedging Hedging employs is various techniques but, two also in the prices of commodities, currencies, involves taking equal and

or securities. In effect, hedging is a transfer of risk without buying insurance policies. basically, opposite positions in different markets (such protecting as cash and futures one's capital against markets). effects

used

of inflation through investing in instruments (bonds, notes, shares), real estate, or precious metals.

high-yield financial

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swap
Definition
Exchange of one type of asset, cash flow, investment, liability, or payment for another. Common types of swap include: (1) Currency swap: simultaneous buying and selling of a currency to convert debt principal from the lender's currency to the debtor's currency. (2) Debt swap: exchange of a loan (usually to a third worldcountry) between banks. (3) Debt to equity swap: exchange of a foreign debt (usually to a Third World country) for a stake in the debtor country's national enterprises (such as power or water utilities). (4) Debt to debt swap: exchange of an existing liability into a new loan, usually with an extended payback period. (5) Interest rate swap: exchange of periodic interest payments between two parties (called counter parties) as means of exchanging future cash flows.

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futures
Definition
Commodities or securities contracted for delivery at a stated future date at a specified price. Such a contract (called futures contract) itself can also be traded.

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option
Definitions (5)
1. Contract to keep an offer open for a fixed period during which the offeror cannot withdraw the offer. 2. Formal contract between a seller (the optioner) and a buyer (the optionee) the right (but not the obligation) to buy-and-sell (or to buy-or-sell) a specific property or a fixed-quantity of a commodity, currency, or security, at a fixed price (called exercise price) on or up to a fixed date (called expiration date). Optionee pays down only a fraction (called premium or option money) of the full value of the contract, thus obtaining an investment leverage. An option to buy (called call option) is purchased when prices are expected to rise, an option to sell (called put option) when prices are expected to fall, and an option to buy-or-sell (called double option) when prices may go either way. The most popular types of options are named American option (exercisable any day up to the expiration date) and European option (exercisable only on the expiration date). Any option that is not exercised is automatically cancelled and the optionee loses the premium. In practice, only a few options are exercised and most are bought from or sold to other optioners or optionees before the expiration date. Since options are legally binding contracts, they have intrinsic value and are freely traded on the futures exchanges. Futures contracts, in contrast, cannot lapse and their holder have to sell them before their expiration date or take delivery of the underlying item. Called also option contract.

3. Employee stock option where key employees are given a chance to buy the firm's stock at a special price. 4. Agreement through which a firm takes a tentative stake in a project and, while it has the right to continue its participation, does not make any commitment. 5. Alternative term for an alternative.

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speculation
Definition
Deliberate assumption of above average (but analyzed, measured, and usually hedged) short-term risk of financial loss, in expectation of above average gain from an anticipated change in prices. Organized speculation (as conducted through commodity and stock exchanges) adds capital and liquidity to financial markets, and helps dampen wild fluctuations in prices in normal times. In times of speculative hysteria or economic/political crises, however, speculation exacerbates price swings and may swamp usual trading activity. In terms of degree of risk assumed, speculation (short-term acquisition of assets) falls between investment (long-term acquisition of assets for income and/or capital appreciation) and gambling (wagering on random outcomes without acquisition of assets). See also arbitrage.

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Hedge (finance)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Hedge (disambiguation).

Finance
Financial markets[show]

Financial instruments[show]

Corporate finance[show]

Personal finance[show]

Public finance[show]

Banks and banking[show]

Financial regulation[show]

Standards[show]

Economic history[show]

A hedge is an investment position intended to offset potential losses that may be incurred by a companion investment. A hedge can be constructed from many types of financial instruments, including stocks, exchange-traded funds, insurance, forward contracts, swaps, options, many types of over-the-counter and derivative products, and futures contracts. Public futures markets were established in the 19th century[1] to allow transparent, standardized, and efficient hedging of agricultural commodity prices; they have since expanded to include futures contracts for hedging the values of energy, precious metals, foreign currency, and interest rate fluctuations.

Contents
[hide]

1 Etymology 2 Examples

o o o o

2.1 Agricultural commodity price hedging 2.2 Hedging a stock price 2.3 Hedging Employee Stock Options 2.4 Hedging fuel consumption

3 Types of hedging

3.1 Hedging strategies

3.1.1 Financial derivatives such as call and put options

4 Natural hedges 5 Categories of hedgeable risk 6 Hedging equity and equity futures

o o

6.1 Futures hedging 6.2 Contract for difference

7 Related concepts 8 See also

8.1 Accountant views

9 References 10 External links

[edit]Etymology
Hedging is the practice of taking a position in one market to offset and balance against the risk adopted by assuming a position in a contrary or opposing market or investment. The word hedge is from Old English hecg, originally any fence, living or artificial. The use of the word as a verb in the sense of "dodge, evade" is first recorded in the 1590s; that of insure oneself against loss, as in a bet, is from 1670s. [2]

[edit]Examples [edit]Agricultural

commodity price hedging

A typical hedger might be a commercial farmer. The market values of wheat and other crops fluctuate constantly as supply and demand for them vary, with occasional large moves in either direction. Based on current prices and forecast levels at harvest time, the farmer might decide that planting wheat is a good idea

one season, but the forecast prices are only that forecasts. Once the farmer plants wheat, he is committed to it for an entire growing season. If the actual price of wheat rises greatly between planting and harvest, the farmer stands to make a lot of unexpected money, but if the actual price drops by harvest time, he could be ruined. If at planting time the farmer sells a number of wheat futures contracts equivalent to his anticipated crop size, he effectively locks in the price of wheat at that time: the contract is an agreement to deliver a certain number of bushels of wheat to a specified place on a certain date in the future for a certain fixed price. The farmer has hedged his exposure to wheat prices; he no longer cares whether the current price rises or falls, because he is guaranteed a price by the contract. He no longer needs to worry about being ruined by a low wheat price at harvest time, but he also gives up the chance at making extra money from a high wheat price at harvest times.

[edit]Hedging

a stock price

A stock trader believes that the stock price of Company A will rise over the next month, due to the company's new and efficient method of producing widgets. He wants to buy Company A shares to profit from their expected price increase. But Company A is part of the highly volatile widget industry. If the trader simply bought the shares based on his belief that the Company A shares were underpriced, the trade would be a speculation. Since the trader is interested in the company, rather than the industry, he wants to hedge out the industry risk by short selling an equal value (number of shares price) of the shares of Company A's direct competitor, Company B. The first day the trader's portfolio is:

Long 1,000 shares of Company A at $1 each Short 500 shares of Company B at $2 each

(Notice that the trader has sold short the same value of shares) If the trader was able to short sell an asset whose price had a mathematically defined relation with Company A's stock price (for example a put option on Company A shares), the trade might be essentially riskless. In this case, the risk would be limited to the put option's premium. On the second day, a favorable news story about the widgets industry is published and the value of all widgets stock goes up. Company A, however, because it is a stronger company, increases by 10%, while Company B increases by just 5%:

Long 1,000 shares of Company A at $1.10 each: $100 gain Short 500 shares of Company B at $2.10 each: $50 loss

(In a short position, the investor loses money when the price goes up.)

The trader might regret the hedge on day two, since it reduced the profits on the Company A position. But on the third day, an unfavorable news story is published about the health effects of widgets, and all widgets stocks crash: 50% is wiped off the value of the widgets industry in the course of a few hours. Nevertheless, since Company A is the better company, it suffers less than Company B: Value of long position (Company A):

Day 1: $1,000 Day 2: $1,100 Day 3: $550 => ($1,000 $550) = $450 loss

Value of short position (Company B):

Day 1: $1,000 Day 2: $1,050 Day 3: $525 => ($1,000 $525) = $475 profit

Without the hedge, the trader would have lost $450 (or $900 if the trader took the $1,000 he has used in short selling Company B's shares to buy Company A's shares as well). But the hedge the short sale of Company B gives a profit of $475, for a net profit of $25 during a dramatic market collapse.

[edit]Hedging

Employee Stock Options

Employee Stock Options are securities issued by the company generally to executives and employees. These securities are more volatile than stock and should encourage the holders to manage those positions with a view to reducing that risk. There is only one efficient way to manage the risk of holding employee stock options and that is by use of sales of exchange traded calls and to a lesser degree by buying puts. Companies discourage hedging versus ESOs but have no prohibitions in their contracts.

[edit]Hedging

fuel consumption

Main article: Fuel hedging Airlines use futures contracts and derivatives to hedge their exposure to the price of jet fuel. They know that they must purchase jet fuel for as long as they want to stay in business, and fuel prices are notoriously volatile. By using crude oil futures contracts to hedge their fuel requirements (and engaging in similar but more complex derivatives transactions), Southwest Airlines was able to save a large amount of money when buying fuel as compared to rival airlines when fuel prices in the U.S. rose dramatically after the 2003 Iraq war and Hurricane Katrina.

[edit]Types

of hedging

Hedging can be used in many different ways including foreign exchange trading.[3] The stock example above is a "classic" sort of hedge, known in the industry as a pairs trade due to the trading on a pair of related securities. As investors became more sophisticated, along with the mathematical tools used to calculate values (known as models), the types of hedges have increased greatly.

[edit]Hedging

strategies

Examples of hedging include:

Forward exchange contract for currencies Currency future contracts Money Market Operations for currencies Forward Exchange Contract for interest Money Market Operations for interest Future contracts for interest

This is a list of hedging strategies, grouped by category.

[edit]Financial derivatives such as call and put options

Risk reversal: Simultaneously buying a call option and selling a put option. This has the effect of simulating being long on a stock or commodity position.

Delta neutral: This is a market neutral position that allows a portfolio to maintain a positive cash flow by dynamically re-hedging to maintain a market neutral position. This is also a type of market neutral strategy.

[edit]Natural

hedges

Many hedges do not involve exotic financial instruments or derivatives such as the married put. A natural hedge is an investment that reduces the undesired risk by matching cash flows (i.e. revenues and expenses). For example, an exporter to the United States faces a risk of changes in the value of the U.S. dollar and chooses to open a production facility in that market to match its expected sales revenue to its cost structure. Another example is a company that opens a subsidiary in another country and borrows in the foreign currency to finance its operations, even though the foreign interest rate may be more expensive than in its home country: by matching the debt payments to expected revenues in the foreign currency, the parent company has reduced its foreign currency exposure. Similarly, an oil producer may expect to receive its revenues in U.S. dollars, but faces costs in a different currency; it would be applying a natural hedge if it agreed to, for example, pay bonuses to employees in U.S. dollars. One common means of hedging against risk is the purchase of insurance to protect against financial loss due to accidental property damage or loss, personal injury, or loss of life.

[edit]Categories

of hedgeable risk

There are varying types of risk that can be protected against with a hedge. Those types of risks include:

Commodity risk: the risk that arises from potential movements in the value of commodity contracts, which include agricultural products, metals, and energy products.[4]

Credit risk: the risk that money owing will not be paid by an obligor. Since credit risk is the natural business of banks, but an unwanted risk for commercial traders, an early market developed between banks and traders that involved selling obligations at a discounted rate.

Currency risk (also known as Foreign Exchange Risk hedging) is used both by financial investors to deflect the risks they encounter when investing abroad and by non-financial actors in the global economy for whom multi-currency activities are a necessary evil rather than a desired state of exposure.

Interest rate risk: the risk that the relative value of an interest-bearing liability, such as a loan or a bond, will worsen due to an interest rate increase. Interest rate risks can be hedged using fixed-income instruments or interest rate swaps.

Equity risk: the risk that one's investments will depreciate because of stock market dynamics causing one to lose money.

Volatility risk: is the threat that an exchange rate movement poses to an investor's portfolio in a foreign currency.

Volumetric risk: the risk that a customer demands more or less of a product than expected.

[edit]Hedging

equity and equity futures

Equity in a portfolio can be hedged by taking an opposite position in futures. To protect your stock picking against systematic market risk, futures are shorted when equity is purchased, or long futures when stock is shorted. One way to hedge is the market neutral approach. In this approach, an equivalent dollar amount in the stock trade is taken in futures for example, by buying 10,000 GBP worth of Vodafone and shorting 10,000 worth of FTSE futures. Another way to hedge is the beta neutral. Beta is the historical correlation between a stock and an index. If the beta of a Vodafone stock is 2, then for a 10,000 GBP long position in Vodafone an investor would hedge with a 20,000 GBP equivalent short position in the FTSE futures (the index in which Vodafone trades). Futures contracts and forward contracts are means of hedging against the risk of adverse market movements. These originally developed out of commodity markets in the 19th century, but over the last fifty years a large global market developed in products to hedge financial market risk.

[edit]Futures

hedging

Investors who primarily trade in futures may hedge their futures against synthetic futures. A synthetic in this case is a synthetic future comprising a call and a put position. Long synthetic futures means long call and short put at the same expiry price. To hedge against a long futures trade a short position in synthetics can be established, and vice versa. Stack hedging is a strategy which involves buying various futures contracts that are concentrated in nearby delivery months to increase the liquidity position. It is generally used by investors to ensure the surety of their earnings for a longer period of time.

CONTRACT LABOUR ACT

Contract Labour Rules,1971 and Forms

CHAPTER I

CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI

CHAPTER VII FORM S

APPENDIX I CONTRACT LABOUR (REGULATION AND ABOLITION) CENTRAL RULES. 1971 G.S.R. 191. dated 1st February. 19711 In exercise of the powers conferred by Sec. 35 of the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970, the Central Government hereby makes the following rules, the same ha been previously published as required by the said section, namely:

CHAPTER 1
1. Short title and commencement4 1) These rules may be called the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition Central Rules, 1971. (2) They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette. Comment Rules for effectuating the purpose of the Act. The general power of framing rules for effectuating the purposes of the Act would plainly authorise and sanction the framing of such a rule.3 2. Definitions. In these rules, unless the subject or context otherwise, requires, (a) Act means the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970; (b) Appellate Officer means the Appellate Officer appointed by the Central Government under sub-section (1) of Sec. 15; (c) Board means the Central Advisory Contract Labour Board constituted under Sec. 3; (d) Chairman means the Chairman of the Board; (e) Committee means a committee constituted under sub-section (1) of Sec. 5;

U) form means a form appended to these rules; (g) section means a section of the Act. Comment This rule defines the various terms used in these Rules.

CHAPTER II
Central Board 3. The Board shall consist of the following members:

(a) a Chairman to be appointed by the Central Government: (b) The Chief Labour Commissioner (Central), ex, officio; (c)4 three persons representing the Central Government to be ap(d)5 pointed by that Government from amongst its officials; (two persons I, representing the railways, to be appointed by the Central Government after consultation with the Railways board; (e)6 [flve persons], representing the employers in coal-mines, two representing the employers In other mines! and two representing contractors to whom the Act applies, to be appointed by the Central Government after consultation with such organization, If any, of the employers and the contractors as may be recognized by the Central Government; (f) (seven persons 5[two] representing the employees In the Railways,8 one representing the employees in coal-mines, (two representing the employees in other mines I, and two representing the employees or contractors to whom the Act applies, to be appointed by the Central (Government after consultation with such organizations If any, of employees representing the respective Interest as may be recognized by the Central Government

1.

Published In the Gazette Qf India Extraordinary. Pt. II. Sec. 3 (Q, dated 10th February 1971. w.e.f. 10th February 1971. Ram Autar Santosh Kumar v. State of Bihar, A.I..R. 1967 Pat. 13 at p. 17 see also

2. 3.

Jacob M. Puthuparambil v. Kerala Water Authority A.I.R. 1990 S.C. 2228 at p. 2237. 4. 5. 6. Subs. hr one person by G.S.R 305 (E), dated 7th June, 1991. Subs. by Central (Amendment Act, 1971. Subs,byO.S.R.598,dated23rdMay,1973.

<![endif]> 4.Terms of office (1) The Chairman of the Board shall hold office as such for a period of three years from the date on which his appointment is first notified an the Official Gazette. (2) Each of the members of the Board, referred to In Cis. (c) and (d) of rule 3, shall hold office as such during the pleasure of the President. (3)Each of the members referred to In Cls. (a) and (f) of nile 3 shall hold office as such for a period of three years commencing from the date on which his appointment Is first notified in the Official Gazette: Provided that where the successor of any such member has not been notified In the Official Gazette on, or before the expiry of the said period of three years, such member shall,, ~twithstandlng ~the expiry of the period of his office, continue to hold such office until the appointment of his successor has been notified In the Official Gazette. (4) If a member is unable to attend a meeting of the Board, the Central Government or the body which appointed or nominated him may, by notice in writing signed on its I?ehalf and by such member and addressed to the Chairman of the Board, nominate a si~bstitu~e in his place to attend the meeting anU such a substitute member shall have all the rights of a member in resped of that meeting and any decision taken at the meeting shall be binding on the said body.

Comment This rule lays down that the terms of office of Chairman and members, not being an ex officio member or a representative of the Central Government or the Railway Board, shall be three years. [5 Regulation.(I) Member of the Board, not being an ex-officio member, may resign his office by a letter in writing addressed to the Central Government. (2)The office of such a member shall fall vacant from the date on which his resignation is accepted by the Central Government, or on the expiry of thirty days from the date of receipt of the letter of resignation by that Government, whichever is earlier. Comment
1

This rule lays down that the office of a member shall fall vacant by resignation from the date of acceptance of his resignati9n by the Central Government or even on the expiry of thirty days from the date of receipt of letter of resignation, whichever is earlier. 6. Cessation of membership.lf any member of- the Board, not being an ex officio member, falls to attend three consecutive meetings of the Board,without obtaining the leave of the Chairman for such absence, he shall cease to be a member of the Board: Provided that the Central Government may, If It is satisfied that such member was prevented by sufficient cause from attending three consecutive meetings of the Board direct such cessation shall not take place and on such direction being made, such member shall continue to be a member of the Board. 7. Disqualification for membership.A person shall be disqualified for reappointment, and for being a member of the Board, (I) If he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent Court, or (II). If he is an undischarged insolvent; or (Ill) If he has been or is convicted of an offence which, In the opinion of the Central Government,, lnvolves moral turpitude. (2) If a question arises as to whether a disqualification has been incurred under subrule (1), the Central Government shall decide the same rule (1), the Central Government shall be decide the same *1. Subs by G.S.R. 520, dated 10th May 1974.

Comment This rule imposes disqualification for membership or for re-appointment as a member. 8. Removal from membership.The Central Government may remove from office any member of the Board, if in its opinion such a member has ceased to represent the interest which he purports to represent on the Board Provided that no such member shall be removed unless a reasonable opportunity is given to him of making any representation against the proposed action.

Comment
Proviso.A proviso is intended to limit the enacted provision so as to except something which would have otherwise been within it or in some measure to modify the enacting clause. Sometimes a proviso may be embedded in the main provision and becomes an integral part of it so as to amount to a substantive provision Itself.1

9. Vacancy.When a vacancy occurs or is likely to occur in the membership of the Board, the Chairman shall submit a report to the Central Government and on receipt of such report the Central Government shall take steps to fill the vacancy by making an appointment from amongst the category of persons to which the person vacating membership belonged, and the person so appointed shall hold office for the remainder of the term of office of the member in whose place he is appointed. 10. Staff.(1) (1) The Central Government may appoint one of Its officials as Secretary to the Board and appoint such other staff as it may think necessary to enable the Board to carry out Its functions. (II) The salaries and allowances payable -to the staff and the other conditions of service of such staff shall be such as may be decided by the Central Government. (2) The Secretary (I) shall assist the Chairman in convening meetings of the Board; (II) may attend the meetings but shall not be entitled to vote at such meetings; (III) shall keep a record of the minutes of such meetings; and (iv) shall take necessary measures to carry out the decisions taken at the meetings of the Board.

Comment This rule deals with the matter regarding appointment of secretary and other members of the staff as also the duties of the secretary. 11. Allowances of members.(1) The traveling allowances of an official member shall be governed by the rules applicable to him for journey performed by him on official duties and shall be paid by the authority paying his salary. (2) The non-official members of the Board shall be paid traveling allowance for attending the meeting of the Board at such rates as are admissible to Grade I Officers of the Central Government and daily allowances shall be calculatqd at the maximum rate admissible to Grade I Officers of the Central Government In their respective places.

Comment This rule lays down that non-official members shall be paid travelling allowance and daily allowances at the rates admissible to Grade I Officers of the Central Government. 12. Disposal of business,Every question which the Board Is required to take Into consideration shall be considered at a meeting, or, If the Chairman so directs, by sending the necessary papers to every member for opinion, and the question shall be disposed of In accordance with the decision of the majority:

Provided that in the case of equality of votes, the Chairman shall have a second or a castinq vote. Explanatlon.Chairman for the purposes of this rule shall Include the Chairman nominated under rule 13 to preside over a meeting.
1.

S. Sundaram Pillai v.Pattabiraman, A.I.R. 1985 .C.1985 S.C.582 at p.591 ; see also T.S. Reddy v.Government of A.I.;R 1992 A.P.19 at p.37

Comment Explanationlt is now well settled that an explanation added to a statutory provision is~ not a substantive provision In any sense of the term but as the plain meaning of the word itself shows It Is merely meant to explain or clarify certain ambiguities which may have crept in the statutory provision.1 13. Meetings;. . (1) The Board shall meet at such places and times as may be specified by the Chairman. (2) The Chairman shall preside over every meeting of the Board at which he is present and in his absence nominate a member of the Board to preside over such meeting. 14. Notice of meeting and list of business. (1) Ordinarily seven days notice shall be given to the members of a proposed meeting. (2) No business which Is not on the list of business for a meeting shall be considered at the meeting without the permission of the Chairman. 15. Quorum.No business shall be transacted at any meeting unless at least five members are present: Provided that if at any meeting less than five members are present, the Chairman may adjourn the meeting to another date Informing members present and giving notice to the other members that he proposes to dispose of the business at the adjourned meeting whether there Is prescribed quorum or not, and it shall thereupon be lawful for him to dispose of the business at the adjourned meeting Irrespective of the number of members attending. 16.Committees of the Board.(1) (i) The Board may constitute such committees and for such purpose or purposes as It may think fit. (ii) While constituting the Committee the Board may nominate one of its members to be the Chairman of the Committee.

(2) (i) The Committee shall meet at such times and places as the Chairman of the said Committee may decide. (ii) The provisions of rules 12, 13 (2), 14 and 15 shall apply to the Committee for transaction of business at Its meetings as they apply to the Board, subject to the modification that the quorum specified In rule 15 shall be one.thlrd of the members Instead of five members.J (3) The provisions of rule 11 shall apply to the members of the Committee for attending the meetings of the Committee as they apply to the members of the Board. Comment The rule empowers the Board to constitute such committees for the various purposes as it may think fit.

CHAPTER III
Regulation and Licensing 17. Manner of making application for registration of establishment (l) The application referred to In sub-section (1) of Sec. 7 shall be made In triplicate, In Form I to the Registering Officer of the area in which the establishment sought to be registered is located. (2) The application referred to In sub-rule (1) shall be accompanied by a 3(demand draft! showing payment of the fees for the registration of the establishment. (3) Every application referred to in sub-rule (1) shall be either personally delivered to the registering officer or sent to him by registered post. (4)On receipt of the application referred to in sub-rule (1). the registering officer shall, after noting thereon the date of receipt by him of the application grant an acknowledgment to the applicant.

1.

S. Sundaran Pilli v. V.R. Pattabrantan, A.l.R.. 1985 S.C. 582 alp. 592 ; See also Keshavji Ravji and Co. v. Commissioner, income Tax, A.l.R. 1991 S.C. 1806 at p. 1818 ; Shree Amarsing Swaroopsinh v. Jagdish Processors 1994 Lab I.C. 443 at p.449 (Guj). Subs. by G.S.R. 520, dated 10th May. 1974.

2.

3.

Subs. by G.S.R. 657, dated 11th August, 1987 (w.e.f. 22nd August, 1987), for the words. tresaury receipt.

18. Grant of certificate of Registration. (1) The certificate of registration granted under sub-section (2) of sec. 7 shall be in Form II. (2) Every certificate of registration granted under sub-section (2) of Sec.7 shall contain the following particulars, namely: (a) the name and address of the establishment; (b) the maximum number of workmen to be employed as contract labour in the establishment; (c) the type of business, trade, industry, manufacture or occupation which is carried on in the establishment; (d) such other particulars as may be releyant to the employment of contract labour in the establishment. (3) The registering officer shall maintain a register in Form lit showing the particulars of -establishments in relation to which certificates of registration have been issued by him. (4) if, in relation to an establishment, there is any change, in the particulars specified in the certificate of registration, the principal employer of the establishment shall Intimate to -the registering officer, within thirty day from the date written such change takes place, the particulars of, and the reasons for, such change.

Comment This rule deals with the matter regarding grant of certificate of registration to an establishment a. per the provisions of the Act. 19. Circumstance in which application for registration may be rejected. (1) If any application for registration is not complete in all respects, the registering officer shall require the principal employer to amend the application so as to make It complete in all respects. (2)If the principal employer, on being required by the registering officer to amend his application, for registration, omits or falls to do so, the registering officer shall reject the application for registration. Comment This rule empowers the registering officer to reject an application for registration in certain circumstances. 20. Amendment of certificate of registration.

(1) Where, on receipt of the intimation under sub-rule (4) of rule 18, the registering officer is satisfied that an amount higher than the amount which has been paid by the principal employer as fees for the registration of the establishment is payable, he shall require such principal employer to 1[pay] a sum which, together with the amount already paid by such principal employer, would be equal to such higher amount of fees payable for the registration of the establishment and to produce the 2(demand draft showing such deposit. <![endif]> (2) Where on receipt of the intimation referred to in sub-rule (4) of rule 18, the registering officer is satisfied that there has occurred a change in the particulars of the establishment, as entered In the register In Form III, he shall amend the said register and record therein the change which has Occurred: Provided that no such amendment has affect anything done or any action taken or any right, obligation or liability acquired or. incurred before such amendment Provided further that the registering officer shall not carry out any amendment in the register in Form III unless the appropriate fees have been deposited by the principal employer. 21.Application for a license (1) Every application by a contractor for the grant of a license shall be made In triplicate, in Form IV, to the licensing officer of the area in which the establishment, in relation to which he Is the -contractor, is located. 1. Sub., by G.S.R. 657, dated 11th August, 1987 (w.A. 22nd August, 1987), for the word deposit. 2. Subs. by Ibid, for the words treasury receipt.

(2) Every application for the grant of a license shall be accompanied by a certificate by the principal employer in Form V to the effect that the applicant has been employees by him as a contractor in relation to his establishment and that he undertakes to be bound by all the provisions are applicable to him as principal employer in respect of the employment of contract labour by the applicant . (3) Every such application shall be either personally delivered to the licensing officer or sept to him by registered post.. 4) on receipt of the application reffered to in sub-rule (1), the licensing officer shall, after noting thereon the date of receipt of the application, grant an acknowledgement to the applicant. (5) Every application reffered to in sub-rule (1) shell also be accompanied by a 1[demand draft] showing(I) Tbe deposit of the ssecurity at the rates specialist in rule 24 and (IIJ the payment of the fees at the rates specified in rule 26 22. Matters to be taken into account In granting or refusing a licence In granting or refusing to grant a license, the licensing officer shall take the following matters Into account, namely: (I) Whether the applicant, (II) is a minor; or (III) is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court; or (II) is an undisharged Insolvent, or

(IV) has been convicted (at any time during a period of five years Immediately date of. application) of an offence which, in the opinion of the Central Government, involves moral turpitude; (b) whether there is an order Qf the appropriate Government or an award or settlement for the abolition of contract lebour in respect of the particular type of work in the establishment for which the applicant is a contractor; (c) whether any order has been made in respect of the applicant under subsection (1) of Sec. 14, and, if so, whether a period of three years has elapsed from the date of that order; (d) Whether the fees for the application have been deposited atthe rates specified in rule 26; and

24.

(e)whether security has been deposited by the applicant at the rates specified in rule

Comment Under this rule certain matters have to be taken Into account while granting or refusing to grant a license, to a contractor.
2

[23.Refusal to grant license-

(1) On receipt of the application from the contractor, and as soon as the licensing officer shall investigate or cause investigation to be made to stisfy himself about the correctness of the facts and cause investigation to be made to satisfy himself about the correctness of the facts and particulars furnished in such application and the eligibility to the license ] (2) (i) Where the licensing officer is of opinion that licence should not be granted, he shall, after affording reasonable opportunity to the applicant to be heard, make an order rejecting the application. (ii) The order shall record the reasons for the refusal and shall be communicated to the applicant. Comment This rule lays down that the order for- refusal to grant licence should be passed after hearing the applicant and giving reasons therefore 1. Sub. by G.SR. 657, dated 11th August, 1987 (w.e.f. 22nd August, 1987), for the. Words treasury receipt 2. Subs, by G.S.R. 520, dated 10th May. 1974.

24. Security (1) Before a licence is issued, an amount calculated at the rate of Rs. 90]- for each of the workmen to be employed as contract labour, in respect of which the application for licence has been made, shall be- deposited by the contractor for due performance of the conditions of the licence & compliance with the provisions of the Act or the rules made there under: [Provided that where the contractor is a co-operative society, the amount deposited as security shall be at the rate of 1[ Rs.15] for each workman to be employed as a contract labour.] [(1-A) Where the applicant for licence was holding a licence In regard to another work and that licence had expired, the -licensing officer, If he Is of the view that any amount Out of the s4curity deposited in respect of that licence is to be directed to be refunded to the applicant under rule 31, may, on an application made for that purpose in Form VA by the applicant adjust the amount so to be refunded towards the security required to be deposited in respect of the application for the new license and the applicant need, deposit, in such a case, only the balance amount, If any, after making such adjustment.]
3 2

(2) 4[The amount of security, or the balance amount, required to be deposited under sub-rule (1) or, as the case may be under sub-rule (1-A)] shall be paid In the local treasury under the Head of Account Section TDeposits -and AdvancesPart II, Deposits not bearing interest(c) Other Deposit AccountsDepartment and Judicial DepositsCivil DepositsDeposits under Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 (Central).

Comment This rule lays down that security money should be got deposited by the contractor prior to the Issue of a licence. 25. Form and terms and condition of licence,{l) Every licence granted under subsection (1) of Sec. 12 shall be in Form VI. (2) Every licence granted under sub-rule (11) or renewed under i4.iie9 shall be subject to the following conditions, namely: (I) the licence shall be non-transferable;

(II) the number of workman employee as contract labour in the establishment shall not, on any day, exceed the maximum number specified in the licence; (III) save as provided in these rules, the fees paid for the grant, or as the case may be, for renewal of- the licence shall be non-refundable; (IV) the rates of wages payable to the workmen by the contractor shall not be less than the rates prescribed under the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (II of 1948), for such employment where applicable, and where the rates have been fixed by agreement, settlement or award, not less than the rates so fixed; (v) (a) In cases where the workmen employed by the contractor perform the same or similar kind of work as the workmen directly employed by the principal employer of the establishment, the wage rates, holidays, hours of work and other conditions of service of the workmen of the contractor shall be the same as applicable to the workman directly employed by the principal employer of the establishment on the same or similar kind of work Pleaded that in the case of any disagreement with regar4 to the type of work the same shall be decided by the Chief Labour Commissioner (Central) (b) in other cases the wage rates, holidays, hours of work and conditions of service of the workmen of the contractor shall be such as may be specified in this behalf by Chief Commissioner (Central); 1. Subs, by G.S.R. 1215 (E), dated 28th December, 1988.

2.

Added by Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Central (Amendment) Rules 1973, vide G.S.R. 200, dated 24th February, 1973. Ins, by G.S.R. 948, dated 12th dull,, 1978.

3.

4. Subs. by Ibid. 5. The words "whose decision shall be final" omitted by G.S.R. 871 (E), dated 26th November, 1965 (w.e.f.26th November, 1985). ExplanationWhile determining the wage rates, holidays, hours of work other conditions of service under Cl. (b) above, the Chief Labour Commissioner shall have due regard to the wage rates, holidays, hours of work and other conditions of service obtaining in similar employments. (vi) (a) In every establishment where twenty or more women are ordinarily employed as contract labour, there shall be provided two rooms of reasonable dimensions for the use of their children under the age of six year (b) one of such rooms shall be used as a play-room for the children and the other as bed-room for the children; (c) the contractor shall supply adequate number of toys and games in the playroom and sufficient number of -cots and beddings in the sleeping room; (d) the standard of construction and maintenance of the creches shall be such as may be specified in this behalf by the Chief Labour Commissioner-(Central); 1(vii) the licence shall notify any change in the number of workmen or the conditions of work to the licensing officer;
1

[(viii)the licensee shall, within fifteen days of the commencement and completion of each contract work submit a return to the Inspector, appointment, under Sec. 28 of the Act, intimating the actual date of the commencement or, as the case may be, completion of such contract work in Form VI-A]

[ix) a copy of the licence shall be displayed prominently at the premises where the contract work is being carried on;] 3

[4[(x) no female contract labour shall be employed by any contractor before 6.00 a.m. or after 7.00- p.m.:

Provided that this clause shall not apply to the employment of women in pithead baths, creches and canteens and as to mid-wives and nurses in hospitals and dispensaries.] Comment This rule lays down the terms and conditions of a licence to be granted.

In a case - where the type of work done by the workmen engaged by the contractor isthe same as done by the workmen directly employed by the principal employer, -*e workmen employed by the contractor would be entitled to the same wages. The proviso to sub-rule (v) (a) of rule 25 (2) of the rules would come Into operation only if there is a disagreement with regard to the type of work. When there is no such disagreement, sub rule (v) (a) of rule 25 (2) would be, applicable.5 6[26. Fees (1) The, fees to be paid for the grant of a certificate of registration under Sec. 7 shall be as specified below: If the number of workmen proposed to be employed on contract on any day (a) is 20 ... Rs. 60 (b) exceeds 20 but does not exceed 50 ... Rs. 150 (c) exceeds 50 but does not exceed 100 ... Rs. 300 (d) exceeds 100 but does not exceed 200 ... Rs. 600 (e) exceeds 200 but does not exceed 400 ... Rs. 1200 exceeds 400 ... Rs. 1500 (2) below: 1 The fees to be paid for the grant of license under Sec. 1 shall be as specified

Ins by G.S.R. 199,dated 11th January, 1977 w.e.f. 12th February, 1977).

2. Ins, by G.S.R. 657, dated 11th August. 1987 (w.e.f. 22nd August. 1987). 3. Ins, by G.S.R. 948, dated. 1 July 1978 (w.e.f. 22nd July, 1978). 4. Clause (ix) renumbered as Cl. (x) by 657 dated 11th August, 1987 (w.e.f. 22nd 1987). 5. Indian Airlines v. Central Government Labour court, New Delhi, (1987) II L.L.J. 512 et p. 515 (HC.). 6. Subs, by G.S.R. 1215 (E), dated 28th December, 1988. -

If the number of workmen employed by the contractor on any day (a) is 20 (b) exceeds 20 but does not exceed 50 ----Rs. 15.00 Rs. 37.50 Rs. 75.00 Rs.150.00 Rs. 300.00 Rs.375.00]

(c) exceeds 50 but does not exceed 100 --(d) exceeds 100 but does not exceed 200 --(e) exceeds 200 but does not exceed 400 --(f) exceeds 400 ---

27. Validity of the licence.Every licence granted under rule 25 or renewed under rule 29 shall remain i&force for twelve months fromi the date it is granted or renewed. comment A licence granted under these rules is valid for a period of twelve months only. 28. Amendment of the Licence (1) A licence issued under rule 25 or renewed under rule 29 may, for good and sufficient reasons, be amended by the licensing officer. (2) The contractor who desires to have the license amended shall submit to the licensing officer an application stating the nature of the amendment and reason therefore. (3) (i) If the licensing officer allows the application he shall require the applicant to furnish a [demand draft] for the amount, if any, by which the fees that would have been payable if the licence had been originally issued in the amended form exceeds for fees originally paid for the licence. (ii) On the applicant furnishing the requisite [demand draft] the license shall be amended according to the orders of the licensing officer. (4) Where the application for amendment is refused licensing officer shall record the reasons for such refusal and communicate the same to the applicant. Comment May and shall.Where the Languages two words may and shall in two different parts of the same provision prima facie it would appear that the Legislature manifested its intention to make one part directory and another mandatory. But that by itself is not decisive. The power of the Court still to ascertain the real intention of the Legislature by carefully examining the scope of the statute to find out whether the provision is directory or

mandatory remains unimpaired even where both the words are used in the same provision.2 The word shall cannot be interpreted as may" 1. Subs by G.S.R. 657 dated 11th August, 1987 (w.e.f.22nd August, 1987)for the words "treasury receipt". 2. Ganesh Prasad Sah Kesari v. Lakshmi Narayan Gupta, A.I. R. 1985 S.C. 964 at p. 967 ;see also Rudrani Chatterjee v. Nabadwip Municipality, A.I.R.1990 cal. 397 at p. 404;Lakshmanasami Gounder v. C.I.T. Selvamani, 1992 (I) S.C.C. 91 at p.95 ; T.V. Usman v.Food Inspector, 1994 S.C. Cr. R. 502 at 505. 3. Sub-Committee of Judicial Accountability v. Union of India A.I.R.1992 S.C. 320 at p. 352; Sonepur Tea Co. v. State of Assam (1994) 4 S.C.C.746 at 756.

29. Renewa1 of licence. ( 1) Every contractor shall apply to the licensing officer for renewal of the license. (2)Every such application shall be in Form VII in triplicate and shall be made not less than thirty days before the date on which the licence expires, and if the application is so made, the licence shall be deemed to have been renewed until such date when the renewed licence is issued. (3) The fees chargeable for renewal of the licence shall be the same as for the grant thereof Provided that if the application for renewal not received within the time specified in sub-rule (2), a fee of 25 per cent., in excess of the fee ordinarily payable for the licence shall be payable for such renewal: Provided further that in case where the licensing officer is satisfied that the delay in submission of the application is due to unavoidable circumstances beyond control the contractor, he may reduce or remit as he thinks fit the payment of such excess fee. Comment Shall-when the expression shall Is used It must normally be construed to mean shall and not may. 30. Issue of duplicate certificate of registration or a licence here a certificate of registration or a licence granted or renewed under the preceding rules has been lost, defaced or accidentally destroyed, a duplicate may be granted on payment of fees of rupees five. Comment This rule makes provision for the issue of duplicate Qf registration or licence, in case of its loss, destruction etc 31. Refund of security (l) (i) On expiry of the period of licence the contractor may, if he does not intend to have his licence renewed make an application to the licensing officer for the refund of the security deposited by him under rule 24. (ii) If the Licensing Officer is satisfied that there is no breach of the conditions of licence or there is no order under Sec. 14 for the forfeiture of security or any portion thereof, he shall direct the refund of the security to the applicant.

(2) If there is any order directing the forfeiture of any portion of the sccurity, the amount to be forfeited shall be deducted from the security deposit and balance, if any, refunded to the applicant. (3) Any application for refund shall, as far as possible, be disposed of within sixty days of the receipt of the application. 1. Kamataka State Road Transport corporation,Bangalor.v. Kamataka State Transport Authority,A.I.R. 1984 Knt.at p.14 ;see also Hitesh Kumar Ojha v. Krishna Chandra Mahapatra A.I.R. 1992 Ori 91 at p.95; Sonepur Tea Co. v. State of Assam (1994) 4 S.C.C.746 at 756 32. Grant of temporary certificate of registration and licence (1) Where conditions arise in an establishment requiring the employment of contract labour immediately and such employment is estimated to last for not more than fifteen days, the principal employer of the establishment or the contractor, as the case may be, may apply for a temporary certificate of registration or licence to the Registering officer or the licencing Officer, as the case may be, having jurisdiction over the area in which the establishment is situated. (2) The application such temporary registration or licence shall be made in triplicate in Forms VIII and X, respectively and shall be accompanied by a 1[Demand draft] drawn in favour of the Pay and Accounts Officer, Office of the Chief Labour Commissioner (Central), New Delhi showing the payment of appropriate fees and in this case of the licence appropriate amount of security also. (3) On receipt of the application, complete in all respects, and on being satisfied either oii affidavit by the applicant or otherwise that the work in respect of which the application has been made would be finished in a period of a nature which could not be carried out immediately the registering Officer or the Licensing Officer as the case may be, sha1l forthwith grant a certificate of registration of Form, or a licence in Form XL as the case may be, for a period of not more than fifteen days.

(4) Where a certificate of registration or licence is not granted the resons therefor shall be recorded by the registering Officer or the LicensIng 0fficer as the case maybe. (5) On the explrybf the validity of the registration certificate the establishment shall cease to employ in the establishment contract labour in respect of which the certificate was given. (6)The fees to be paid for the-grant of the certificate of registration under sub-rule(3) sha1l be as specified below: If the number Workmen proposed to be employed on contract on any day (a) exceeds 20 but does not exceed 50 Rs. 2 [30.00]

(b) exceeds 50 but does not exceed 200 (C) exceeds 200

Rs. 2160.00 Rs. 2[90.00]

(7) The fees to be paid for the grant of a licence under sub rule (3), shall be as specified below: If the number of workmen to be employed by the contractor on any day (a) exceeds 20 but does not exceed 50 (b) exceeds 50 but does not exceed 200 (c) exceeds 200 --Rs.2[15.00] --Rs. 2[60.00] --Rs. 2[90.00]

(8) The provision of rule 23 and rule 24 shall apply to the refusa1 to grant licence or to grant licence under sub-rule (4) and sub-rule (3), respectively. Comment This rule makes provision for the grant of temporary certificate of registration and licence, on payment of the prescribed fees.

CHAPTER IV
Appeals and Procedure 33. (l)(i) Every appeal under sub-section -(1,) of Sec. 15 shall be preferred in the form of a memorandum signed by the appellant or his authorised agent and presented to the Appellate Officer in person or sent to him by registered post. 1. Subs. by G.S.R. 657 dated 11th August , 1987 (w.e.f. 22nd August, 1987) for the words treasury receipt or a crossed postal order drawn in favour of the appropriate registering or licensing officer as the case may be

2. Subs by G.S.R. 1215 (E) dated 28th December, 1988.

(ii) The memorandum shall be accompanied by a certified. copy of the order appealed to demand draft] for Rs.10. (2) The memorandum shall set forth concisely and under distinct heads the grounds of appeal to the grounds of appeal to the order appealed from.

34. (1) Where the memorandum of appeal does not comply with the provisions of subrule (2) of rule 33 it may be rejected or returned to appellant for the purpose of being amended within a time to be fixed by the Appellate Officer. (2) Where the Appellate officer rejects the memorandum under sub- rule (1) he shall record the reason for such rejection, and communicate the order to the appellant. (3) Where the memorandum of appeal is in order the Appellate Officer shall admit the appeal, endorse thereon the date of presentation and shall register the appeal in a book to be kept for the purpose called the register of Appeals. (4) (i) When the appeal has been admitted, the Appellate Officer shall send the notice of the appeal to the Registering Officer or the Licensing Officer, as the case may be, from whose order the appeal has been preferred and the Registering Officer or the Licensing Officer shall send the record of the case to the Appellate Officer.. (ii) On receipt of the record, the Appellate Officer shall send a notice to the appellant to appear before him at such date and time as may be specified in the notice for the hearing of the appeal. 35. If on the date fixed for hearing, the appellant does not appear, the Appellate Officer may dismiss the appeal for default of appearance of the appellant. 36. (i) Where a6appeal has been dismissed under rule 35 the appellant may apply to the Appellate Officer for the re-admission of the appeal, and where it is proved that he was prevented by any sufficient cause for appearing when the appeal was called on for hearing, the Appellate Officer shall restore the appeal on its original number. (ii) Such an application shall, unless the Appellate Officer extends the time for sufficient reason, be made within thirty days of the date of disr9issal. 37. (1) If the appellant is present when the appeal is called, on for the hearing, the Appellate officer shall proceed to hear the appellant or his authorized agent and any other person summoned by him for this purpose, and pronounce judgment on the appeal, either confirming, reversing or varying the order appealed from. 1. Subs. By G.S.R. 637, dated 11th August, 1987 (w.e.f.2nd August, 1957), for the words treasury receipt

(2) The judgment of the Appellate Officer shall state the points for determination the decisions and the reasons for the decisions. (3) The order shall be communicated to the appellant and cow thereof shall be sent to the Registering Officer or the Licensing Officer from whose order the appeal has been preferred.

Comment These rules deal with the matter relating to appeals to the Appellate order and lay down procedure therefore. 38.1[Payment of fee (1) All amounts of money payable on account of security deposit, registration fees, licence fee, appeal, supply of duplicate copies of registration certificates and in terms of any other provisions of the officers as shown in Annexure A and made payable at branch of the Union Bank of India at the headquarters of the officers specified in column (3) of the said Annexure. All such demand drafts shall be accompanied by a challan in Form No. 1 TR-6iin triplicate) indicating the details of payments, etc. (2) The Licensing Officer, the Registering Officer or the Appellate Authority, as the case may be, on receipt of the demand draft from the party shall arrange to deposit the amount in the appropriate account in the Bank with which he, in his capacity as Regional Labour Commissioner/Assistant Labour Commissioner (central) as Drawing and Disbursing Officer is in account. The Assistant Labour Commissioner (Central), Delhi, shall deposit the demand draft In the Union Bank of India, Extension Centre, Shram Shakti Bhavan, Rafi Marg, New Delhi, in the account of Pay and Accounts Officer Chief Labour Commissioner, New Delhi. (3) The payment received by the officer specified in the said Annexure by way of demand drafts shall be deposited in the relevant heads of accounts as shown below: Registration fees-087-Labour and Employment-Fees under Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Central Rules, 1971 [adjustable in the books of the Pay and Accounts Officer, (Chief Labour Commissioner), Ministry of Labour, New Delhi] Licensing Fees-O87-Labour and employment the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Central Rules, 1971 in the books of the Pay and Accounts Officer, (Chief Labour Commissioner), Ministry of Labour, New Delhi.] Security depositsDeposits and Advances () deposits not bearing Interest 843 Civil Deposit under Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 (adjustable in the books of the Pay and Accounts Officer, (Chief Labour Commissioner), Ministry of Labour, New Delhi Duplicate copy of the registration certificatesO87Labour and Employment Fee under Contract Labour Act (Regulation and Abolition) Central Rules, 1971. Comment This rule deals the matter regarding payment of fees and prescribes heads of account to which deposits are to be made. 39.Copies.Copy of the order of the Registering Officer, Licensing Officer or the Appellate Officer may be obtained on payment of fees of rupees two for each order on

application specifying the date and other particulars on the order, made to officer concerned.

CHAPTER V
Welfare and Health of Contact Labour 40.(1)The facilities required to be provided under Sec., 18 and 19 of the Act, namely sufficient sup of Wholesome drinking water, a sufficient number of latrines and urinals, washing facilities and first-aid facilities, shall be provided by the contractor in the ease of existing establishment within seven days of the commencement of these rules and in the case of new establishments within seven days of the commencement of the employment of contract labour therein. (2) if any of the facility mentioned in sub-rule(1) is not provided by the contractor within the period prescribed the same shall be provided by the principal employer within seven days of the expiry of in the said sub-rule. 41. Rest room-(1)In every place wherein contract labour is required to halt at night in connection with the working of the establishment to which the Act applies and in which employment of contact labour is likely to continue for three months or more the contractor shall provide and maintain rest-rooms or other suitable alternative accommodation within fifteen days of the coming into force of the rules in the case of existing establishment,and within fifteen days of the commencement of the employment of contract labour in new establishments. (2)If the amenity referred to in sub-rule (1) is not provided by the contractor within the period prescribed, the principal employer shall provide the same within a period of fifteen day of the expiry of the period laid down In the said sub-rule. (3)Separate rooms shall be provided for women employees. (4) Effective and suitable provision shall be made in every room for securing and maintaining adequate ventilation by the circulation of fresh air and there shall also be provided and maintained sufficient and suitable natural or artificial lighting. (5) The rest-room or rooms or other suitable alternative accommodating shall be of such dimensions so as to provide at least a floor area of 1.1 sq. metre for each person of the rest-room. (6) The rest-room or rooms or other suitable alternative accommodation shall be so constructed as to afford adequate protection against heat, wind, rain and shall have smooth hard and impervious floor surface

(7) The rest-room or other suitable alternative accommodation shall be at a convenient distance from the establishment and shall have adequate supply of wholesome drinking water. 42. Canteens.(1) In every establishment to which the Act applies and wherein work regarding the employment of contract labour is likely to continue for six months and labour numbering one hundred or more are ordinarily employed an adequate canteen shall be provided by the contractor for the use of such contract labour within sixty days of the date of coming into force of the rules in the case of the existing establishments and within sixty days of the commencement of contract labour In the case of tew establishments of the employment (2) If the contractor fails to provide the canteen within the time laid down the same shall be provided by the principle employer within sixty days of the expiry of the time allowed to the contractor. (3)The canteen shall be maintained by the contractor or principal employer; as the case may be, in an efficient manner 43. (1) The canteen shall consist of at least a dining hall; kitchen, store room, pantry and washing places separately for workers and for utensils. (2)(i) The canteen shall be sufficiently lighted at all times when any person has, access to it. (ii) The floor shall be made of smooth and impervious material and inside walls shall be lime-washed or colour-washed at least once in each year Provided that the inside walls of the kitchen shall be lime-washed every four months. (3)(i) The precincts of the canteen shall be maintained in, a. clean and sanitary condition. (ii) Suitable arrangements shall be made for the collection and disposal of garbage. 44.(1) The dining-hall shall accommodate at a time at least 30 percent of the contract labour working at a time. (2)The floor area of the dining-hall, excluding the area occupied by the service in the counter and any furniture except tables and chairs shall be not less than one square metre per diner to be accommodated as prescribed In sub-rule (1). (3) (i) A portion of the dining-hall and service counter shall be partitioned off and reserved for women workers, in proportion to their number,,. (ii) Washing places for women shall be separate and screened to secure private.

(4)Sufficient tables, stools, chairs or benches shall be available for the number of diners to be accommodated as prescribed in sub-rule (1). 45 (1) (i) There shall be provided and maintained sufficient utensils, crockery, cutlery, furniture and any other equipment necessary for the sufficient running of the canteen, (ii)The furniture, utensils and other equipment. shall be and Hygienic condition. (2) (1) Suitable clean clothes for the employees service in the canteen shall also be provided and maintained (ii)A service -counter, if provided, shall have top of smooth and impervious material. (iii) Suitable facilities including an adequate supply of hot water shall be provided for the cleaning of utensils and equipment. 46.The foodstuffs and other items to be served in the canteen shall be in conformity with the normal habits of the contract labour. 47 The charges for foodstuffs, beverages and any other items served in the canteen shall be based on no-profit, no loss and shall be conspicuously displayed in the canteen 48. In arriving at the prices of foodstuffs and other articles served in the canteen the following items shall not be taken into consideration as expenditure, namely (a) the rent for the land and buildings; (b) the depreciation and maintenance charges for the building and equient provided in the canteen; (c) the cost of purchase, repairs and replacement of equipment including furniture, crockery, cutlery and utensils; the water charges and other charges incurred for lighting and ventilation; the interest on the maintenance of amounts spent on the maintenance of furniture and equipment provided for canteen. provision and

for

(d) (e)

49. The books of accounts and registers and other documents used in connection with the running of the canteen shall be produced on demand to an inspector. 50.The account pertaining to the canteen shall be audited once every twelve months by registered accountants and auditors

Provided that the Chief Labour Commissioner (general) may approve of any other person to audit the accounts, if he is satisfied that it is not feasible to appoint a registered accountant and auditor i view of the site or the location of the canteen. 51.Latrines and urinalsLatrines shall be provided in every establishment coming within the scope of the Act on the following scale, namely: (a) where females are employed, there shall be at least one latrine for every 25 females; where males are employed, there shall- be at least one latrine for every 25 males

(b)

Provided that where the number of males or females exceeds 100, it shall be sufficient if there is one latrine for every 25 males, or females as the case may be, up to the first 100,and one for every 50 thereafter 52. Every latrine shall be under cover and so partitioned off as to secure privacy, and shall have a proper door and fastenings. 53.(1) Where workers of both sexes are employed there shall be displayed outside each block of latrine and urinal a notice in the language understood by the majority of the workers for Men Only or For Women Only as the case may be. (2)The notice shall also bear the figure of a man or of a woman, as the ease may be. 54.There shall be at least one urinal for male workers up to 50 and one for female workers up to 50 employed at a time: Provided that where the number of male female workmen, the case may be, exceeds 500 it shall be sufficient if there is one urinal for every 50 males or females up to the first 500 and one for every100 or part thereof thereafter. 55 (1) The latrines and urinals shall be conveniently situated and accessible to workers at the establishment (2)(i)The latrines urinals shall be adequately lighted and shall be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition at all times. (ii)Latrines and urinals other than those connected with a flush sewage system shall comply with the requirement of the public health authorities. 56. Water shall be provided by the means of tap -or otherwise so as to be conveniently, accessible in or near the latrine and urinal 57.. Washing facilities

(1) In every establishment coming within the scope of the Act adequate and suitable facilities for washing shall be provided and maintained for the use of contract labour employed therein. (2)Separate and adequate screening facilities shall be provided for the use of male and female workers. (3)Such facilities shall be conveniently accessible and shall be kept in clean and hygienic condition. 58. First aid facilities In every establishment coming within the scope of the Act there shall be provided and maintained, so as to be readily accessible during all working hours first-aid boxes at the rate of not less than one box for 150 contract labour or part thereof ordinarily employed. 59.(1) The first-aid box shall be distinctly marked with a red cross on a white ground and shall contain the following equipment namely: A: For establishment in which the number of contract labour employed does not exceed fifty Each first-aid box shall contain the following equipments: (i) 6 small sterilized dressings. (ii)3 medium size sterlized dressings. (iii) 3 large size sterilized dressings. (iv) 3 large sterilized burn dressings. (v) 1(30ml) bottle containing a two percent alcoholic solution of iodine.

(vi) 1(30ml) bottle containing sal volatile having the dose and mode of administration indicated on the label. (vii) 1 snake-bite lancet. (viii) 1 (30 gms) bottle of potassium permanganate crystals. (ix) 1 pair scissors. (x) 1 copy of the first-a14 leaflet issued by the Director General, Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes, Government of India. (xi) A bottle containing 100 tablets (each of 5 grains) of aspirin. (xii) Ointment for burns. (xiii) A bottle of suitable surgical antiseptic solution.

B) For establishments in which the number contract labour exceed fifty Each first-aid box shall contain the following equipments: (i) 12 small sterilized dressings. - (ii) 6 medium size sterilized dressings. (iii) 6 large size sterilized dressings. (iv) 6 large size sterilized burn dressings. (v)6 (15 gins.) packets sterilized cotton Wool. (vi) 1 (60 ml.) bottle containing a two per center alcoholic solution of iodine. (vii) 1(60ml.) bottle containing sal volatile having the dose and mode administration indicated on the label. (viii) 1 roll of adhesive plaster (ix) A snake-bite lancel. (x) 1(30gms) bottle of potassium permanganate crystals. (xi) I pair scissors. -

(xii) 1 copy of the first-aid leaflet issued by the Director General, Factory Advice service and Labour institutes Government of India, (xiii) A bottle containing 100 tablets (each of 5 grains of aspirin. (xiv) Ointment for burns. (xv) A bottle of a suitable surgical anti-septic solution. (2) Adequate arrangement shall be made for immediate recoupment of the equipment when necessary. 60. Nothing except the prescribed contents shall be kept in the first-aid box. 61. The first-aid box shall be kept in charge of a responsible person who shall always be readily available during the working hours of the establishment.

62. A person in charge of the first-aid box shall be a person trained in first-aid box treatment, in establishments where the number of contract labour employed is 15O or

Chapter VI
Wages 63. 64. The contractor shall fix wage periods in respect of which wages shall be payable. No wag period shall exceed one month.

65 The wages of every person employed as contract labour is an or- by a contractor where less than one thousand such persons are paid before the expiry of the seventh day; in other case before the s after the last day of the wage period in respect of which the wages are 66. Where the employment of any worker is terminated by or contractor the wages earned by him shall be paid before the expiry of the second working day from the day on which he employment Is terminated. 67 All payments of wages shall be made on a working day at the work premises and during the working time and on a date notified in advance and in case the work is completed before the expiry of the wage period, final payment shall be made within forty eight hours of the last working days. 68.Wages due to every Worker shall be paid to him direct or to other person authorised by him in this behalf. 69.All wages shall be paid in current coin or currency or in both. 70. Wages shall be paid without any deductions of any kind except those specified by the Central Government by general or special order in this behalf or permissible under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 (IV of 1936). 71. A notice showing the wage period and the place and time of disbursement of wage shall be displayed, at the place of work and copy sent by contractor to the principal employer under acknowledgement. 72. The principal employer shall ensure the presence of his authorized representative at the place and time of disbursement of wages by the contractor to workman and it shall be

the duty of the contractor to ensure the disbursement wages in the presence of such authorized representstive. 73. The authorized representative of the principal employer shall record under his signature a certificate at the end of the entries in the register of wages or the 1[Register of Wages-cum-Muster Roll as the case may be in following form: Certified that the amount shown in column No---------has been paid to the workmen concerned in my presence on -------- at ---------

1. Subs by G.S.R. 948 dated 12th July, 1978.

CHAPTER VII
Registers and Records and Collection of Statistics 74. Register of contractors:-Every principal employer shall maintain in respect of each registered establishment a register of contractors in Form XII. 75. Register of persons employed.-Every contractor shall maintain in respect of such registered establishment where he employs contract labour a register in Form XIII. 76. Employment card.-(I) Every contractor shall issue an employment card in Form XIV to each worker within three days of the employment of the worker . (II) The card shall be maintained up to date and any change in the particulars shall be entered therein. 77. Service certificate.-On termination of employment for any reason whatsoever the contractor shall issue to the workman whose services have been terminated a Service Certificate in Form XV. 78. Muster roll, wages registers, deduction register and overtime register.-1[(1) (a) Every contractor shall in respect of each work on which he engages contract labour (1) maintain a muster roll and a register of wages in Form XVI and Form XVII, respectively: Provided that combined Register of Wage-cum Muster Roll in Form XVIII shall be maintained by the contractor where the wage period is a fortnight or less;

(II) maintain a Register of Deductions for damage or loss, Register of Fines and Register of Advances in Form XX, Form XXI and Form XXII, respectively; (III) maintain a Register of Overtime in Form XXIII recording therein the number of hours of, and wages, paid for, overtime work, if any. (b) Every contractor shall, where the wage period is one week or more issue wage slips in Form XIX, to the workmen at least a day prior to the disbursement of wages. (c) Every contractor shall obtain the signature or thumb-impression of the worker concerned against the entries relating to him on the Register of Wages or Muster Roll-cum-Wages Register, as the case may be, and the entries shall be authenticated by the initials of the contractor or his authorized representative and shall also be duly certified by the authorized representative of the principal employer in the manner provided in rule 73. (d) In respect of establishments which are governed by the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 (4 of 1936), and the rules made there under, or Minimum Wages Act, 1948 ( 11 of 1948), or the rules made there under, the following registers and records required to be maintained by a contractor as employer under those Acts and the rules made there under shall be deemed to be register and records to be maintained by the contractor under these rules, namely: (a) Muster roll; (b) register of wages; (c) register of deductions; (d) register of overtime; (e) register of fines; (f) register of advances; (9) wage slip.] (3) Notwithstanding anything contained in these rules, where a combined or alternative form is sought to be used by the contractor to avoid duplication of work for compliance with the provisions of any other Act or the rules framed there under or any other laws or regulation where mechanized pay rolls are introduced for better administration, alternative suitable form or forms in lieu of any of the forms prescribed under these rules, may be used with the previous approval of the Chief Labour Commissioner (Central). Subs. by G.S.R. 948, dated 12th July, 1978 1. Subs. by G.S.R. 48 dated 31st December, 1987.

2. Subs. by G.S.R. 657. dated 11th August. 1987 (i.e. 22nd August, 1987). 3. Ins. by G.S.R. 199. dated 251h January. 1977 (w.e.f. 12th February, 1977). 4. Ins. by G.S.R. 657. dated 11th August, 1987 (w.e.f,22nd August. 1987).

10 CONTRACT LABOUR IN INDIA INTRODUCTION 10.1 The system of employing contract labour is prevalent in most industries in different occupations including skilled and semi skilled jobs. It is also prevalent in agricultural and allied operations and to some extent in the services sector. A workman is deemed to be employed as Contract Labour when he is hired in connection with the work of an establishment by or through a contractor. Contract workmen are indirect employees; p e r s o n s wh o a r e h i r e d , s u p e r v i s e d a n d remunerated by a contractor who, in turn, is compensated by the establishment. Contract labour has to be employed for work which is

specific and for definite duration. Inferior labour status, casual nature of employment, l a ck of job s e cur i ty and poor e conomi c conditions are the major characteristics of contract labour. While economic factors like cost effectiveness may justify system of contract labour, considerations of social justice call for its abolition or regulation. 10.2 The condition of contract labour in India was studied by various Commissions, Committees, and also Labour Bureau, Ministry of Labour, before independence and after independence. All these have found their condition to be appalling and exploitative in nature. The Supreme Court of India in the case of Standard Vacuum Refinery Company Vs. their workmen (1960-II-ILJ page 233) observed that contract labour should not be employed where: (a) The work is perennial and must go on from day to day; (b) The work is incidental to and necessary for the work of the factory; (c) T h e w o r k i s s u f f i c i e n t t o e m p l o y considerable number of whole time

workmen; and (d) The work is being done in most concerns through regular workmen. THE CONTRACT LABOUR (REGULATION AND ABOLITION) ACT, 1970 10.3 The concern for providing legislative protection to this category of workers, whose conditions have been found to be abysmal, resulted in the enactment of the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970. OBJECTS AND PURPOSES OF THE ACT 10.4 The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 was brought on the Statute Book to regulate the employment of Contract Labour in certain establishments and to provide for its abolition in certain circumstances and for matters connected therewith. APPLICATION 10.5 The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 and the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Central Rules, 1971 came into force on 10.2.71.The constitutional validity of the Act and the Central rules were

challenged before the Supreme Court in Gammon India Ltd. Vs. Union of India 1974-ILLJ-480. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of the Act & Rules and held that there is no unreasonableness in the measure. The Act & Rules were enforced w.e.f. 21.03.1974. 10.6 The Act applies to every establishment in which 20 or more workmen are employed or were employed on any day on the preceding 12 months as contract labour and to every contractor who employs or who employed on any day of the preceding 12 months 20 or more workmen. It does not apply to establishments 8586 CONTRACT LABOUR IN INDIA where the work performed is of intermittent or seasonal nature. An establishment wherein work is of intermittent and seasonal nature wi l l be cove r ed by the Ac t i f the work performed is more than 120 days and 60 days in a year respectively. The Act also applies to establishments of the Government and local authorities as well. APPROPRIATE GOVERNMENT 10.7 The jurisdiction of the Central and State Gove rnment ha s be en l a id down by the

definition of the Appropriate Government in Section 2(1)(a) of the Act, as amended in 1986. The Appropriate Government, in respect of an establishment under the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 is the same as that in the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. 10.8 As per the interpretation given by the

Supreme Court, through its judgement dated 30.08.2000, in Steel Authority of India Limited and Ors Vs. National Union Water Front Workers & Ors., the appropriate government in relation to an establishment would be the Central Government if (i) the concerned Central Government company/ undertaking or any undertaking is included by name in clause (a) of Section 2 of the Industrial Disputes Act, or (ii) any industry carried on by or under the authority of Central Government or by a railway company, or (iii) any such controlled industry as may be specified in this behalf by the Central Government, otherwise in relation to any other establishment, the Government of the State in which that other establishment is situated, will be the appropriate government.

THE CENTRAL AND STATE ADVISORY BOARDS 10.9 The Cent r a l Gove rnment and St a t e Governments are required to set up Central and State Advisory Contract Labour Boards to advise the respective Governments on matters arising out of the administration of the Act as are referred to them. The Boards are authorised to constitute Committees as deemed proper. 10.10 The Central Advisory Board a tripartite Body was last re-constituted on 30 th October, 1996. On expiry of the term of appointment of the Chairman, he has been reappointed on 16 th November 1999 for a period of three years. The term of non-official members of the Board was three years but they will continue to hold office till their successors are appointed. The appointment of employe r and employe e members of the Board is under process. Fifty meetings of the Central Advisory Contract Labour Board (CACLB) have so far been held.

The last meeting was held on 22 nd November 2001. 10.11 The existing Central Advisory Contract Labour Board has held three meetings during the year under report and considered various issues relating to abolition of contract labour system in certain establishments. The working of the Act was also reviewed in these meetings. As a consequence, the Central Government on the recommendation of the Board, have prohibited employment of contract labour in various operations/ category of jobs in va r ious e s t abl i shment s . The pos i t ion of notifications issued by the Central Government during the period under report is given in Box 10.1. REGISTRATION OF ESTABLISHMENT AND LICENSING OF CONTRACTORS 10.12 The establishments covered under the Act are required to be registered as principal employers with the appropriate authorities. Every contractor is required to obtain a licence and not to undertake or execute any work

through contract labour except under and in accordance with the licence issued in that behalf by the licensing officer. The licence granted is subject to such conditions as to hours of work, fixation of wages and other essential amenities in respect of contract labour as laid down in the rules. W E L FA R E A N D H E A LT H O F CONTRACT LABOUR 10.13 The Act has laid down certain amenities to be provided by the contractor to the contract labour for establishment of Canteens and r e s t rooms ; and a r r angement s for sufficient supply of wholesome drinking water, latrines and urinals, washing facilities and first aid facilities and have been made obligatory. In cases of failure on the part of the contractor to provide the s e f a c i l i t i e s , the Pr inc ipa l Employer is liable to provide the same. PAYMENT OF WAGES 10.14 The contractor is required to pay wages and a duty is cast on him to ensure disbursement of wages in the presence of the authorised representative of the PrincipalCONTRACT LABOUR IN INDIA 87 Employer. In case of failure on the part of the

contractor to pay wages either in part or in full, the Principal Employer is liable to pay the same. The contract labour who performs same or similar kind of work as regular workmen, will be entitled to the same wages and service conditions as regular workmen as per the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Central Rules, 1971. PENAL PROVISIONS 10.15For contravention of the provisions of the Act or any rules made thereunder, the punishment is imprisonment for a maximum term upto 3 months and a fine upto a maximum of Rs.1000/-. OTHER PROVISIONS 10.16T h e A c t m a k e s p r o v i s i o n f o r t h e appointment of Inspecting staff, for maintenance of registers and records and for making Rules for carrying out the purpose of the Act. In the central sphere, officers of the CIRM have been appointed as Inspectors. PROHIBITION 10.17Apart from the regulatory measures provided under the Act for the benefit of the contract labour, the appropriate government

under section 10(1) of the Act is authorised, after consultation with the Central Board or State Board, as the case may be, to prohibit, by notification in the official gazette, employment of contract labour in any establishment in any process, operation or other work. Sub-section (2) of Section 10 lays down sufficient guidelines for deciding upon the abolition of contract labour in any process, operation or other work in any establishment. The guidelines are mandatory in nature and are:-Conditions of work and benefits provided to the contract labour. Whether the work is of Perennial nature. Whe the r the work i s inc ident a l or necessary for the work of an establishment. Whether the work is sufficient to employ a considerable number of whole-time workmen. Whether the work is being done ordinarily through regular workman in that establishment or a similar establishment.

10.18 The Central Government on the recommendations of the Central Advisory Contract Labour Board, have prohibited employment of contract labour in various operations/ category of jobs in various establishments. So far 48 notifications have been issued since inception of the Act. EXEMPTION 1 0 . 1 9 T h e a p p r o p r i a t e g o v e r nme n t i s empowered to grant exemption to any establishment or class of establishments or any class of contractors from applicability of the provisions of the Act or the rules made thereunder on such conditions and r e s t r i c t ions a s may be pr e s c r ibed. Nine notifications granting exemption to establishments in exercise of this power in the Central sphere have been issued. ENFORCEMENT 10.20 In the Central sphere, the Central Industrial Relations Machinery (CIRM) have been entrusted with the responsibility of enforcing the provisions of the Act and the rules made thereunder, through Inspectors, Licensing Officers, Registering Officers and

Appellate Authorities appointed under the Act. 10.21 Regular inspections are being conducted by the Field Officers of the CIRM and prosecutions are launched against the establishments, whenever violations of the Act/Rules/notifications prohibiting employment of contract labour are detected. From time to time, instructions/directions have been issued to the field officers of CIRM and State Government for proper implementation of the Act. 10.23 A statement indicating the number of inspections carried out, prosecutions launched, licences issued, establishments registered, etc. under the Act in the Central Sphere by the Industrial Relations Machinery is at Table-10.2. 10.24 A number of representations/petitions have been received by the Deputy Chief Labour C ommi s s i o n e r ( C e n t r a l ) u n d e r R u l e 25(2)(V)(a)&(b) from the contract worker or their unions claiming that the contract workers are performing the same or similar work as performed by the workmen employed by the

principal employer. Out of 83 cases received till 2000 orders have been passed in 33 cases and 50 cases are under investigation. Table-10.3.88 CONTRACT LABOUR IN INDIA 10.25 The Labour Bureau of the Ministry launched a survey on contract labour and the implementation of the Act in respect of Cement Industry including related mines, FCI Depots and N.T.P.C. Units in March, 2000. The report was brought out in July, 2001 and by and large compliance with the provisions of the Act has been found. IMPORTANT JUDGEMENTS OF THE SUPREME COURT. 10.26 Three judgements delivered by the Supreme Court in the cases of Gujarat State Electricity Board Vs Union of India, Air India Statutory Corporation Ltd. & Ors Vs United Labour Union & Others, and Steel Authority of India Ltd. & Others Vs National Union of Waterfront Workers and others on 09.05.1995, 06.12.1996 and 30.08.2001 respectively, are landmark judgements. 10.27 In Gujarat State Electricity Board case, inter-alia, the Supreme Court recommended that the Central Government should amend

the Act by incorporating a suitable provision to refer to industrial adjudicator the question of the direct employment of the workers of the ex-contractor in the principal establishments, when the appropriate Government abolishes the contract labour. 10.28 In Air India Statutory Corporation case, the Supreme Court held that though there exists no express provision in the Act for absorption of employees in establishments where contract labour system is abolished by publication of the notification under section 10 (1) of the Act, the principal Employer is unde r s t a tutory obl iga t ion to absorb the contract labour. The linkage between the contractor and employee stood snapped and direct relationship stood restored between principal employer and contract labour as its employees. 10.29 The Supreme Court in the case of Steel Authority of India Ltd. Vs National Union of Waterfront Workers & Others and others have held that neither Section 10 of the Act nor any other provision in the Act whether expressly or by necessary implication provides for

automatic absorption of contract labour on issuing a Notification by the appropriate Government under sub section (1) of Section 10 prohibiting employment of contract labour in any process or operation or other work in any establishment. Consequently the

Principal Employer cannot be required to order absorption of the contract labour working in the concerned establishment. The judgement i n A i r I n d i a s c a s e w a s o v e r - r u l e d prospectively. STREAMLINING CONTRACT LABOUR LAW 10.30 In the wake of economic liberalisation as well as the judgements of the courts, proposals have been received from social partners to bring about amendments in the Contract Labour Act. Views of Employers Associations Since 1970 when the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act was enacted the economy has undergone a sea-change, from an era of protectionism to liberalisation, from r e s t r i c t ed dome s t i c compe t i t ion to

international competitiveness. The system of contract labour offers tremendous opportunities for employment and allows the employers flexibility to choose what is best for them. This helps improve productivity and service competitiveness. The Act should be made applicable only to the main and core activities of the establishment in so far as abolition of contract labour system is concerned. Supportive or allied activities of an establishment like maintenance, house keeping should be out sourced and the Act should only provide for regulating the working conditions and wages. The Principal Employer should, however, have to ensure payment of wages to contract labour as laid down under the law in force as also other basic amenities and social security benefits. Wo r k r e q u i r i n g s p e c i a l i s e d s k i l l s unavailable within the establishment. If the contract labour system, which is cost effective, is not allowed to continue,

industries may go in for technological r e s t r u c t u r i n g wi t h l e s s n umb e r o f workers leading to reduction in employment. Views of the Trade Unions The Trade Unions are totally opposed to the idea of contracting of services and in jobsCONTRACT LABOUR IN INDIA 89 which are perennial in nature for following reasons: Reduction of regular employment; The cont r a c t l abour gene r a l ly be long to weaker sections of the society and will be deprived of the benefits that accrue to regular employees. Efficiency will decrease as establishment will be deprived of experienced staff. Coordination of activities of large number of contractors/sub-contractors will prove to be more time consuming and costly than in house activity. What is required is not privatisation but in house improvements and restructuring. Out sourcing will only lead to a type of employment founded on discrimination and exploitation of contract labour in regard to

wages paid, working conditions, etc. The Second National Labour Commission has been entrusted with the task of rationalisation of labour laws and hence its report should be awaited. 10.31 The Government, at the moment, has undertaken a thorough review of the Act, keeping in view the aforesaid views of the employers association and that of the trade unions. The changes to be made in the law are still being worked out.90 CONTRACT LABOUR IN INDIA BOX 10.1 NOTIFICATIONS ISSUED UNDER SECTION-10 OF THE CONTRACT LABOUR (REGULATION AND ABOLITION) ACT, 1970 (DURING THE YEAR 2001-2002 w.e.f. 01.03.2001) Sl. Notification No. & Date Establishment/ Industry in Works/ Jobs prohibited No. respect of whom notification is issued 1. 1. No. S-16014/330/99-LW dated 1 St March, 2001. No.S.O. 189 (E) 2. 44. U-23013/11/2000-LW dated 4.7.2001 3. 4 5 . U2 3 0 1 3 / 5 / 2 0 0 0 - LW d a t e d 4.7.2001

4. 4 6 . U - 2 3 0 1 3 / 8 / 9 9 - LW d a t e d 4.7.2001 5. 4 7 . U - 2 3 0 1 3 / 2 5 / 9 9 - LW d a t e d 12.11.2001 6. No. S-16014/254/99-LW da t ed 12.11.01 Hindustan Petroleum Corporation, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Plant, White Field Road, Mahadevpura Post, Bangalore-560022. Hospitals of the Employees State Insurance Corporation at Kandivali, Merol, Thane and Ul aha snaga r in the St a t e of Maharashtra. Airport Authority of India, Air Cargo Complex (Export and Import) at International Airport Division at International Airports, Calcutta and Chennai Pa r adip Por t Trus t , Pa r adip Orissa Godowns and depot s of the Food Corporation of India

(1) West Hill, Calicut, Kerala. (2) Mavelikkara, Kerala (3) Chalakudy, Kerala Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram. Stacking of cylinders, removing of excess or under filled cylinders, transfer of defective cylinders and any other related work in cylinder handling in the process of bottling of liquefied petroleum gas Electrical maintenance jobs of Wiremen, Khalasi, Air Condition Operator and Pump Operator. Computer operations. Muck cleaning; and spillage removal . Handling of foodgrains, including their loading/unloading from any means of transport, storing and stacking of the same in the godown Operation of air condition plant and allied installations namely air handling units, compressors, pipelines,

connected electrical accessories, cooling towers, pumps, package units, solar units, chillers.CONTRACT LABOUR IN INDIA 91 Table-10.2 ENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACT LABOUR ( R & A) Act, 1970 ENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACT LABOUR (REGULATION & ABOTION) ACT, 1970 Sl. Item Year No. 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1. No. of Registration Certificates issued to principal employers. 375 425 639 670 658 2. No. of Licences issued to contractors * . 3613 4660 5471 6632 7734 3. No. of Inspections conducted. 4653 3956 4263 5281 5479 4. No. of Irregularities detected. 72541 70709 65509 85936 83414 5. No. of prosecutions launched. 3705 3330 3147 3805 3857 6. No. of convictions. 2770 2240 2060 2019 2126 7. No. of contract labourers covered by licences@ . 489776 588678 664216 762425 773849 8. No. of Licences revoked/ cancelled. 757 1371 1669 1099 3562 9. No. of registration certificates revoked. 23 Nil Nil Nil 2 * Total no. of licensed contractors at the end of the year 2000: 24208. @ Total no. of contract labourers covered by the license issued to the contractors a the end of year 2000:

773849. Table-10.3 No. of cases received/disposed of during the last five years under Rule 25(2) (v) (a) and (b) of the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Central Rules, 1971 relating to payment of wages. Year No. of cases received during the last four years Order issued under Rule 25(2) (v) (a) and (b) 1996 04 01 1997 06 04 1998 15 03 1999 35 05 2000 23 20 ** Rule 25 (2) (v) (a) of the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Central Rules, 1971 has been amended vide notification No. GSR 41(E) dated 21 st January, 1999 delegating powers to the Deputy Labour Commissioners (Central) instead of the Chief Labour Commissioner (Central).