Chapter 7 - Mechanical Properties

Introduction Mechanical behavior reflects the relationship between an _____________________________. Important properties are _________________________, etc. Topics: tensile, compressive, and shear forces stress vs. strain elastic and plastic deformation

Chapter 7 (continued)
Topics (cont.):

yield and tensile strength ductility, resilience, toughness engineering properties vs. true properties mechanical behavior of ceramics mechanical behavior of polymers viscoelasticity hardness

Chapter 7 (continued)
Closed-Book Questions 29 Tell what you know about the different kinds of stress affecting solid parts and the ways to define and measure stress and strain. Define elastic deformation and the terms used to characterize it. How is the onset of plastic deformation defined and observed on a stress-strain diagram? Explain the difference between strength and toughness and how they are measured on a stress-strain diagram. When is strength important and when is toughness important?

30 31 32

Chapter 7 (continued)
Closed-Book Questions 33 34 35 (cont.)

Describe two different energy measurements that can be made using a stress-strain diagram. Explain the significance of a decrease in engineering stress as strain increases. Explain the influence of porosity on the mechanical properties of ceramics. Consider variability and stress concentration. Describe three different typical stress-strain behaviors of polymers and relate this to temperature, crystallinity, and crosslinking.

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Chapter 7 (continued)
Closed-Book Questions 37 (cont.)

Describe the possibilities for the strain response of a polymer subjected to a constant stress for a finite period of time, after which the stress is removed. Describe the relationship between relaxation modulus and temperature and the effect of crystallinity and molecular weight. Explain the difference between hardness and strength. Consider both the behavior that each term characterizes and the measurement technique.

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Chapter 7 (continued)
Open-Book Questions 10 11 12 13 Be able to calculate engineering stress and strain, both tensile and shear. Be able to apply the definitions of elastic modulus and shear modulus. Know the definition of Poissons ratio and how it is used to relate the elastic and shear moduli. Be able to read the yield strength and tensile strength from a stress-strain diagram.

Chapter 7 (continued)
Stress - Strain Types of stress and strain tension - applied forces are ________________________ __________ from a center compression - applied forces are ____________________ ___________________ a center

Figure 7.1

Chapter 7 (continued)
Stress - Strain (cont.)

engineering stress =

sample units: Pa = N/m2

(MPa or GPa)

Chapter 7 (continued)
Stress - Strain (cont.)

engineering strain =

units: dimensionless

Chapter 7 (continued)
Stress - Strain (cont.)

Types of stress and strain (cont.) shear - the forces are _________________________

Chapter 7 (continued)
Stress - Strain (cont.)

shear stress =

Note: A0 is defined differently

Chapter 7 (continued)
Stress - Strain (cont.)

shear strain =

shear displacement distance over which shear force acts

Chapter 7 (continued)
Stress - Strain (cont.)

Often in practice it is more complicated bending - both _______________________ present torsion - a type of shearing force

Chapter 7 (continued)
Stress - Strain (cont.)

Geometric considerations demonstrate that a part subjected to a tensile force actually has both __________________ when the crystallographic planes are at an arbitrary angle to the applied force.

Figure 7.4

Chapter 7 (continued)
Elastic Deformation vs. Plastic Deformation When a material is stressed, deformation occurs If the material _______________________ when the ______________ it is said to be __________________. Atoms are __________, but do not _________________. If the atoms take up new positions relative to each other the original dimensions dont return. This is termed ______ _______________.

Chapter 7 (continued)
Elastic Deformation In the elastic regime, stress is ____________________

where

E = the proportionality constant termed Youngs modulus (modulus of elasticity)

known as Hookes law

Chapter 7 (continued)
Elastic Deformation

Table 7.1

Chapter 7 (continued)
Elastic Deformation (cont.)

On a stress-strain curve the elastic region is seen as the _____________ _______ of the graph.

Figure 7.5

Chapter 7 (continued)
Elastic Deformation (cont.) There can be _________ ___________ behavior. This is still reversible E changes as strain occurs

Figure 7.6

Chapter 7 (continued)
Elastic Deformation (cont.) Higher values of E correspond to _________________

Elastic modulus E (GPa) aluminum tungsten 69 407

Bond Energy (kJ/mol) 324 849

M Tem elt perature (/C) 660 3410

magnesiumoxide (crystalline) soda-lime glass (amorphous)

225 69

1000

2800 1400

From Tables 2.3 and 7.1

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Chapter 7 (continued)
Elastic Deformation (cont.) As temperature ________, Youngs modulus __________

Figure 7.8

Chapter 7 (continued)
Elastic Deformation (cont.) There is also elastic shear strain

where

G = the shear modulus

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Chapter 7 (continued)
Elastic Deformation (cont.) Any lengthening (or compression) in one direction produces a contraction (expansion) in the other dimensions.

Chapter 7 (continued)
Elastic Deformation (cont.) There is a relationship between the strains in the two directions.

Commonly between ______________

(see Table 7.1)

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Chapter 7 (continued)
Elastic Deformation (cont.) Poissons ratio can be used to relate the _______________ ___________ moduli

G is often approximately 0.4E The value of this is that values of G are sometimes unavailable ( see Example Problem 7.2 )

Chapter 7 (continued)
Stress-Strain Diagrams Determined by a ______________

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.2

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Chapter 7 (continued)
Stress-Strain Diagrams yield strength The stress at which a metal shows _______________ _____________. Also called the proportional limit Defined as ______ _________ Figure 7.10 (cont.)

Chapter 7 (continued)
Stress-Strain Diagrams tensile strength The _________ ______ reached on the stressstrain diagram. If this stress level is held ____________ __________. (cont.)

Figure 7.11

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Chapter 7 (continued)
Stress-Strain Diagrams (cont.)

Figure 7.12

Chapter 7 (continued)
Stress-Strain Diagrams (cont.)

Table 7.2

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Chapter 7 (continued)
Stress-Strain Diagrams (cont.)

Stress-strain behavior is ______________________ Iron

Figure 7.14

Chapter 7 (continued)
Ductility, Resilience, and Toughness Ductility - The degree of ________________________ _______________ Measured as percent elongation or percent reduction in area

% elongation =

final length - initial length x 100% initial length initial area - final area x 100% initial area

% red. in area =

Important both in use and during manufacture.

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Chapter 7 (continued)
Ductility, Resilience, and Toughness Resilience The capacity of a material to ____________ when it is ___________ deformed. Represented by the _________ __________ stress-strain curve. energy per volume to completely elastically strain the material (cont.)

Figure 7.15

Chapter 7 (continued)
Ductility, Resilience, and Toughness toughness The capacity of a material to _______ _______________ ___________. Represented by the area under the _______________ _______________. (cont.)

Figure 7.13

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Chapter 7 (continued)
Ductility, Resilience, and Toughness (cont.) For a material to be _______, It needs to have both ________ and __________. A brittle material often has higher strength, but lower toughness.

Chapter 7 (continued)
Engineering Stress vs. True Stress The peak in the stress-strain curve is not due to a ______________ in the material. In fact ________________________. definition: strain hardening - An increase in __________________ as a metal is ______________________.

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Chapter 7 (continued)
Engineering Stress vs. True Stress (cont.)

Figure 7.16

Chapter 7 (continued)
Engineering Stress vs. True Stress (cont.)

The drop in the graph is due to the definition of stress as the applied force over the _________ cross-sectional area. As the __________ cross-sectional area __________ the true stress continues to __________ because of strain hardening. The engineering stress drops because of its' definition.

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