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Calculations :

Open Circuit Voltage,Short Circuit Current Vs Field Current


300

280

260

240

220

Open Circuit Voltage/V,Short Circuit Current/A

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 Field Current/A Open Circuit Voltage Short Circuit Current

For the Thevenins equivalent circuit, Zs = = [(ra2+Xs2)]1/2

If ra is small, Xs = At field current equals to 0.1A , Xs = If(A) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 = 20 Vo/c(V) 100 172 217 240 254 266 274 5 10 15 19 24 29 33 Is/c(A) 20 17.2 14.47 12.63 10.58 9.17 8.3 Xs()

Xs Vs If
25

20

15

Xs() 10 5 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 If(A) 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Short Circuit Ratio = SCR = =

By the graph, Ia= 17 A and Ia = 5 A SCR = = 3.4

In p.u. quantities, Xs (sat) = Xs (sat) In ohms, Xs (sat) Xs (sat) = [ Xs (sat)]pu*Xsbase = 0.294* =13.53 = = 0.294 pu

Load Voltage Vs Load Current


160

140

120

100

Load Voltage/V

80

60

40

20

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Load Current/A 6 7 8 9 10

Using the phasor diagram; V2 - (2 I Xs Sin )V + (I2Xs2 E2) = 0 E = 230V and Xs = 13.53 Current/A 2.5 3.1 3.7 4.2 4.7 5.2 5.6 6.0 6.4 6.9 7.2 7.5 7.9 8.2 8.6 8.9 Terminal voltage(Cos=0) 196.18 188.06 179.94 173.17 166.41 159.64 154.23 148.82 143.41 136.64 132.58 128.53 123.11 119.05 113.64 109.58 Terminal voltage(Cos=1) 227.5 226.14 224.49 222.87 221.03 218.97 217.16 215.2 213.08 210.2 208.35 206.4 203.65 201.47 198.4 195.96 Terminal voltage(Cos=0.9) 213.23 208.6 203.72 199.47 195.05 190.44 186.63 182.7 178.65 173.41 170.17 166.86 162.32 158.83 154.06 150.38

Terminal Voltage Vs Load Current at various Power Factor Angales


250

200

150 Terminal Voltage/V 100 50 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Load Current/A Terminal voltage(Cos=0) Terminal voltage(Cos=1) Terminal voltage(Cos=0.9) 6 7 8 9 10

Discussion : (1) Importance of the SCR with respect to the generator performance

Short Circuit Ratio = The SCR value of a synchronous generator can reveal information about the machines performance. When the SCR value is low, in order to maintain a constant terminal voltage for a given change in load, a larger change in field current is required when compared with a higher SCR value. Also, low SCR value means the steady state stability limit of the machine is lower. Therefore, a machine of low SCR is dependent on an excitation system that is able to provide large changes of field current quickly and reliably. An appropriate excitation system can also increase steady state stability. Also the physical dimensions and properties are relatively smaller on low SCR machines, so their cost is also lower. Normally for high speed generators the Short Circuit Ratio is about 0.5 to 0.6. (2) Variation of synchronous reactance with field current The synchronous reactance is defined as follows, Xs = As the graph indicates relevant to the observations that were taken for the short-circuit and the open-circuit characteristic, it can be seen that the ratio is nearly constant for lower values of the field current; i.e. before the machine begins saturation, when the open-circuit characteristic curve is nearly linear. But once the machine begins saturation, the synchronous reactance begins to drop rapidly. (3) Synchronous generator has characteristic of a current transformer. If the rotor of the synchronous generator assumed as primary winding and stator is assumed as the secondary winding of a current transformer, then the field current is the primary current and the armature current is the secondary current. In a synchronous generator armature current is so much higher than field current, so it can be considered as a step up current transformer. In a current transformer when the secondary is short circuited the secondary current is proportional to the primary current. Always in asynchronous generator short circuited armature current is proportional to the field current. So those two characteristics are same in a synchronous generator and a current transformer. When a load is connected to a CT its primary current depends on the load which is connected. Also in a synchronous generator the field current depends on the load which is connected to it. (4) The variation of terminal voltages for various power factors When the power factor increases, the graph shifts upwards, this is happened, because more power is delivered to the load and therefore it will have a relatively high load voltage.

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