Fault Data from Disturbance Recorder - A Versatile Tool of Numerical Relays

By
J.N.Pancholi
Supdt. Engineer (Testing) Gujarat Energy Transmission co. Corporate office, Vadodara (M) 099789 36145 E-mail: acetel.getco@gebmail.com

N.G.Patel
Deputy Engineer (Testing) Gujarat Energy Transmission co. Mehsana. (M) 099252 09022 E-mail: detestingmehsana.getco@gebmail.com

Power Map of Gujarat

The Maximum Power handled by GETCO is 10461 MW.

Network Statistics
KV Class 400 KV S/s 9 2047 220 KV S/s 73 13081 132 KV S/s 48 4764 66 KV S/s 919 19553 33 KV S/s 1 69 Total

No. of S/s CKT Kms.

1050 39516

Case Study

Case Study:- 1
132/66 KV, 50 MVA Tr. was repeatedly tripped on diff. relay. - During seasons first rain
The static differential relay DTH 31 was provided on Transformer The static Diff. relay was replaced by Numerical relay (Areva make- P 632). There after, Tr. Was again tripped during rainy season. Annunciation facia: 1)Differential protection operated. 2) 86 trip operated Action taken: The Tr. was tested & nothing found abnormal. DR from P632 relay was extracted for analysis. Relay indication: 1) Y phase- diff., 2) HV 86 trip, 3) LV inter trip

DR shows waveforms of the Y phase fault current before and during tripping of transformer.

The chart shows predominant (52%) third harmonics present in the fault current

3rd

52 % Harmonics

Analysis
No increase in current on LV side. Also angle between HV and LV current is 180 deg. So there

was no suspected fault in the transformer. 132 KV LA is in zone of differential protection. DR shows there are predominant (52%) third harmonics contents in fault current. LA has leakage current having third harmonics components(THRC) The P632 relay has feature to block second harmonics and not the third harmonics component. Leakage current developed by 132 kV Y-phase LA was more than the diff. pickup current and resulted into tripping of the differential relay on Y- Phase. Detail investigation of Y phase HV side LA carried out. It was found that there were hair cracks on cementing portion of the LA. Water had entered through cracks. 5 IR value of the LA was found low. The gap type LA was replaced by new gapless LA and the transformer was charged.

Root cause & conclusion

The operation of diff. relay during first rain was due to the defective LA only.

The LA did not failed completely but leakage current developed by 132 KV Y phase LA was more than the diff. pickup current and resulted into tripping of the differential relay. Due to static differential relay, there was no other fault data available for the fault analysis. In built Disturbance recorder and oscillographic waveforms are very good tools for

measurement of harmonics content in the fault current.

With the help of DR, it was analyzed that there were predominant third harmonics in the fault current.

It helps in predicting for deterioration of equipment in advance and prevents catastrophic failure of equipment
After replacement of LA no such incident observed.

Case Study:- 2
220/66 kV, 100 MVA TR tripped on Ext. REF relay (HV) with 66 KV outgoing feeder tripped on E/F relay.

Annunciation facia 1) HV REF protection operated. 2) 86 trip operated.

Rely indication 1) HV REF (ER-4B3- EM), 2) 86 trip 3) LV inter trip

It was observed that transformer tripped on through fault of 66 kV outgoing feeder. 66 KV outgoing feeder also tripped on O/C R-ph & E/F relay.

Action taken
HV side REF relay is EM type, so no data available from the REF relay. DR in Areva-P632 diff. relay and Siemens-7SJ622 backup OC & EF relay triggered through operation of tripping relay 86.

DR Shows normal behavior of HV & LV current & also shows no Fault current

Analysis

Analog channel of HV and LV current of diff. core and phase angle between HV and LV current shows that, there was no fault in the transformer. Magnitude and angle of the fault current was also matching with the fault current of 66 kV feeder. For HV REF protection, Main 220 KV CT core 5 and HV NCT are used. So, it was analyzed that there was trouble with CT secondary circuit of Main CT core 5, one core used for REF IR value of CT secondary circuit taken and in B - phase CT secondary, one wire found earthed.

Manufacturing defect

 Same cable was disconnected and opened completely after removal of rubber sheath and armor of the cable. It was found that one wire had joint (normal PVC tape was provided for covering the joint) inside the cable (made during manufacturing). Since water trapped inside the jacketing of the cable, the wire got earthed. Defective cable replaced by another cable and after necessary testing of CT circuit, the transformer was charged.

Root cause & conclusion

During fault on 66 kV outgoing feeders, fault current passes through the transformer.
Due to proper setting of REF relay, it should not operate in through fault condition. From DR it was clear that fault was external & there was no fault in the transformer.

Due to defective Main CT secondary circuit of core 5 of 220 kV CT, there was unbalanced of current in protected circuit and this resulted in to operation of HV REF. Analog channel of HV and LV current of diff. core and phase angle between HV and LV current shows that, there was no fault in the transformer.

Case Study:- 3
220/66 KV, 100 MVA TR tripped on LBB, and E/F with 96 relay at 220KV S/S. All the feeders of 220 KV Bus A and B/C breaker tripped while 220/66 KV, 100 MVA Tr. was taken in to service. 100 MVA TR tripped on LBB and E/F with 96 relay. All feeders connected on Bus A tripped on 96, 86 A & 86 B

Action taken DR extracted from Backup relay Argus-2.

DR extracted from Back up Relay (Argus-2) for analysis.

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OUTPUT 1). RL1 Protection Healthy. 2). RL2- O/C Oprt. (Annu.) 3). RL3- E/F Oprt. (Annu). 4). RL4 - O/C Trip 5). RL5 - LBB Trip to Energies 96 6). RL6 LBB Oprt. (Annu.) 7). RL7 Fault trigger (Not use).

INPUT S1- 96 Operated Bus Bar S3- 186 Operated

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Root cause & conclusion

The transformer tripped on E/F on charging due to high inrush current. The LBB of this feeder operated due to delayed tripping of R phase pole of this transformer while Y & B pole tripped. After detailed investigation of breaker, it was found that the delayed tripping of R-Ph pole of transformer was due to weak/faulty trip Coil-1, which can be seen from the breaker timing found as under. The breaker timing taken after the occurrence is as under. TC-1 181.6ms 20.0 ms 19.6 ms TC-2 20.4 ms 20.6 ms 20.2 ms TC-1 & TC-2 made parallel 20.8 ms 20.0 ms 19.6 ms

R Phase Y Phase B Phase

The Pole discrepancy Relay (PDR) & LBB time was of 500 m sec. & 200 m sec respectively and also bus bar protection was in service.

Practically it is experienced that, the maximum time required for closing operation of 220 KV class breakers is approximately 100.5 m sec.
The setting of PDR is revised because second chance for tripping to breaker will be available than to operate LBB & clear Bus. From DR if R-ph. breaker pole tripped out timely than it has prevented LBB operation.
150 m sec.PDR timing for transformer, reactor & line without A/R scheme in Service. 1000-1250 m sec.PDR timing for lines with A/R scheme in service.

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Case Study:- 4
400 kV Soja - Wanakbori line was tripped on over voltage even though there was no system over voltage.

400 kV Soja-Wanakbori line tripped on O/V stage- 1 (110%) at Soja end and direct trip received at Wanakbori end. Soja end:
Annunciation facia 1) O/V stage 1 operated 2) Direct trip send 3) 86 trip operated Wanakbori end Annunciation facia 1) Direct trip received Relay indication 1) 86 trip operated Actions taken Relay indication 1) O/V Y-ph Stage - 1 trip (VTU31, Setting 110%, delay 5 sec) 2) 86 trip operated 3) 85LO operated

There was no actual system over voltage in GETCO system hence above tripping was suspected. Testing of the over voltage relay carried out. Same was found normal. DR extracted from main 1 distance protection relay-ABB, REL521
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From the DR voltage analog Channel, Occurrence was analyzed.

Analysis
From the DR following data is obtained
1) R Phase Voltage 246.1 kV (106.49% of 231kV- 400/v3kV) 2) Y Phase Voltage 252.1 kV (109.14% of 231kV-400/v3kV) 3) B Phase Voltage 243.0 kV (105.19% of 231kV-400/v3kV) Y Phase voltage was high compared to R & B phase voltage.

Actual secondary voltage measured for core 1, core 2 and core 3 of line CVT at C & R panels and at CVT junction box. 14 Comparatively high voltage measured in the actual secondary output of the Y-ph CVT. It was decided to replace the defective CVT by new CVT.

Root cause & conclusion

Operation of Y phase over voltage relay and hence tripping of 400 kV Soja Wanakbori line was due to high secondary output of Y - phase line CVT. In built Disturbance recorder is a very good tool for analysis of behavior of

instrument transformer such as CVT.

Tripping of line on distance protection for under reaching or over reaching due to faulty VT supply can be prevented.

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Case Study:- 5
ER make numerical differential relay MIB 202 tripped on inrush current on charging of new 66/11 kV 10 MVA Tr. even though relay is having second harmonics blocking feature.
New 66/11.55 kV, 10 MVA Tr. charged first time. The transformer tripped on inrush current. Annunciation facia: 1) Diff. prot.operated 2) 86 trip operated Relay indication: 1) R- ph, Y- ph, B- ph trip on ER make MIB 202 differential relay 2) 86 trip Actions taken:

MIB 202 relay is not having fault data storage feature as well as disturbance recorder with oscillographic waveforms.
ER make Argus 1 provided on the same panel for backup protection of transformer is having fault data storage feature as well as disturbance recorder. DR extracted from backup relay.

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DR shows Fault current having Inrush current.

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DR shows % dc Components and harmonic current drawn by transformer at the time of initial charging..

. DR shows that the fault current is having 115% of DC components.

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Analysis
These waveforms are analyzed and re run by simulation with the help of Trans win software and numerical relay testing kit of Doble on all recently purchased ER make MIB 202 relays. During testing, it was observed that relay issues every time wrong tripping command. As it is inrush magnetizing current condition, it should not operate. It shows that MIB202 relay does not prevent protection operation against such inrush condition. Same DR simulated on other make static and numerical relays with inrush and second harmonics blocking feature. All other relays have blocked tripping for such inrush condition.

. DR converted into Trans win file for simulation on another make relay of same function.

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Root cause & conclusion

Tripping of the transformer was due to inability of the relay to block such type of inrush charging current.

In built Disturbance recorder and oscillographic waveforms are very good tools

for analysis of behavior of protection relay during particular type of fault in the field condition.
Simulation of captured waveform on same type of another make relays is

possible and same is useful for analysis of response and performance of various makes relays for a particular type of fault.
Captured waveforms are useful for manufacturer to rectify the defect of particular type of fault and upgrade the feature in relay.

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