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    Praketa Saxena
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    German

    Загружено:

    Praketa Saxena

    Авторское право:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 291
    erin COLA sata SROs CONTENTS Chapter 1 The Sounds of German: A Key to Pronunciation 1 ‘The German Alphabet 1 Avoiding Misunderstandings 2 Remember, there are differences 2 The Vowels 3 Long vowels versus short vowels. ‘The Diphthongs 4 ‘The Consonants 5 Similarities. Differences. Other differences. The Glottal Stop 8 Stress 8 Syllabification 9 Single consonants and double consonants. Consonant clusters and groups of consonants. Chapter 2 Nouns and Articles 4 Capitalization 4 Gender 4 Gender Identification by Noun Groups 4 Nouns referring to people. Masculine nouns. Feminine nouns. Neuter nouns. Gender Identification by Word Endings 18 ‘Masculine endings. Feminine endings. Neuter endings. Words with Different Meanings in Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter Forms 21 ‘Compound Nouns 22 Formation. Gender. 24 Nouns Used Only in the Singular 25 Plural Forms of Nouns 32 Cases of Nouns 32 Nominative case. Accusative case. Dative case, Genitive case. Review of Case Endings for the "der" Words (der, dieser, jeder, jener, mancher, solcher, welcher) 47 Review of Case Endings for the "ein" Words (ein, kein, mein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, ener, ihr) 48 Special Uses of the Definite Article 48 Omission of the Indefinite or Definite Article 50 Chapter 3 Prepositions 52 Prepositions Governing the Accusative Case 52 Contractions of prepositions governing the accusative, Prepositions Governing the Dative Case 34 Contractions of prepositions governing the dative, Prepositions Governing either the Accusative or the Dative Case 37 Contractions of the Two-Way Prepositions. Combinations with verbs of direction. Combinations with verbs of location. Da- Compounds with accusative and dative prepositions. Wo- Compounds with accusative and dative prepositions. Prepositions Governing the Genitive Case 64 Word Order in Prepositional Phrases 66 Chapter 4 Pronouns 69 Personal Pronouns 69 Nominative case. Accusative case, Dative case. Position of pronoun objects. Pronouns in idiomatic verb + preposition combinations (Phrasal verbs). Reflexive Pronouns 76 Accusative case, Dative case, Position Possessive Pronouns 78 Demonstrative Pronouns ® Indefinite Pronouns 9 Relative Pronouns 82 Nominative case. Accusative case. Dative case. Genitive case. Indefinite relative pronouns. Chapter 5 Adjectives and Adverbs 88 Demonstrative Adjectives 88 Descriptive Adjectives 89 Predicate adjective. Attributive adjective-preceded by "der" words or definite articles, Altributive adjective-preceded by the indefinite article or other "ein" words (Preceded adjectives). Atributive adjective-not preceded by "der" or "ein" words (Unpreceded adjectives), Adjectival Constructions: Adjectives Derived From Verbs 110 Present participle used as adjective. Past participle used as adjective. Adjectives used as nouns ui Neuter adjectives used as nouns: preceded by etwas nichts viel wenig. Possessive Adjectives 13 Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs us Vowel change in monosyllabic adjectives, Imegular adjectives. Comparison of adjectives and adverbs, Adverbs 122 Adverbs referring to time, Adverbs referring to manner. Adverbs referring to place. Position of adverbs, Idiomatic use of adverbs. Chapter 6 Numbers, Dates, Time 126 ‘Numbers 126 Cardinal numbers. Numbers over 1,000,000. Measurements, prices, and other decimal fractions. Ordinal numbers. Fractions. Dates 129 Days of the week. Months. Seasons. Days of the month and year. Dating a letter. Reversal of numbers Time 131 Conversational German. Official time. The use of um_ ‘Uhr. Periods of the day. Customary action. Other adverbs of time, Time expressions in the accusative case. Time expressions in the dative case. Time expressions in the genitive case. Chapter 7 Verbs 137 Verb Overview 137 ‘Transitive and intransitive verbs. Personal endings. Forms of address: formal versus informal. Verb tenses. Strong verbs and weak verbs. Simple Present Tense 138 ‘Weak and strong verbs. Irregular verbs. Special use of the present tense Simple Past Tense 148 Weak verbs, Inegular weak verbs. Strong verbs, Auxiliary verbs sein, haben, werden. Present Perfect Tense iF Formation of the past participle. Regular weak verbs. Imegular weak verbs. Intransitive verbs, Strong verbs. Auxiliary verbs sein, haben, werden, Past Perfect Tense 168 ‘Weak and strong verbs. Uses of the past perfect tense. Future Tense 169) ‘Weak and strong verbs. Use of the future tense. Future Perfect Tense 71 ‘Weak and strong verbs. Use of the future perfect tense. Verbs with Inseparable Prefixes 171 Verbs with Separable Prefixes 172 Position of the separable prefix. Separable prefix. verbs in dependent clauses. Case Following Verbs 176 Accusative and dative case for direct and indirect objects. Dative case, Prepositional objects. Reflexive Verbs 178 Reflexive verbs governing the accusative case. Reflexive verbs with separable prefixes. Reflexive imperative forms. Reflexive versus nonreflexive use of verbs, Reflexive verbs governing the dative case. Modal Auxiliary Verbs 184 Present tense. Simple past tense. Compound tenses. Dependent Infinitives 189 Simple tenses-present and past. Compound tens tense, Dependent clauses. Infinitives preceded by zu (to). Verbs as Other Parts of Speech 193 Infinitives used as nouns. Present participles used as adjectives and adverbs. Past participles used as adjectives and adverbs. Participles used as nouns. Imperatives 195 ‘Weak and strong verbs, Formal commands (singular and plural)-Sie, Familiar commands. Irregular imperative forms. First person command (Let's). Impersonal imperative, -present perfect and past perfect. Future The Conditional 198 Weak and strong verbs. Use of the conditional ‘The Subjunctive 199 General subjunctive and special subjunctive. Present-time subjunctive. Past-time subjunctive. Indirect speech. Special subjunctive. Passive Voice 212 Present tense, Past tense. Compound tenses. Substitute for the passive. Passive versus false (or apparent) passive. Special Meanings of Certain Verbs 217 Chapter 8 Negative Words and Constructions 221 Negation 221 ‘Nicht in final position, Nieht preceding certain other elements in the sentence. Nicht in dependent clauses. Nicht with sondern. Nicht with interrogative. Answering Affirmative and Negative Questions Ja and doch 224 ‘The Negative Form of brauchen 224 Other Negative Words 225 Negative article kein-. Pronouns nichts, niemand. Chapter 9 Interrogative Words and Constructions 227 General Questions 227 Formation of questions by inversion. Simple tenses. Compound tenses and dependent infinitives. Use of doch in answer to negative questions. Specific Questions 228 Interrogative adverbs and adverbial expressions, Interrogative Pronouns. Interrogative Adjective. Chapter 10 Word Order and Conjunctions 235 Word Order 235 Statements. Questions. Commands (V( + $)). Exclamations. Coordinating Conjunctions-Regular Word Order 240 Subordinating Conjunctions-Verb in Final Position, 241 Words Functioning as Subordinating Conjunctions-Verb in Final Position, 244 Relative pronouns and interrogatives. Haben or werden with the double infinitive. Conditional sentences. Main clauses following dependent clauses. Position of the Object 246 Position of the Adverb 247 Answers 249 Verb Chart 285 Index 287 Chapter 1 The Sounds of German: A Key to German Pronunciation Since German pronunciation is to a large extent phonetic and regular, an understanding of the basic sounds and stress patterns of German will enable the student to pronounce most words easily and correctly. THE GERMAN ALPHABET ‘The German alphabet has the 26 standard letters found in the English alphabet plus four letters that are specific to German. Alphabet Letter German Name SOmNK XK E< ET eT aves 3 —R —se-eaoTe ‘ah beh taoh doh on ott geh hah th yot keh omm oh peh kuh err oss teh uh fou veh ks. Uppstion taott 4h (a-umiaut) 6h (o-umlaut) th (u-umiaut) ess-tzott (scharfes ess) 2 THE SOUNDS OF GERMAN: A KEY TO GERMAN PRONUNCIATION (CHAP. 1 It is important to learn to pronounce the German names of the letters of the alphabet so that you will be able to spell names, addresses, and other essential information when needed during stays in German-speaking countries and over the telephone. AVOIDING MISUNDERSTANDINGS Sometimes a bad connection makes it particularly difficult to understand the spelling of a word over the telephone. For this reason the Federal Post Office in Germany has issued an alphabet of code words that will make it perfectly clear what letter is intended. The post office spelling chart is as follows. ‘Anton irger Berta Ciisar Charlotte Dora Emil Friedrich Gustav Heinrich ida Jullus Kaufmann Ludwig Martha Nordpot Otto Okonom: Paula Quetie Richard Samuel th Schule ‘Theodor Ulrich Obermut Viktor Wilhelm Xantippe Ypation Zacharias goom> N

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