Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Prof. Suvranu De
Reading assignment: Logan 10.2 + Lecture notes Summary: Computation of shape functions for 4-noded quad Special case: rectangular element Properties of shape functions Computation of strain-displacement matrix Example problem Hint at how to generate shape functions of higher order (Lagrange) elements
Finite element formulation for 2D: Step 1: Divide the body into finite elements connected to each other through special points (nodes) py v3 3 px 4 3 u3 u 1 v4 2 v v2 Element e v 1 1 4 u 2 u u4 ST u2 v1 2 v 2 y d= x y u 3 Su u1 v 3 1 v x x u 4 u v 4
u=Nd
Strain approximation in terms of strain-displacement matrix
=Bd
k = e B D B dV
T V
u1 v u u2
x
v3
(x3,y3) 3
v2
(x3,y3)
(x,y) 2 (x2,y2) x
u u2
u3
v2
u3
where
a1 + b1x + c1 y 2A a + b x + c2 y N2 = 2 2 2A a + b x + c3 y N3 = 3 3 2A N1 =
(x,y) 2 (x2,y2)
3 nodes per element 2 dofs per node (each node can move in x- and y- directions) Hence 6 dofs per element
y1 y2 y3
c1 = x3 x2 c2 = x1 x3 c3 = x2 x1
Approximation of displacements
u=Nd
u (x, y) N1 u= = v (x, y) 0 0 N1 N2 0 0 N2 N3 0
u1 v 1 0 u 2 N 3 v 2 u 3 v3
k = e B D B dV
T V
Since B is constant
k = B D B e dV = B D B At
T T V
Class exercise
For the CST shown below, compute the vector of nodal loads due to surface traction
Class exercise
1 y
f S = t
l13e
T along 2 3
T S dS
= e N T S dS
T ST
fS2y
2 1 y
fS3y fS2x
3 py=-1
0 TS = 1
fS3x
x
fS2y
2 (0,0)
fS3y fS2x
3 py=-1 (1,0)
f S = t
l13e
T along 2 3
T S dS
f S3 y = t
f S2 y = t
x =0 1
N 2 along 2 3 p y dx N 3 along 23 p y dx
x =0
fS3x
x
N 2 along 23 p y dx
(x4,y4)
4 v
(x,y)
3 (x3,y3)
u (x,y) Ni (x,y)ui
4
= t (1 x)(1) dx
x =0
t 2
y
2b
i =1
Now compute
f S3 y = t
(x1,y1)
2a
x
2 (x2,y2)
x =0
N 3 along 23 p y dx
4 nodes per element 2 dofs per node (each node can move in x- and y- directions) 8 dofs per element
Generation of N1:
y
At node 1
l1(y)
l1 ( x ) =
x x2 x1 x 2
l1 ( x1 ) = 1 l1 ( x 2 ) = 0
Similarly 1
x
l1 ( y ) =
y y4 y1 y 4
1 2a
l1(x)
Properties of the shape functions: 1. The shape functions N1, N2 , N3 and N4 are bilinear functions of x and y 2. Kronecker delta property
3. Along lines parallel to the x- or y-axes, the shape functions are linear. But along any other line they are nonlinear. 4. An element shape function related to a specific nodal point is zero along element boundaries not containing the nodal point. 5. The displacement field is continuous across elements 6. The strains and stresses are not constant within an element nor are they continuous across element boundaries.
4 4
i =1
Ni =1 N i xi = x N i yi = y
i =1
i =1
v y v1 (x,y) 1 u1 x u v2
u2
N 2 (x,y) x 0 N 2 (x,y) y
v2
0 N2 (x,y) y N2 (x,y) x
u3
N 3 (x,y) x 0 N 3 (x,y) y
v3
0 N 3 (x,y) y N 3 (x,y) x
u4
N4 (x,y) x 0 N4 (x,y) y
v4
0 N4 (x,y) y N4 (x,y) x
0 N 2 (x, y) y N 2 (x, y) x
B
u2
N1 (x,y) x 0 N1 (x,y) y
y3 y y y2 y1 y 0 0 0 0 y y4 1 B= x x2 x1 x x x4 x3 x 0 0 0 0 4ab x x2 y y4 x1 x y3 y x x4 y y2 x3 x y1 y
B u1
Notice that the strains (and hence the stresses) are NOT constant within an element
k = e B D B dV
T V
u1 v1 u2
k11 k 21 k 31 k k = 41 k 51 k 61 k 71 k 81
k12 k 22 k 32 k 42 k 52 k 62 k 72 k 82
k13 k 23 k 33 k 43 k 53 k 63 k 73 k 83
k14 k 24 k 34 k 44 k 54 k 64 k 74 k 84
k15 k 25 k 35 k 45 k 55 k 65 k 75 k 85
k16 k 26 k 36 k 46 k 56 k 66 k 76 k 86
k17 k 27 k 37 k 47 k 57 k 67 k 77 k 87
k18 k 28 k 38 k 48 k 58 k 68 k 78 k 88
u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4
Notice that these formulae are quite general (apply to all kinds of finite elements, CST, quadrilateral, etc) since we have not used any specific shape functions for their derivation.
k11 = e Bu1 D Bu1 dV; k12 = e Bu1 D Bv1 dV; k13 = e Bu1 D Bu2 dV,...
T T T V V V
Example
y
Realize that this is a plane stress problem and therefore we need to use
D=
1 3 in
2
x
(a) Compute the unknown nodal displacements. (b) Compute the stresses in the two elements. This is exactly the same problem that we solved in last class, except now we have to use a single 4-noded element
We have 4 nodes with 2 dofs per node=8dofs. However, 5 of these are fixed. The nonzero displacements are
u2 u3 v3
N 2 ( 2 y ) x 6 B u2 = 0 = 0 N 2 x y 6 N 3 y x 6 = 0 = 0 N 3 x y 6
k11 k 21 k 31
k12 k 22 k 32
k13 u 2 0 k 23 u 3 = 0 k 33 v3 f 3 y
B u3
k 21 = e Bu3 D Bu2 dV; k22 = e Bu3 D Bu3 dV; k13 = e Bu3 D Bv3 dV
T T T V V V
B v3
k31 = e Bv3 D Bu2 dV; k 22 = e Bv3 D Bu3 dV; k13 = e Bv3 D Bv3 dV
T T T V V V
0 0 N 3 x = = y 6 N 3 y x 6
= 0.5
x=0 y=0
f 3 y = 1000 + f S 3 y
N 3 edge = N 3
4 3
y =2
= 0.656 107
f S3 y = t
x =0
N3
along edge 3 4 3
( 300 ) dx x dx 3
4
x xy = = 6 y =2 3
x =0
f 3 y = 1000 + f S 3 y = 1225 lb
Corner nodes 2 b 6 b 3 y 5 a a 9 7 1 8 4 x
x(a + x) y(b + y) x(a x) y(b + y) N1 = 2 2 N 2 = 2a 2 2b 2 2a 2b x(a x) y(b y ) x(a + x) y(b y) N 3 = N4 = 2 2a 2 2b 2 2b 2 2a
Midside nodes
2 2 a 2 x 2 y(b + y) x (a x ) b y N5 = 2 2 N 6 = 2a 2 b 2 a 2b 2 2 a 2 x 2 y(b y) x( a + x) b y N7 = N8 = 2 2 2 2b 2 2a b a
Center node
a 2 x2 b2 y 2 N9 = 2 2 a b
Question: Can you generate the shape functions of a 16-noded rectangle? Note: These elements, whose shape functions are generated by multiplying the shape functions of 1D elements, are said to belong to the Lagrange family