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CHAPTER I Introduction Background of the Study A world without an existing communication system is a world of emptiness. Communication is one of the important elements of public participation because through communication every individual can express his thoughts and feelings to an idea or topic. Nowadays there are different types of communication media that an individual can utilize in sharing such information. One of the most popular and commonly used communication media is social networking. Social networking is a social structure made up of individuals called nodes which are tied (connected) by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as friendship, kinship, common interest, financial exchange, dislike, sexual relationship or relationship of beliefs, knowledge or prestige (scribd.com). Social network is like an electronic identification system that allows users to create profile describing them and to exchange public and private messages. It can be described as one of the useful inventions of the century. Men of all ages are involved to this social trend due to its features that help individuals in such process of communication. The first official social networking site was Classmate.com which was founded in 1995, but now there are lots of sites that can be used for social networking like Facebook, Twitter, Plurk, Friendster, Multiply etc. with the rapid growth of people who used or have access to the internet, social networking is a must for the internet community to stay in touch with each other. People have used the idea of social network closely over a century to connote complex sets of relationships between members of social systems of all scales, from

interpersonal to international (scribd.com). Social networking plays an important role to our daily lives. Most of the times, an individual utilizes social networking site as the persons uses the World Wide Web. Social networking is made for the benefit of mankind but some people take an advantage and use these social networking sites in making illegal acts for their own profit. This is the other side of social networking that is needed to be exposed to the public. Thus, this study used the theory of communicative action of Jurgen Habermas to explain and to view the different implications of the social trend of the century which is social networking. Every communicative act has a corresponding effect to the public. The different participation of such individual in the social networking can be affecting the real world. The cyber world and real world are two different entities but these two can affect each other from the actions committed by individuals. Jurgen Habermas1 , explains communicative action as individual action designed to promote common understandings in a group and to promote cooperation, as opposed to strategic action designed simply to achieve ones personal goals (william.edu). In a communicative action, the other side of social site can be viewed due to the fact that it promotes not only personal goals but for the good of the society. Habermas theory of communicative action is composed of two main ideas that can be found in the two volumes of the said book. The two volumes are titled Reasons and Rationalization of the Society and Lifeworld and Systems: a Critique of Functionalist Reason. This study utilizes the concept of the Lifeworld as a guiding principle in giving the nature and implication of social networking. The concept of lifeworld is a major subject of the theory of communicative action and the relationship between lifeworld and communicative action is being highly

complementary. The term Lifeworld comes from philosophers Edmund Husserl2 and was elaborated by Alfred Schutz3. But Jurgen Habermas has his own meaning of Lifeworld which means the shared common understanding including values that develop through face to face contacts overtime in various social groups from families to communities (people.ugalry). As time goes by, individuals create a lifeworld which manifests the same values or attitudes and they can also have the possibility to create a new Lifeworld when they share another same values or understanding. The Lifeworld carries all sorts of assumptions about who we are as a people and what value about ourselves. In addition to this, Habermas said that the subject of lifeworld formed from none or less diffuse, always unproblematic, background convictions (william.edu). The Lifeworld is an important source for investment and manifestation of social capital. This study aims to present the connection between social networking and Habermas concept of Lifeworld. Social networking can be used to measure social capital while Lifeworld is a source for the investment of social capital. This also aims to present the other side of social networking which is said to be the implication and nature of social networking. In social networking, individuals build different Lifeworld as they share such information or feelings. One of the implications of social networking is the cybercrimes made by the individuals that want to achieve their own personal goals from another individual. The researcher is proving that Habermas concept of Lifeworld can view the nature and implication of social networking.

Theoretical Framework The widespread utilization of social networking as a form of communication media greatly affects the everyday life of a simple individual. We cannot deny the fact that the different social networking sites became a part of our system. In this communication media, individuals can share their feelings or thoughts to different individuals around the globe. There are massive numbers of persons involved in social networking but how this type of communication media becomes a global trend today? What its nature that makes this thing a commonly used communication media and its implications? In connection to this problem, the researcher utilizes the theory of communicative action of Jrgen Habermas. In a communicative action two or more actors establish a relationship and seek to reach an understanding about the action situation and their plans of action in order to coordinate their actions by way of agreement (Habermas 1984, 86). This type of communication action can be traced in using social networking. This study will focus on Jrgen Habermas concept of lifeworld. Lifeworld is a subject in the theory of communicative action and the relationship between lifeworld and communicative action is highly complementary. Jrgen Habermas states that subjects acting communicatively always come to an understanding in the horizon of the lifeworld (Habermas 1984, 70). He makes a vital argument that in the course of history the lifeworld must be rationalized. To greatly understand the concept of lifeworld it must be rationalized by the use of communicative action which is crucial in rationalization process.

From the statement we can see why the theory of the lifeworld is complementary to the theory of communicative action. The lifeworld can be regarded as rationalized to the extent that it permits interactions guided by communicatively achieved understanding (Habermas 1984, 337). The rationalized lifeworld is now the guiding principle to explain the nature and implication of social networking. Lifeworld is related to the three worlds on which subjects acting with or orientation to mutual understanding based their common definitions of situation. Namely the objective, subjective and social world, in objective world as the totality of entities about which true statements are possible or in social world as the totality of legitimately regulated interpersonal relations or in subjective world as totality of experience to which a speaker has privileged access and which he can express before the public (Habermas 1987, 120). Every communicative action has a situation to be deal with; a situation represents a segment of the lifeworld delimited in relation to a theme. A theme comes up in connection with the interests and aims of at least one participant, it circumscribes a domain of relevance of thematizable elements of the situation and it is accumulated by the plans that participants draw up in the basis of their interpretations of the situation, in order to relate their ends (Habermas 1987, 127).

THEORY OF COMMUNICATIVE ACTION

THEORY OF LIFEWORLD

RATIONALIZED LIFEWORLD

Theoretical Paradigm Figure 1

Statement of the Problem The massive involvement of individuals to the global trend today which is social networking gives the researcher to formulate questions which adhere to the cause and effect of the said study. The purpose of the study is to answer the following questions: 1. What is social networking? 2. What is Jurgen Habermas concept of lifeworld? 3. What is the nature and implication of social networking based on Jurgen Habermas lifeworld? Thesis Statement Social networking is the fast known social media nowadays due to its known and usable features to connect individuals all around the world. But its further implications are not yet exposed to the public. Because every situation has always a certain effect to the persons involved in such action, the implications of this social media are based on the concept of lifeworld of Jurgen Habermas. The lifeworld is the transcendental site where the speaker and hearer meet, where they can reciprocally raise claims that their utterances fit the world (objective, subjective and social) and where they can criticize and conform those validity claims, settle their disagreements and arrive at agreements. A social networking which for the common good of tis users not for the own profit of a certain individual, this is the stand of this study. Due to the existence of bad implications of social networking and one of this is cyber bullying. Cyber bullying affects the certain individual psychologically and emotionally. Every invention of the century

must implore the common good of the people of the society not for the happiness of a certain person but for the common good of all individuals. Conceptual Framework With the rapid growth of people who use or have access to the internet, social networking has become a must for the internet community to stay in touch with each other. Social networking web sites help people keep in touch with old friends make new friends; distribute new data or product and many more aspects of our everyday lives. Social network is a social structure made up of individuals or organizations called nodes, which are tied by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as friendship, kinship, common interest, financial exchange, dislike, sexual relationship or relationship of beliefs, knowledge or prestige(wiki.org). The reason that social networking websites work so well is that, like their inception, they start from small and then grow exponentially. The site starts off with a few people who then tell their friends, acquaintances or just random people (scribd.com). The nature of social networking can be related on the concept of lifeworld of Jurgen Habermas. The concept of lifeworld of Jurgen Habermas is the horizon within which communicative action are always already moving (Habermas 1987, 119). It is a concept complementary to that of communicative action. These two theories are made to fill up the idea of both theories. In communicative action actors in society seek to reach common understanding and to coordinate actions by reason, argument, consensus and cooperation rather than strategic action strictly in pursuit of their own goal (Habermas 1984, 86). The concept of the lifeworld is the transcendental site where the speaker and

hearer meet, where they can reciprocally raise claims that their utterances fit the world (objective, social or subjective) and where they can criticize and confirm those validity claims, settle their disagreements and arrive at agreements (Habermas 1987, 126). In a lifeworld, the participants cannot assume in acts the same distance in relation to language and culture as in relation to the totality of facts, norms or experiences concerning which mutual understanding is possible. The lifeworld does not allow for analogous assignments; speakers and hearers cannot refer by means of it to something as something intersubjective (ibid). The nature and implication of social networking can be based from the concept of lifeworld of Jurgen Habermas. From the ideas of lifeworld, we can get the nature of social networking because the purpose of the creation of social networking is to connect persons with the same feelings and interdependencies. The purpose of the creation of the social networking and the concept of the lifeworld is the same. On the other hand the implication can be based from the theory of communicative action, the complement of the theory of lifeworld. The nature of social networking is already presented to the public using empirical basis. The study at hand will present a nature of social networking based on Jurgen Habermas concept of lifeworld. From the very essence of social networking as a social media to the concept of lifeworld, the study at hand employs the nature and implications of social networking based in Habermas lifeworld as its conceptual framework. A better explanation of social networking from the foundation of philosophy based on the concept of Habermas Lifeworld.

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LIFEWORLD

SOCIAL NETWORKING

IMPLICATION

Conceptual Paradigm Figure 2

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Definition of Terms The following terminologies are defined in order to avoid ambiguity to the reader. Hence, whenever each of the term appears in any portion of this research, it is consistent to the same definition established therein. Communicative action. Actors in society seek to reach common understanding and to coordinate actions by reasoned argument, consensus, and cooperation rather than strategic action strictly in pursuit of their own goals. (Habermas, 1984, 86) Communication media. The storage and transmission channels or tools used to store and deliver information or data. It is often referred to as synonymous with mass media or news media, but may refer to a single medium used to communicate any data for any purpose (wikipedia.com) Cyber-crimes. Unlawful acts wherein the computer is either a tool or target or both. The computer may be used as a tool in the following kinds of activity- financial crimes, sale of illegal articles, pornography, online gambling, intellectual property crime, e-mail spoofing, forgery, cyber defamation, cyber stalking. The computer may however be target for unlawful acts in the following cases- unauthorized access to computer/ computer system/ computer networks, theft of information contained in the electronic form, e-mail bombing, data dandling, salami attacks, logic bombs, Trojan attacks, internet time thefts, web jacking, theft of computer system, physically damaging the computer system. (naavi.org) Lifeworld. The transcendental site where the speaker and hearer meet, where they can reciprocally raise claims that their utterances fit the world (objective, subjective and

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social), and where they can criticize and conform those validity claims, settle their disagreements and arrive at agreements. (Habermas 1987, 127) Social networking. A social structure made up of individuals called nodes which are tied (connected) by one or more types of interdependency, such as friendship, kinship, common interest, financial exchange, dislike, sexual relationship or relationship of beliefs, knowledge or prestige (scribd.com) Strategic action. The actor anticipates what other actors directed by goals will do, and a model that lies behind decision theory and game theory. (Habermas 1984, 85) World Wide Web. Computer network consisting of a collection of internet sites that offer text and graphics and sound and animation resources through the hypertext transfer protocol (thefreedictionary.com) Significance of the study The purpose of this study is to benefit some institutions but at the same time to change a lifestyle of certain individuals. Technically, social networking is a web based program designed for communication process and we are the ones which are involved in this verbal activity. This study can provide an explanation to the different actions of every individual whois involved in social networking. It can also provide an explanation to the behaviour, perspective and attitude of certain individuals on others and how they interact in the cyber world, a world which is always connected to the world where we exist.

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This study can also benefit the following branches of philosophy which are philosophy of language, socio-political philosophy. In philosophy of language, it can provide the clarification of the speech and acts of a certain person. A simple thought or feeling which is shared by a certain individual with the aid of social networking can make a change to the lives of other individuals. This study will provide a system or method on how to share your thoughts properly and to understand your actions clearly. In sociopolitical philosophy, it can provide an explanation of social relations among individuals as they involve in social networking. The gathering of friends is an act of a social being, and the act of convincing them to follow your thoughts and to provide the medium of interaction is an act of a political being. In social networking there are social and political implications that this study can provide. This study can also benefit the web developers and I.T. specialists in making a better and friendly communication media that a certain individual can access with. It can provide the nature of a specific communication media which is commonly used by the public and its different implications to its users. This study will serve as a framework of making a web based program which is designed for communication process. This study can also educate the users of social networking, on what attitude that they should consider in making or stating such act in the world wide web because it has always a corresponding effect to the world where we exist. To the future researchers, this study can be used as a related study on social networking and at the same time the better explanation of Jurgen Habermas theory of communicative action and the theory of Lifeworld.

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NOTES

1. Jrgen Habermas currently ranks as one of the most influential philosophers in the world. Bridging continental and Anglo-American traditions of thought, he has engaged in debates with thinkers as diverse as Gadamer and Putnam, Foucault and Rawls, Derrida and Brandom. His extensive written work addresses topics stretching from social-political theory to aesthetics, epistemology and language to philosophy of religion, and his ideas have significantly influenced not only philosophy but also political-legal thought, sociology, communication studies, argumentation theory and rhetoric, developmental psychology and theology. 2. Edmund Husserl was the principal founder of phenomenologyand thus one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century. He has made important contributions to almost all areas of philosophy and anticipated central ideas of its neighbouring disciplines such as linguistics, sociology and cognitive psychology. 3. Alfred Schutz, more than any other phenomenologist, attempted to relate the thought of Edmund Husserl to the social world and the social sciences. His Phenomenology of the Social World supplied philosophical foundations for Max Weber's sociology and for economics, with which he was familiar through contacts with colleagues of the Austrian school. When Schutz fled Hitler's Anschluss of Austria and immigrated to the United States in 1939, he developed his thought further in relationship to the social sciences, American pragmatism, logical empiricism, and to various other fields of endeavour such as music and literature. His work has been influential on new movements in sociological thought such as ethnomethodology and conversation analysis.

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Bibliography

Books Habermas, Jurgen. Theory of Communicative Action Vol. 1. North America, 25 Beacon Street. Beacon Press, 1984 Habermas, Jurgen. Theory of Communicative Action Vol. 2. Boston, Massachussets. Beacon Press, 1987

Internet sources www.people.ugalry.com www.scribd.com www.thefreedictionary.com www.wikipedia.com www.william.edu

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Chapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter deals with the presentation of related literature which consists of the discussion about social networking and Jurgen Habermas concept of Lifeworld. The related studies about the discussion of social networking and Habermas ideologies and lastly, this chapter provide the discussion on how the research paper differs from the other studies.

Related Literature a. Social Networking One of the related literature in which the researcher is greatly indebted is the article titled Social Network Sites: Definitions, History and Scholarship by Boyd and Ellison (2007) which discussed the increasing attention of academic and industry researchers intrigued by their affordances ad reach. The authors provide an insight into some of the ways in which online and offline experiences are deeply entwined. They trace the subtle ways in which deeply engrained cultural beliefs and activities are integrated into online communication and behaviours. In this article, the authors highlight the significance of social network sites in the lives of the users and as a topic of research. They showed how networked practices mirror; support and alter known everyday practices, especially with respect to how people present (and hide) aspects of themselves and connect with others.

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The said article has a close connection to the research at hand which is social networking because it deals with what social networking is all about. The article titled Online Social Networking as Participatory Surveillance by Anders (2008). The author emphasized and discussed the online social networking is anchored in surveillance practices. According to him, it gives us an opportunity to challenge conventional understandings of surveillance that offer focus or control and disempowerment. The author pointed and that we should not let the awareness of these treats take over when we study online social networking. When we study the actual practice we should not be lured into only seeing the dangers in things. This article is one of the implications of social networking. The article titled Social Networks and Internet Connectivity Effects: Information, Communication and Society by Harthornwaite C. (2005), discussed the relationship between media use (type of information shared) and the tie strength of individuals between networks. The author used two groups to assess the issues, co-located researchers and distance learners. The article states that the type of communication differs on the type of relationship and not on the mechanism. The author emphasized that the implications of media multiplexity, i.e. that pairs use in one media within a group conform to a unidemensional scale, reveal the different kinds of information flow will be supported by public, organizationally established mediation by more private means. Lastly, the article view that internet impacts are not singular but differ by the nature of existing relations.

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b. Theory of Lifeworld Schutz (1938), in his worked titled The Phemenology of the Social World, discussed the structure of the social world, including consociates, contemporaries and predecessors and successors. The author conceived his work as a developing phemenological psychology of inner experience and focusing on the invariant features of Lifeworld toward which theoreticians, including social scientists, turn reflectively. Jurgen Habermas criticized Schutz account of Lifeworld for being abridged un the culturalistic fashion and no addressing institutional orders and personality structures. Husserl in his work titled Crisis of European Sciences (1936) introduced the concept of Life-world. The Life-world is a social, political, historical and cultural environment where human beings interpret, communicate and socially engage in multiple communal spheres. He concluded that humans already live in this social, historical and cultural world prior to any scientific or philosophical analysis. The Life-world is the background, horizon (framework of interpretation) and foundation of cognitive activities. Lastly, the author argued for the existence of Life-world as the pre-reflective everyday world. The Life-world is, however not a pure interpretation free world. Burnett and Jaeger article, Small worlds, lifeworlds and information: The Ramification of the Information Behaviour of Social Groups in Public Policy and the Public Sphere, examines the concepts of the public spheres, lifeworlds and idealized speech situations as they relate to the Library and Information Science concepts related to small world. The author emphasized that as the world becomes on increasingly

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networked and connected information society and as the internet continues to increase in prominence in discourse, understanding the linkages between information on behaviours in small worlds and literature will become more important. Ludert article, Habermas Revisited: Indigenous Lifeworld(s) Today, discussed the concept of lifeworld in a Habermasian sense-represents the discursive means for the symbolic and cultural perpetuation and evolution of society enlarge. He represents the socio-cultural plane on which everyday speech acts and pursuant discourses are carried out and on the other ensures a more or less stable transmission of traditionjs, symbols and knowledge in which speech acts are embedded and made available for communicative participants. Lastly, the author emphasized that the lifeworld is in short, the communicative locale for affirming individual agency and forming cultural identity. Habermas book titled Theory of Communicative Action (1984), discussed that lifeworld were subjects acting communicatively always come to an understanding in the horizon of the lifeworld toward from mere or less diffuse, always unproblematic background convictions, it senses as a source of situation definitions that are presupposed by participants as unproblematic. The lifeworld also stores interpretative work of preceding generations.Habermas distinguishes four kinds of action by individuals in society, teleological action with strategic action as a subset, normatively regulated action, dramaturgical action, communicative action. In teleological action, the actor makes a

"decision among alternative courses of action, with a view to the realization of an end, guided by maxims, and based on an interpretation of the situation. In normatively regulated action, actors in a social group pursue common values or norms of the group, "fulfilling a generalized expectation of behaviour". In dramaturgical action, an actor is

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neither solitary nor a member of a social group, but is interacting with people who constitute a public for one another, before whom they present themselves. In

communicative action, here two or more actors establish a relationship and seek to reach an understanding about the action situation and their plans of action in order to coordinate their actions by way of agreement. Related Studies a. Social Networking Lampe C. et. al. (2007) article, The benefits of Facebook Friends. Social Capital and College Students Use of Online Social Network Sites discussed how Facebook helps create and or maintain social capital. The authors discussed and emphasized the differences between bonding social capital and bridging social capital. According to this article to test these assumptions, 800 undergraduate MSU students were surveyed. The results showed that Facebook served as a tool to create bridging social capital and not bonding social capital proving that SNSs in this cased served to create weak social ties. The authors found out among the findings that subjective well being played a part on bringing social capital. Lastly, the authors concluded that not necessarily remove people from their offline world but indeed be used to support relationship. Ellison et. al, article, Connection Strategies: Social Capital implications of Facebook-enabled communication practices assesses whether Facebook users have different connection strategies a term which describes a suite of Facebook related relational communication activities and explores the relationship between the connection

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strategies and social capital. The said study conducted a survey data and the researcher found out that mere actual friend on the site is predictive of social capital but only to a point. The actions believed that the explanation of the said findings maybe the identity information on Facebook as a social lubricant that encourages individuals to convent latent to weak ties and enabling them to broadcast request for support on information. This article shows a type of a social network which is Facebook and its social capital implication. This article gives a kind of implication of social networking as viewed from Facebook. Quarashi (2009) study titled The power of Social Networking Sites in the Context of Online Recruitment was conducted to inform its reader on the basics of recruitment. Social networking sites and how online recruitment is currently perceived. This study sought to describe the concept of Web 2.0 and why social networking sites play a major role in present times. It also attempted to perform a research into existing literature concerning (online) recruitment, Web 2.0 and social networking sites. The study found out the power of social networking sites in the context of online recruitment is done between strangers while social networking sites primarily seem to encourage to line with people already known. Lastly, during the course of this study, the author found many names for online recruitment; including e-cruting, e-recruitment, cybercruitment and others. Asilo et. Al., (2007) in their study titled The influence of Social Networking Sites to the Interpersonal Relationship of the Students in Rogationist College, sought to determine the effects of SNS to the interpersonal relationships. It focuses on analysing the level of interpersonal relationship utter using SNS. This study considers how SNS

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impact on interpersonal relationship in the real world. It sought to answer the profile of the students in terms of using social networking sites and the influence of SNS to interpersonal relationship of students toward their family, friends, teachers and others. This study found out that using social networking sites helped the respondents develop a strong interpersonal relationship with their family, friends, they meet in SNS because of having a limited friends added to their account that they know. Furthermore, most of the respondents use social networking sites for only 1-2 hours in a day. Scheilling (2007) in his study titled Social Network Visualization was conducted to offer the possibilities of visually representing social networks on social networking websites and the effects on the experiences of friendship in social networking websites. It sought to answer on the thing that constitutes a rich social experience and the approach that would lead to a richer user experience. The study found out that there is a global visualization which aims to capture the breadth and diversity of the network to attract new users to register with the social network and a visualization interface that is integrated into the users cockpit page to explore his personal network. Li (2006) in her study titled, Rule-Based Social Networking for Expert Finding was conducted to implement a system that applies rule-based social networking for expert finding expert-finding systems against expert profiles. It provides both direct searches and referrals, which are both accompanied by applying rules to users expert queries. The study found out with the help of RuleML FOAF, users can derive FOAF data by employing person-centric rules, either before (RDF) FOAF publication.

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Mislove (2009) in his study titled Online Social Networks: Measurement, Analysis and Applications was conducted to examine the structure and growth of patterns of online social networks, focusing on how users are connecting to one another. It shows the leverage of understanding of the properties of online social networks to design new information systems. This study presents and evaluates Ostra, a novel system for preventing unwanted communication that leverages the difficulty in establishing and maintaining relationships in social networks. The study found out that the social network graphs contained in different sites shared a number of graph theoretic properties, even though the sites have different goals, mechanisms and policies. Furthermore the result of the study can be used as the basis for constructing synthetic networks that reflect both global and local characteristics of online social networks, leading to better structural and growth models. Marbry (2010) in her study titled Engaging Audiences: An Analysis of Social Media Usage in Advertising was conducted to examine on how advertisers use these platforms for marketing and communications. It sought to provide an analysis to current commercial social media usage by conducting a state wide online survey of advertising professionals. It only provides background on social media usage in advertising, but also valuable insight for current practitioners and helps reduce the academicianpractitioners gap. The study found out that advertisers have always focused on the consumer. In the current digital media environment, advertisers must provide value or an added benefit to consumers to gain their attention. Furthermore, according to the respondents, there are common principles of effective social media marketing.

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Respondents reported that allocating resources and creating a long-term strategy for these platforms were important for effective social media usage. b. Habermas Ideologies Fuster (2010) in his study title A View on Teacher-Student interaction based on Foucaults Notion of Power and Habermas Critical Hermeneutics was conducted to offer an understanding on the interaction of the teacher and student using Habermas hermeneutics and Foucaults Notion of Power. It sought to answer the specific features of Habermas Critical Hermeneutics and Foucaults Notion of Power. It also attempted to show the hidden pathologies and warped ideologies in teacher-student interaction explained in the context of Habermas and Foucault philosophy. The study used the hermeneutical approach specifically the critical hermeneutics of Habermas. The study found out that the idea of power of Foucault teachers us to be catalysts of change, we have to questions and investigate those events and systems that hinder us to meet our fullest potential and to build a humane society. Furthermore, Habermas critical hermeneutics gives us an idea how to arrive at truth, truthfulness and rightness. Anderson (201) in her study titled Habermas on the High Street: Can Law Encourage Sustainable Thinking in Business? sought to examine whether law can promote long term and multi-stakeholder considerations in the business decision of company directors. The study based Habermas theory of law to consider the consequences of the suggestions for the legitimacy of the law and the potential influence it could have on reducing the negative environmental effects of the consumer society. The study found out that by focusing on stakeholders interest, the provision limits the

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scope of sustainable thinking. Whilst certain amendments might on the paper improve the effectiveness of the legislation they will in practice have limited consequence for compliance with the provision. Chan (2010) in his study titled Using Habermas Theory of Communicative Action to Analyze the Changing Nature of School Education in Hong Kong (1945-2008) aimed to present how social reproduction was possible in school education, how school was worked in general and how school education was developed. The study was based on the theory of communicative action and to provide a conceptual framework of a fuller picture of education. This study employed a three scale analysis of situational analysis and a historical analysis to analyze the above three research foci. This study found out that at classroom scale of school education symbolic reproduction of the lifeworld of students was conceived and was depicted though a hypothetical example of project learning. Furthermore, at the regional scale of school education, a colonization of the lifeworld by the system of students, teachers and principals was perceived. Ajah, in his study titled Habermas on Ideology and Social Change demonstrated first, the core of every social action and event which jointly result to change and development in any society. Second that the modernity is project should not be abandoned. Thirdly, the ideologies of most African societies are closed and this has great and determining impacts on the low level of development in most of such countries. Finally, Habermas theory of communicative action can serve as a good conceptual reconstruction for enlargement. This study sought to answer whether the ideologies are simply the mental tools of the reeling class, whether modernity project is really worth abandoning, whether the ideologies of most African societies are closed or open. This

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study found that there are ideologies which structure the conceptual framework, motives, interest and values of the members of the society. Another is there is really the need for some ideological and rational reconstructions as Habermas suggest. Lastly, is that the ideologies of most African societies are closed and this was great and determining impacts on the level of development in most of such countries Ojha (2006) in his study titled Engaging Bourdieu and Habermas to Reframe Forest Governance in Nepalese Terai, was sought to reduce the gap in the body of knowledge on deliberative process on forest governance. This study endeavoured answer on how different regimes of forest governance have emerged in the Nepals Terai in general. Next is how practices of forest governance were under different regimes and lastly the possibility of deliberation. This study found out the need to forge dialogue between Bordieus notions of symbolic violence and Habermasian notion of deliberative politics in order to understand the policy and practice of forest governance in Nepals Terai. This study found out that democratic legitimacy may offer a means of resolving issues of justice and equity and may prove collective learning and transformation in complex and uncertain situations. Harper (2005) in his study titled Assessing the Critical Capacities of Democracy through the Work of Hannah Arendth and Jurgen Habermas: The Occlusion of Public Space and the Rise of Homo Spectaculorum offered an exploration of the condition of critical debate in contemporary liberal democracies that is based upon a combined reading of the works of Hannah Arendth and Jurgen Habermas. This study makes three related claims. First, that is possible to read Arendth and Habermas together as highly compatible democratic theorists and that their analysis of contemporal political

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conditions presents a single position from which to view the critical failings of liberal democracies. Second is that synthesizing Arendths and Habermas democratic theories enables the theorizing of an ideal public space along with the emergence of homo spectaculorum. The third and final claim made in this thesis is that the same condition that lead to the emergence of Homo Spectaculorum can be understood to undermine the emancipatory potential otherwise preferred through critical public spaces. This study found out that synthesizing Habermas and Arendths theories creates pessimism with respect to achieving three public spaces in contemporary material conditions. Jorgensen (2011) in his study title Internet and Freedom of Expression was conducted to argue that the internet has strong public sphere elements and should receive the same level of protection which has been given to the rights of expression the physical world. This study sought to answer how the communicative sphere of the internet can be understood in terms of public versus private sphere. Another is the characteristic features of the internet differ from the other media types and lastly which the level of protection the right to freedom of expression provides for. This study used Habermas description of modernity as consisting of system and lifeworld. The theory was used as framework for discussing the evolution of internet from the first lifeworld oriented to todays reality. This study found out those norms codifies in codes of conduct, costumer contracts and on access critics, chat policies on filtering systems can be effective regulations. Synthesis of state-of-the-art From the discussions of the related studies on Social Networking and Habermas Ideologies, we can see that the said study at hand is different from the presented studies.

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In the presentation of the related studies about Social Networking we can see that the approach used by the researchers is more empirical. Their conclusions are drawn from experiments and surveys that they have done. In those studies, they used social networking to verify different situations to investigate social networking in the context of such discipline basically in the field of computer sciences and technology. The different studies also show the nature and implication of social networking based upon empirical assumptions. In the presentation of the related studies about the Habermasian concepts we can see that the different ideologies of Habermas are sued as a framework to discuss different phenomenas regarding the life of a man. The ideologies of Habermas from the discussion are used to analyze the nature of business, education, governance, public sphere and social changes and freedom of expression. The theory of communicative action of Habermas and its complementary theory which is lifeworld are always used as an approach to explain such inquiry. The research at hand is The Nature and Implication of Social Networking Based on Jurgen Habermas Lifeworld is said to be different from the recent studies. This study is said to be different because this study will present the nature and implication of social networking based on philosophical assumption not based upon empirical assumptions which are normally done in providing such inquiry about social networking. This study will present a Habermasian nature of social networking and its implications is drawn upon the theory of communicative action. This study is said to be the fusion of scientifically based inquiry but at this time the subject at hand which is social networking is presented in philosophical manner in the light of Jurgen Habermas Lifeworld

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter outlined the methodology that was utilized by the researcher in order to arrive at the established objective. It includes the following sub topics: research method, scope and delimitation, limitation of the study, procedure and outline of the write up. Research Method The researcher employs the hermeneutical approach as the theoretical framework of the said study. Using the theory of communicative action of Habermas, the researcher penetrated the nature and implication of social networking in the manner of theory of interpretation. The researcher made an analysis of the problem through the theory of lifeworld and theory of communicative action of Jurgen Habermas, for the purpose that the theory of lifeworld must be rationalized with its complementary theory which is communicative action. In the latter part of the study, the rationalized lifeworld will be the framework of the nature and implication of social networking. The researcher used analytic as the research method to analyze the concept of lifeworld. Analytic method is a type of method of "treating at, and working at, scientific cognitions" (philosophydictionart.org), opposed to the synthetic method. The analytic method is the "method of discovery", which proceeds from the conditioned and the grounded and goes to principles.

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Scope and Delimitation The primary concern of this research is to present the nature and implication of social networking based on Jurgen Habermas Lifeworld. Rationalizing the lifeworld was the technique of the researcher in investigating the nature and implication of social networking. This study utilizes hermeneutics to philosophically and logically interpret the context or the text to come up with the very idea of truth about certain issue and event. The researcher did not discuss the entire philosophy and techniques of Habermas but focused on his two major theories which are theory of lifeworld and theory of communicative action. The theory of lifeworld which is the transcendental site where the speaker and hearer manage their disagreements to arrive at agreements, which will be the conceptual framework of the Habermasian nature of social networking. The first part, which encompasses chapter four this paper, will tackle the communication media which is social networking. The definition, history and implication of social networking based from studies which is more empirically based. The second part, which covers chapter five, introduces the theory of lifeworld of Habermas. The discussion of lifeworld from the perspective of different phemenologist like Husserl and Schutz. This part will also discuss the theory of communicative action which is concerned in the rationalization process of theory of lifeworld. Finally, the chapter six will discuss the Habermasian nature and implication of social networking based on rationalized lifeworld. Thus, this comprises the scope and delimitation of the study; any

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concerns beyond what have been stated herein are no more part of the researchers agenda. Limitation of the study Due to financial, time element and other constraints the researcher found difficulty obtaining primary text of Jurgen Habermas. Hence, the researcher got only 2 primary texts of Habermas. Other materials like journals, essays and articles relative to the subject matter of this research lacks the supply in the universitys library. To this the researcher apprehends the scarcity of sources of data, thus resulting to limit the study. Procedure a. Sources of Data The researcher utilized the philosophy books found in the internet which is normally in PDF format. The researcher used the books: Theory of Communicative Action Volume 1 : Reason and Rationalization of Society, Theory of Communicative Action Volume 2 : Lifeworld and Systems and the Crisis of European Sciences. The researcher utilized the internet to search out some supplementary information about social networking and Habermas Lifeworld. b. Gathering of Data The researcher employed internet research in obtaining all the necessary information in the development of this study. The books, articles and studies are all from the internet in order to finish this research paper.

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c. Analysis of Data The first level identifies the discussion about social networking regarding its definition, history and implication based on empirical assumptions. The second level of analysis presents the theory of lifeworld and theory of communicative action of Jurgen Habermas which is the framework of the said study which will present the next level which is the Habermasian nature and implication of social networking. Organization of the Write-up study Chapter One This chapter is the introductory part of the research paper that presents the main and sub problems of the study. This also presents the different theories utilized by the researcher in doing this study. The background of the study, theoretical framework, conceptual framework, thesis statement, definition of terms and significance of the study are included in this chapter. Chapter Two In this chapter, the researcher presents the reviewed related literature and studies. Moreover similarities and differences of the present studies to the reviewed studies are recognized and eventually made a synthesis of the reviewed literature and studies. Chapter Three This chapter discuss to the reader the methodology, scope and delimitation and limitation of the study. It also provides the outline of the entire study.

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Chapter Four In this chapter, a discussion on the communication media which is social networking concerning its definition, history and implication based on empirical assumptions. In this chapter it will present the social networking as a fast known communication media in the history.

Chapter Five This chapter discussed the theory of lifeworld and theory of communicative action of Jurgen Habermas. Chapter Six This chapter will present the Habermasian nature and implication of social networking Chapter Seven This chapter serves as the culmination of the entire study for it includes summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations of the researcher

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