Flight instruments Pitot static system Attitude indicator Heading indicator Turn coordinator Magnetic compass Pitot-static system

1. Includes three basic pressure-operated instruments: 1 a) Sensitive altimeter b) Airspeed indicator (ASI) c) Vertical speed indicator (VSI) 2. All three uses static pressure from two static ports Static pressure the pressure felt by the air in still air, measured by static ports located perpendicular to the airflow on the fuselage 2 3. If blocked, alternate static valve can be used, in cabin 4. Pitot pressure (dynamic, ram air pressure) is used to measure airspeed measured by Pitot tube, located under our left wing, pointing directly into the relative wind. Sensitive altimeter Is an aneroid barometer that measures difference between the static pressure to the pressure of a selected pressure level, shown in feet above that selected pressure level. P. 3-4 Instrument Flying Handbook Aneroid capsules stacked on top of each other, which changes thickness with changing air pressure. A variation in thickness is translated into altitude on the instrument via mechanical linkage. The selected pressure altitude from which the instrument measures the altitude is set in the altimeter setting window (Kollman window). From 28.00 to 31.00 Hg. Altimeter errors Mechanical error - Before takeoff the altimeter should read within 75 of airport elevation. If not, send to repair station for recalibration. Nonstandard temperature

Warmer than standard air: pressure levels are farther apart; altimeter indicates lower; aircraft will be higher Colder than standard air: pressure levels closer together; altimeter reads higher; aircraft is lower ("flying from high to low, look out below!") Nonstandard pressure Flying from high to low, look out below! Airspeed indicator It measures airspeed trough the surrounding air mass. Ptot Ps = Pd Knots, nautical miles per hour. P. 3-9 Instrument Flying Handbook IAS Shown on instrument CAS Corrected for instrument and position error EAS Corrected for compression of air in the pitot tube TAS Corrected for nonstandard temperature and pressure GS Corrected for wind Airspeed color codes Vertical speed indicator Rate of altitude change rate of pressure change Aneroid and case receive static pressure, case calibrated leak Therefore lag Gyroscopic systems Effect all objects that are spinning around an axis. Two characteristics: Rigidity in space Remains in the same position in space Precession Force applied on gyro acts 90 later in the direction of rotation. This attributes increases with rotation speed, weight and diameter. Gyros in Attitude Indicator, Heading indicator and Turn Coordinator Vacuum AI and HDG Electrical Turn Coordinator Attitude indicator Important, horizon Rigidity in space Vertical axis Blue / brown halfes

bank marks and pitch marks