R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

Revisiting STUDENT POLITICS in Pakistan

Revisiting Student Politics in Pakistan BARGAD Gujranw a Paki st an, 2009 , al Pri ce: R 300 Title D gn: A ed Zafar s. esi m h Layout: RN Scanner Pr ocess H ouse, Lahore Pri nt er: Punchayat, R ahwali,Guj ranw a. punchayat g ail. co al @ m m BARGAD publi cati ons are i ndependent of specific political part y i nt erests. V e w expressed in t his book do not necessarily represent i s opi ni on of t he or gani zati on orm e b of its Boar d of D rect ors. m ers i BARGAD encour ages di ssem inati on, citati on and repr oducti on of its w ks provi ded t hat has dul y been ackno w edged. or l

Iqbal Haider Butt

Revisiting Student Politics in Pakistanh as been published wi t h support fro the H nri ch Boll S ung ( HBS) Paki st an. m ei tift

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Fl at # 1, 1st Fl oor, Nazar Moha m adPl aza, Quai d-e- A m Avenue m za Rah wali G ujranw a. al PAK STAN I Tel: +92- 55- 3868052 Fax: +92- 55- 3864920 E. a i nf o bargad. or g. pk / bar gadpk hot a m m il: @ @ m il.co W ebsite: www bar gad. or g. pk .

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GLOSSARY
AIMSF AISC AISF ANP APMSO ATI BSO CPP DSF EBDO GC HEC ICTs ICB ISF ISO IJT JI JSTM JTI KC LUMS MKP MNGs MSF NAP NSF NSO PkSF PNA PPP PSF PTI PU PUNJSU QAU RSS SAC SAP UET USF VC All-India Muslim Students Federation All-India Students Congress All-India Students Federation Awami National Party All Pakistan Muhajir Students Organization Anjuman Talaba-e-Islam Baloch Students Organization Communist Party of Pakistan Democratic Students Federation Elective Bodies Disqualification Order Government College Higher Education Commission Information and Communication Technologies Inter-collegiate Body Insaf Students Federation Imamia Students Organization Islami Jamiat Talaba Jamaat-e-Islami Jaye Sindh Talaba Mahaz Jamiat Talaba-e-Islam Kinnaird College Lahore University of Management Sciences Mazdoor Kissan Party Muslim National Guards Muslim Students Federation National Awami Party National Students Federation Nationalist Students Organization Pukhtun Students Federation Pakistan National Alliance Pakistan Peoples Party Peoples Students Federation Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaf Punjab University Punjab Students Union Quaid-i-Azam University Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh Students Action Committee Structural Adjustment Programme University of Engineering and Technology University Students Federation Vice Chancellor

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
BARGAD w shes t o t hank all t hose who m ade t his book possi bl e. i First of all, we are hi ghl y obli ged t o t he Hei nri ch Boll Stift ung ( HBS) f or supporti ng it and i n particul ar Gr egor Enst e, Sai a m Jassa andM azher Zaheer. m I have m any t o express m y r atit ude for gi vi ng val uable ti eand g m show ng c ourage t o publi call y s hare t heir account s of st udent i politics. They i ncl ude A eer- ul- A m , A ir Jal al, A ir Jan, m zee m m Ani sa Zeb Tahir kheli, Dr. I sr ar Shah, Dr. Kai ser Bengali, Dr. Khurshi d Hasanai n, Dr. M a zur Ej az, Fayyaz Baqir, Hafi z Abdul n Khali q, Pr of. Azi z- ud- D n Ah ad, Pr of. I bne Has san, Il ayas i m Naveed Shahzad, Ka ran Kh an, Kas hif Bukhari, M ir Hasil m Bi zenj o, M u m m ad Yousaf, Na heeda M ehboob El ahi, Per vai z ha Rashi d, Saeed Sal ee i, Sofia Sabir, Zafar Iqbal M irza ( ZI ), Zahi d m M Isla , Zubair Jan and Zubair Y m ousaf. Aa ir Ri az i s particul arl ym enti oned not onl y f or t hor oughl y m pr ovi di ng hi s i nsi ghts on t hest udent politics, but also forh el pi ng i n i nt er vi e w of A eer-ul- A m ,Hafi z Abdul Khali q, Pr of. Azi z- uds m zee D n Ah ad Saeed Sal ee iand Zafar IqbalM irza ( Z ) i m , m M I . I a i ndebt ed t o Bus hr a Sadi q, M u m qadas Iqbal, Shakeela Ka ukab, M .Ak al, Kashif Bukhari, Na u an Chaudhr y and Sal m aButt f or m m conducti ng and or gani zi ng discussi ons w h t he st udent s. it Saeed Butt is appreci at ed for assist ance i n co p ng t hem a x on m ili tri st udent politics and M ian Khurra Shahzad for pr oof readi ng i nitial m versi on of t he draft st udy. I woul d also li ke t o ackno w edge Dr. Ghazal a Irfan, M u aq Soofi, l sht Nasir Ari an, Pr of. Saji d Ali, Pr of. Shahi d Gul, Na dee O ar, m m Nasira Ha bi b, Gul ina Bilal a nd Shaf qat ull ah f or val uabl e m reflecti ons upon t he issue and Qai ser Nazeer for pr ovi di ng access t o files ofM on hl y D t ehqan andM K C Ps ircul ar. Speci al t hanks go t o A i Salm an Hafi z Rashi d M eh o d, Per vai z l , m o M a jeed and Bahar A i Kazm ifor revi e w ng draft of t he st udy and l i for pr ovi di ng wort hf ul co m en t o fi ne t une t he fi nal draft. m ts

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I a hi ghl y obli ged t o Dr. Khurshi d Hasanai n for writi ngpr ef ace of m t he book and ot her educationi sts who revi e w and co m en ed m ted upon t he dr aft st udy i ncudi ng Pr of. Dr. M a m Yasi nzai VC soo Uni versit y of Bal ochist an Quett a, M a zharul Ha q Si ddi que S. I., V ce Chancell or Uni versit y of Si ndh Ja shoro, Pr of. Dr. M .Latif i m M irza, Acti ng Vi ce Chancell or The Isl a ia Uni versity (I UB) m Baha wal pur a nd Pr of. Dr. M uha m ad Ehsan M a m lik, Di r ect or Gener al U versit y of t he Punj ab, G ni ujranw a C pus. al a m I a t hankf ul t o Ah ed Zafar for title desi gn and Fai sal As ghar and m m Sar ad R for successfully pr oduci ng t his book. m eza M ydeepest appreci ati on isr eser ved f or last: Iqbal Hai der Butt whose research and w ng m ake t he foll ow ng pages. riti i I thank you all!

PREFACE
As we writ e t hese li nes i n 2009, it appears that a paradig shift i n m t hi nki ng of key pl ayers of the so-called Pakist ani establish en is m t under w wi t h regar d t o the rise of reli gi ous m ilitancy and its ay associ at ed terrorist outfits. W eare pr obabl y w t ness t o a so ew del ayed realizati on t hat t he i m hat ver y fabri c of our soci et y stands t hreat ened by t he gr ow h of such t agendas t hat are root ed not onl y i n an extre ist i nt er pret ati on of m Isla but seek sust enance fro t he gri ndi ng povert y,s oci al and m m econo ic i nj ustice and ge neral di se pow m en of peopl e. I n m m er t absence of any credi bl e alternati ves t o t he st at us quo i n the political arenas, t hese i ngredi ents tend t o beco eparticul arl y expl osi ve and m i ndeed lead t o t he ki nd of militant tendenci es we are a wit ness i n t o m a idst. The i dealis and ener gy of t he yout h, in particul ar, is generall y m deepl y di ssatisfied w t h t he pace of change and t he pat ent i nj usti ces i i n soci eties such as ours.

Executive Director BARGAD

It is t herefore i p ve t hat t he yout h re a connected and ar e m erati m in not alienat ed t o political pr ocesses of t he country and can fi nd one or m o de ocratic opti ons t hat e body t heir aspirati ons. The re m m absence of such a connect leads i nvari abl y t o cyni cis in so eand m m oft en t o t he support of extrem is and vi ol ence i n ot hers. m If t he existi ng political options appear redundant and not offeri ng hope, t he de ocratic rout ei s t o creat e ne w opti ons, b ui l d ne w m political ali gn en and i dentify ne wsl ogans. m ts Paki st ani st udent s are confront ed w t h a si ilar sit uati on. Based on i m m ydail y i nt eracti on w t h yout h i n t he age gr oup of 20 t o 30 it i appears safe t o say t hat t he yout h are deepl y cyni cal and di ssatisfi ed w t h t he exi sti ng political opti ons. They l urch fro har bori ng a i m deepl y hostile and suspi ci ous attit ude agai nst t he non-Isla icworl d m based on t heir percepti on of f orei gn conspiraci es agai nst Isla m and Paki st an, t o desperat el y seeki ng an i m ig m rant vi sa t ot hese ver y sa ecountries. m

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Thi s is not t o m o at the or belittle t he sources of t heir anger and ck m frustrati on. They are reacti ng i n t he onl y wa ys t hey can. Not havi ng had t he chance t o devel op a r ati onal and c onsi st ent appr oach because of t he di vorce of student s and politics i n t he past several decades, effecti vel y si nce t he Zi a peri od, t hey have l ost the capacit y t o t hi nk politicall y. Tr aditi onal reli gi ous t hi nki ng st eps in t o fill t his vacuu of political underst andi ng. The c onsequences of t hi s m depoliticizati on are spread out acr oss t he landscape of thi s countr y t oo vi vi dl y t o need any el aborati on. Re- visiti ng St udent Politics i n Paki st an is an i p m ressi ve and ti e m lyeff ort by BARGAD whi ch acquires additi onal i port ance i n , m t he li ght of current sit uati on in Pakist an sket ched above. The de and t o lift t he ban on st udent uni ons now has w despread m i political support, i ncl udi ngt hat of t he parties i n power, whi l e ad in m istrat ors a nd a cade ics ar e deepl y a ppr ehensive of t he m consequences of u nl eashi ng st udent po wer di vorced f r o t he m conti nuit y of political trai ni ng and traditi on. BARGAD s st udy pr ovi desa c o p m rehensi ve and i nsi ghtf ul st udy based on fiel d sur veys and int er vi e w and a m e ngf ul anal ysis of s ani t he st atistics t o deepl y appr oach t he questi on of ho w t o bal ance t he needs of nurt uri ng political educati on whil e m a tai ni ngor der and in acade ic di sci pli ne i n t he ca puses. Indeed as they poi nt out t he m m pri a chall enge is not j ustof acti vati ng st udent politics but is t he m ry need for an i ndependent pol itical appr oach on ca pusesn ot led by m or bli ndl y foll ow ng t he di ktat of different political parties. The real i test if t o defi ne st udents o wn agendas and val ues, and atte p t o m ting convi nce t heir fell ow and soci et y at large for a ne w and bett er s vi si on based on t he val ues and concept s of t hem oder n w d. orl BARGAD s st udy shoul d be of i nt erest not onl y t o t hose who ar e occupi ed w t h ad in i m istrati vel y deali ng w h st udents at the l evel of it Coll eges and Uni versities but also t o all t hose who w sh t o see i de ocracy take root s in ours oci et y - not just w hi n our st at uett es m it but i ndeed w hi n our souls. it ---- S. Khurshid Hasanain Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad

TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1. BACKGROUND 1.2. EMERGING TRENDS AND OPPORTUNITIES Research Goal Strategic Objectives 1.3. METHODOLOGY AND SCOPE 1.4. BARGAD: PREVIOUS WORK ON STUDENT POLITICS CHAPTER 2: MAPPING THE LITERATURE CHAPTER 3: UNDERSTANDING STUDENT POLITICS 3.1. HISTORICAL CASE OF PAKISTAN 3.2. ANALYTICAL CASE OF PAKISTAN 3.2.1. The Political Context 3.2.2. The Academic Environment 3.2.3. Legacy of the Ideologies and cold war 3.2.4. The Societal Settings 3.2.5. Resources and Motivation CHAPTER 4: TESTIMONIES ON STUDENT POLITICS 4.1. Ameer-ul-Azeem 4.2. Amir Jalal 4.3. Anisa Zeb Tahirkheli 4.4. Dr. Israr Shah 4.5. Dr. Kaiser Bengali 4.6. Dr. Khurshid Hasanain 4.7. Dr. Manzur Ejaz 4.8. Fayyaz Baqir 4.9. Hafiz Abdul Khaliq 4.10. Ilayas Naveed Shahzad 4.11. Kamran Khan 4.12. Kashif Bukhari 4.13. Mir Hasil Khan Bizenjo 4.14. Muhammad Yousaf 4.15. Naheeda Mehboob Elahi 4.16. Pervaiz Rashid 4.17. Prof. Aziz-ud-Din Ahmad 4.18. Prof. Ibne Hassan 4.19. Saeed Saleemi 10 15 15 16 18 18 18 20 24 35 35 46 47 49 55 56 57 61 61 63 67 70 73 77 81 85 89 92 97 102 104 109 113 115 117 123 125

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4.20. Sofia Sabir 4.21. Zafar Iqbal Mirza (ZIM) 4.22. Zahid Islam 4.23. Zubair Jan 4.24. Zubair Yousaf CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY

131 133 136 139 141 143 146

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
St udent politics has been pi vot al t o t he publi c visi bilit y of political forces i n Paki st an, and a m ass co m u icati on t ool f or m any m n m a instrea m and f ri nge s oci al m ove en It s pr o ise f or m ts. m recruit en and inj ecti on off r esh entrants i nt o politics has been a m t hall a contri buti on t o t he weak political parties and unst abl e m rk de ocratic syst e . It has also pr ovi ded cases of resource buil di ng m m for i ndi vi duals and gr oups out si de t he do a of traditi onal sour ces m in of political power based onki nshi p, cast e and creed. The political Isla ist m o m en wer e especi all y t he key benefi ciari es wi t h m ve ts conni vance of t he m a rtial l a w r egi es t o c apitali ze u pon m opport unities of t he col d war and a pr oxy war bet ween Sovi et Russi a and t he US A The rise of ca pus vi ol ence and subsequent . m ban on st udent uni ons, howe ver, br oke t he link bet ween st udent or gani zati ons and t heir out si de t he ca pus m en ors. No w t hat t he m t lifti ng on ban on st udent uni on is i n di scussi on andp r i nci pall y decl ared by t he gover n e t he st udent politics f aces a h uge m nt, chall enge of j ustifyi ng its existence not onl y due t o its vi ol ent past and t he changi ng political and i deol ogi cal cont exts but because of vi si bl e shifts i n acade ic envir on en and gr ow h of e d ucati on m m t t sect or, s oci et al c hanges, access t o ne w t echnol ogies ha vi ng advances i n p olitical c omm uicati on a nd t he e ver-expandi ng n i ncenti ves for alt er nati ve sour ces of resource buil di ng and acti vis m w t hi n t he ca puses. i m Aft er its strong presence i n the struggl e for i ndependence and ot her nati onal m o m en st udent politics over ti e fell p r ey t o a ve ts, m m ilitarist di scourse and was bl a edfor dil uti ng pri a m andat e of m m ry ca puses t he qualit y educati on. m The nexus of ca pus-political forces has dr asticall y bettered no w m . In t he current ti e t here have been soci o- political changes and m s, shifts i n hi gher educati on sect or i n t he recent hi st or y of t he countr y t hat woul d co pel t he st udent politics t o revisit its hi st orical course. m These ar e (i) dr astic i ncrease of fe a st udents, (ii) e ergi ng m le m pri vat e uni versities and hi gher co petiti on for career pl ace en m m t, (i v) m o uni versities and lesser pol arizati on of st udents on i dentit y re and cl ass di visi ons, (iii) gr eat er ur bani zati on and m ed xposure, iae

ANNEX 1: MATRIX OF STUDENT POLITICS IN PAKISTAN 154 1.1. CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS: THE PROGRESSIVE PERSPECTIVE 1.1.1. Inception of Student Politics in South Asia 1.1.2. Inception of Student Politics in Pakistan 1.1.3. Earlier Period of Student Politics in Sindh 1.1.4. Earlier Period of Student Politics in Punjab 1.1.5. Student Movement in Gen. Ayub Era 1.1.6. Student Movement in Gen. Yahya Khan Era 1.1.7. The Bhutto Period 1.1.8. The Gen. Zia Era 5.1.9. Religious Organizations 1.2. CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS: THE IJT PERSPECTIVE 154 154 156 156 157 158 161 162 164 165 165

ANNEX 2: REVIEWS AND COMMENTS ON REVISITING STUDENT POLIITICS IN PAKISTAN 177

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and (i v) t he e nd of c ol d war a nd we akeni ng of i deol ogi cal affiliati ons. One hi ghli ght ed f act or i s t he n u ber of f e a st udent s i n m m le ca puses. It i s e nvi sagedt hat wi t h e nabli ng e nvi ron ent i n m m represent ati ve struct ures oft he uni versities a gr eat reservoir f or peacebuil di ng and wo en leadershi p devel op ent is i n the m ak ng m m i and can be capit alized for peacef ul yout h acti on i n Pakistan.

i v. The Soci et al Setti ngs v. Resources andM o tivati on It is ar gued t hat st udent politics has fl ourished i n absence of effecti ve net wor ks of political parties and under pressure fro m t ot alitarian r egi es. The i nt ernati onal trends al so s upport t hi s m cont enti on. Thi s political fact or re a rel ati vel y sa eas t he past. m ins m Ho wever the nati onal and i nternati onal support for consoli dati ng de ocracy i n Pakist an has defi nitel y i ncreased. m It is t he acade ic environm en t hat has pheno enally changed m t m si nce 1947. These changes can be su m a m rized as :t he gr ow h and t m u m ing of t he uni versities, t he pri vatizati on of social ser vi ces shroo li ke t he educati on under t heSt r uct ural Adj ust en Pr ogra m eand m t m t he e ergence of pri vat e i nstit uti ons, gr eat er aut onom y of t he m i nstit uti ons, hi gher c o petition i n j ob pl ace en ri se i n f ee m m t, struct ure, changes i n exa i ati on struct ures, geogr aphic di spersi on m n of uni versities, de ographic change i n yout h popul ati on, open m political co m u icati on, fem a bul ge i n t he uni versities, hi gher m n le educati on ref or sand t he heavy i nvest en on hi gher educati on i n m m t Paki st an. St udent politics and its greater allies out si de t he ca puses have yet m t o realize and adj ust t o t he ext ent of all t hese changes i n t he acade ic sphere and it may be possi bl e t hat an unprecedent ed m transiti on t ow ds i ndependent st udent politics m ayoccur. W em ay ar obser ve t he i ncubati on of ca pus-based acti vis t hat affects t he m m larger soci et y, rat her t han always e anati ng fro political soci et y m m t o t he ca puses. m M o reover, cont e porary student s have ceased t o sol el y depend m upon holistic and t ot alitarian ideol ogi es t o m o e t heir acti vis ; tivat m rat her a ne wt endency for issue- based acti on has e e m rged. Gr o w ng l i vi ng st andards, e ducati on, ur bani zati on a nd i i ndustriali zati on a nd c hanges i n de ography c an a l s o ha ve m m o dernizi ng effects t o pr ovi de ne w s oci al f oundati ons f or t he partici pati on t o st udent politics i n Pakist an. St udent politics has been a traditi onal source of pr ovi di ngr esour ces t o t he or di nar y st udents for gr eat er soci al m oilit y and personal and b

STUDENT POLITICS: HISTORICAL CASE OF PAKISTAN

The st udent politics can beu nderst ood t hr ough its four m ilest one m o m en and t he changest hat have occurred i n bet ween. These ve ts are: i. ii. iii. i v. The Pakist anm ove en m t The uprisi ng of 1968- 69 The A ghan w and f ar, The m o m en agai nst i p siti on of e ergency by ve t m o m Pr esi dent G eneralM u sharraf.

The hi st ory of st udent politics is i nf or ed by t he fact t hat t he m st udent or gani zati ons have l ar gel y e xt ended as pirations of t he political parties and re a m ined dependent on t hese out side ca pus m forces for t heir operati ons. Advent uris m of pr ogressi ve st udent m ove en event uall y m t evaporat ed over ti e and t he political Isla ists radi cali zed t he m m politics t o an ext ent t hat t hey have beco e out of t ouch w t h t he m i cont e porar y ordi nary st udent s. m

STUDENT POLITICS: ANALYTICAL CASE OF PAKISTAN

Key changes i n t he f oll ow ng str uct ures have occurred f or t he i st udent politics: i. The Political Cont ext ii. The A m ic Envir on en cade m t iii. Legacy of t he Ideol ogi es and col d w ar

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pr ofessi onal devel op ent. Ho wever, t here are no w vari ous ot her m for s of associ ati onal traini ng and i ncenti ves, whi ch off er t he m st udent s alt er nati ve st r uct ures f or r esource b uildi ng a nd opport unities for upw d socialm o ilit y. ar b

MATRIX ON CHRONOLOGY OF STUDENT POLITICS IN PAKISTAN

A t wo- part co p m rehensi ve a nd det ail ed m a has a l s o been trix excl usi vel y co p by the st udy t o m inut el y recor d happeni ngs of m iled t he st udent politics i n P akist an. Thi s m a x pr oduces t wo tri chr onol ogi es of event s presenti ng perspecti ves of t he pr ogr essi ve st udentm ove en and t he IJ Ti ndependentl y. m ts
CONCLUSION

TESTIMONIES ON STUDENT POLITICS

The pr esent st udy also contai ns i nt er vi e w of 24 pasta nd a fe w s cont e porar y st udent activi sts al ongw h one f a e j our nalist m it m d co m en ng upon hi s st udent ti e The ai is not just t o gi ve m ti m s. m hi st orical account s on st udent politics but t o refl ect upon t he nat ure of ti e The e phasis is upon act ual practice of st udent politics m s. m rat her t han t he avowed rhetori c used t o enti ce st udent s t hen. These i nt er vi e w can so e m e be conf essi onal. They m ay l so m ake s m ti s a roo for reconciliati on a o practiti oners co ing from different m m ng m i deol ogi cal strands of t he st udent politics. Each i nt er vi e w has been sel ect ed on i ndi vi dual m e the courage ee rit, t o be open and candi d, w l li ngness t o questi on the past, a strong i sense of refl ecti on and flexi bilit y t o self-criticis . They pr ovi de m uni que i nf or a i n each exa p W ehear about i nt oler ance and m tion m le. narr owness of political coll eagues, transf or a m tion fro vi ol ent past m t o peacef ul and i ndependent acti vis , aeri al firi ng by a f e a m m le st udent leader, Af ghan war,c hil drens political part y, success of a t hird non-ali gned force, writer-leaders, foundi ng of a cam p us-based i ndependent gr oup, uni ag ned el ecti on vi ct or y, confessi ons of m i extracti ng boot y, st aunch agit at ors, chall engi ng t he hege ony, m soci al roots of aut horitarianis ,i ncepti on of pri vat e i nstit uti ons by m t he st udent leaders, t he i nfl ux of f undi ng co ing from Af ghan m jehad, hi gh achi evers i n st udent politics and m any ot hera necdot es, testi o ies, eye- w ness account s and experience- based anal ysis m n it t hat woul d peep t hrough wor ki ng of i nner circl es of st udent acti vists and t heirm en ors outsi de t he ca puses. t m Enough m a terial has also been pr oduced i n a seri es ofi nt er vi e w s t hat woul d buil d i ndept h case st udy of once an ent er prising st udent or gani zati on, t he Nati onalistSt udent s Or gani zati on ( NSO), and its event ual de ise. m

The present st udy suggests that gi ven di verse fact ors and changi ng vari abl es t he need t o i nstit ut e represent ati ve f or u s w t hi n t he m i gover nance struct ures of t he uni versities cannot be seta si de. A l l st akehol ders st udent s, student or gani zati ons, political parties, researchers, ci vil soci et y practiti oners and publi c i nt erest leaders, uni versit y ad in m istrat ors, educati on pl anners, poli cy m ak and t he ers gover n en f uncti onari es - wi ll have t o c ar ef ull y v i e w t he m t funda en transiti on i n student politics and also benefit fr o a m tal m devel op ental perspecti ve, wh er eby st udent politicsi s p art of m m rgi e e ng gover nance i ssues pert ai ni ng t o t he u ni versities a nd educati on ad in m istrati on. An i ncl usi ve regul at ory m ehani s f or c m t he st udent politics woul d d o f or t ransparent and a ccount abl e uni versit y syst e , not j ust t he restricti ve gover n en or ders. m m t

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. B ACKGROUND
Aft er decades of m ilitancyr ul e and vi ol ence, Paki stani st udent politics has r esist ed open a nd de ocratic c ult ures o f peace m irrespecti ve of t he countryss t r uggl e for and subsequentl y current transiti on to a full-fledged de ocracy. A cl oser l ook at t he hi st or y m woul d reveal that our educati onal i nstit uti ons have act uall y pr oven predecessors t o t he reli gi ous f unda en m talist politics in Paki st an. Co positi on of t he political Isla leadershi p t oday acr oss gr oups is m m a testi ony t o t his obser vati on. Ri ght fro t he m a m m rtial law eras i n t he 1960s, t he jargon of extre ist st udent politics had never ent ered m m a instrea di scourse and co m u ity l ocati ons until it bounded out m m n of its traditi onal sanct uar y - uni versit y ca puses - i n t he 1980s. m The Ge n. Zi a gover n en in Paki st an, i n an att e p to creat e its m t m t constit uency - i n search of legiti acy and recr uit en i nter nall y and m m t t o gar ner m o patronage for Af ghan war ext er nall y -s t art ed t o re revise curricul u ,pur ge political opponent s and encourage m ilitant m st udent gr oups, m o oft en p olitico-reli gi ous a nd e t hni c, t o re physi call y occupy college and uni versit y ca puses i n t he country. m The m e thod t o engage st udent cl ust ers w t h conflict approaches al so i i nvol ved m ak vi ol ence concei vabl e; so t hat it was t hi nkabl e and ing dee ed or di nar y and i nevit abl e. Ever y oppositi on was crushed w t h m i heavy hands. Educati on andm ed wer e t he m a t ool sb y whi ch ia in m ilitaris ent ered not onl y at t he pr acti cal l evels b ut al so m encr oached upon t he cognitive and soci al constructs of the polit ys educat ed i nhabit ants. Thr ough bot h i nstru en m ts, a m ilitarist di scourse was facilitated by m y m ak ng and ene y ai ng i n t he thi m - k m na e of nati onal i nt erest. To t his end, coll ecti ve vi olence was m m o ed and j ustified, as well as such convi cti ons were i nstilled tivat t hat m ade vi ol ence possi ble i n t he soci al, political and reli gi ous spheres. Thi s can be w t nessed in what we no w popularl y call a i Kal ashni kov cult ure w hi n the ca puses. it m

It was also kept i n vi gilant sur veillance t hat t he st udent s shoul d have lesser opport unities t o i nt eract w t h each ot her so t hat t he pr ospect s i of any st udent m oilizati onc oul d be m in ized. Ho wever, t here b m i wer e so e excepti ons t o the r ul e; i n t hat healt hy acti vities and m leadershi p devel op en pr ogra m e kept persisti ng i n as el ect fe w m t m s educati onal i nstit uti ons t hat have t raditi onall y been sources of pr ovi di ng pr ofessi onal and b ur eaucratic elite of t he country i e. Gover n en Coll ege, Ki nnaird Coll ege, and Ai t cheson Coll ege m t ( Lahore), etc. In short, onl y t hose i nstit utions woul d fl ourish who form ed eit her secul ar islands of hi gh pursuit for lear ni ng and career seeki ng or ot hers who i p m arted reli gi ous educati on for political expedi ency. The t hen m ilitary r egi ea l so e ncouraged par allel s yst e of m m M ad rassah ( r eli gi ous s e inari es) e ducati on by a d ini st eri ng a m m for a m lized zakat (Isla icreli gi ous tit he) syst e . m m The Ge n. M u sharraf govern en was co pelled t o reverse t he m t m poli ci es of col d war. Per cepti ons of co m u is knocked at its m nm doors no m o There was ar ene wed ent husi as for focusi ng m o re. m re attenti on and funds t o t he mai nstrea (secul ar) hi gher educati on. I n m 2002, t he gover n en pr om u ed ne w l egi sl ati on for hi gher m t lgat educati on ( N 2002) t hat vo wed t o get ri d of t he pastp oli ci es. It ov was based on t he report pr epared by t he t ask f orce o n hi gher educati on i n Paki st an ( a 2002) set up at t he federalm in M rch istry of educati on, gover n en of Pakist an, whi ch cl earl y enu erat ed i n its m t m m issi on st at e en t o build a tolerant and pluralistic society rooted m t in the culture of Pakistan. The decl arati on of lifti ng t he ban on st udent uni ons by t he present gover n en offers an opport unit y t o revisit t he effects of st udent m t politics on nati onal polit y and devi se wa ys t o strea line it i n ser vi ce m of peace l ovi ng and gender friendl y ca puses. m

1.2. E MERGING T RENDS AND O PPORTUNITIES

Cert ai n trends i n t he environ ent of educati on, especi all y tertiar y, m can be aggregat ed by t hose who beli eve i n open, di scri i nati on-free m and de o m cratic soci eties.

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These fact ors can be su m ari zed as: (i) dr astic i ncrease of fe a m m le st udent s, (ii) e e ng pri vat e uni versities and hi gher co petiti on m rgi m for career pl ace en (iii) more uni versities and lesser pol ari zati on m t, of st udent s on i dentit y and class di visi ons, (i v) great er urbani zati on and m ed exposure, and (i v) t he end of col d war and weakeni ng of ia i deol ogi cal affiliati ons. Nu ber of fe a st udents i n uni versities and degr ee- a w di ng m m le ar i nstit uti ons has risen to 178723, of whi ch 162757 wer e st udyi ng at public uni versities. As co pared t o 19 uni versities i n 1984 ( when m st udent uni ons wer e banned), t he nu ber of uni versities has risen t o m 124 (dat a cited fro t he H gher Educati on Co m issi on). In bot h m i m cases, t he di st ance lear ni ng uni versities and t heir st udents have not been count ed. The offici al e phasis upon hi gher educati on can be further gauged m by t he co parati ve fi gures of publi c i nvest en Si nce t he H gher m m t. i Educati on Co m issi on ( HEC) beca e acti ve, t ot al s pe ndi ng m m (recurrent + devel op en by t he HEC gre w by 344 percent i n real m t) ter sbet w m een 2001/ 2002 and 2005/ 20061. The critical m istake i n policy and pl anni ng, ho wever, has been t o pri oritize m anage en i ssues over t he pur pose of a c ade ic m t m asse b t o take education as a cooperati ve lear ni ng tri u phf or m lies m st udent devel op en rat her t han one- w di spersi on of kno w edge m t ay l t o pr oduce passi ve reci pi ents. W h appears t o be hi ghly needed is at t o redefi ne t he critical pot ential of uni versities and hi ghere ducati on i nstit uti ons and i ncul cat e a peace agenda for t he i n a m anner t hat m also s upports on- goi ng acade ic pr ogra m e a nd st udent m m s devel op ent i nitiati ves. m G rl-st udents are one such critical m a t hat coul d vanguar d t he i ss peacebuil di ng efforts in uni versities. W h ereas t hey can no w cherish t heir recent e e m rgence i n nati onal politics, t hey have yet to w n t heir i due share i n leadershi p positions of t he uni versities.

An open s oci al agenda whi ch put s pr e iu on gr eat er fe a m m m le partici pati on and leadershi pi s strat egi call y l ocat ed t o unsettle t he unde ocratic forces i n t hec a puses. It is also a relati vel y soft m m entry- poi nt for peace akers. The i dea t o subj ugati ngwo en is m m co parati vel y w m eaker i n t he ca puses. m The pr esent st udy is a dedicat ed and issue- based i nt erventi on for expl ori ng a venues of pr ogr essi ve a cti on f r o devel op en m m tal perspecti ve and co p m rehendi ng t he past st udent politics by it s practice rat her t han t he nor ati ve and i deol ogi cal asserti ons. m The narrati ve of t his st udy directs t o t he need for peacebuil di ng and wo enleadershi p i n educational i nstit uti ons of Pakist an. m

RESEARCH GOAL
v To co bat m ilitarist di scourse by articul ati ng a non- vi olent m and devel op en a genda f or uni versit y st udent s i n m tal Paki st an.

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES
v v To pr o o peacebuil di ng a nd gender e qualit y wi t hi n m te educati onal i nstit uti ons To bri dge i nf or a and kno w edge gap by hi st ori cal and m tion l di scursi ve revi e w of st udent politics i n Pakist an

1.3. M ETHODOLOGY AND SCOPE

Its a qualitati ve st udy based m a l y on i nt ensi ve m appi ng of in literat ure, i ndept h r eadi ng of secondar y dat a and pri m a dat a ry generat ed by i nt ervi e w of twent y-four vet eran st udent leaders and s four gr oup discussi ons w h the st udents. it A of t he m appi ng of literat ure was not onl y t o bri ng fort h m a m i in patt er ns of st udent politics b ut al so t o exa ine appr oaches of m different a ut hors. It was also hel pf ul i n pr esenti ngl ocal a nd

The World Bank, Report No. 37247 - HIGHER EDUCATION POLICY NOTE Pakistan: An Assessment of the Medium-Term Development Framework, June 28, 2006.

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i nt er nati onal t heoretical fra ew ks wher e a ut hors on st udent m or politics co efro . m m Duri ng i nt er vi e w we have been di screet t o expl ored et ails of s, event s w t h a m icro- vi e w t ol eadershi p enhance en opport uniti es i m t t hat t he st udent politics o ffered t o our i nt ervi e w a nd t heir ees count er parts i n vari ous peri ods of ti e m . Si nce t he st udy is fut ure- ori ent ed, it has resisted hi st ori calnarrati ves except for those of t he prim a sources and or al testim o ies and ry n where cases on nati onal st udentm o m en have been prepared. ve t The st udy also co p a co p m iles m rehensi ve m a on st udent politics trix i n Paki st an. Thi s chr onol ogyof event s can be a usef ul reference f or gli p ng t he hi st ori cal progress of st udent politics in Paki st an. m si Thi s det ailed chr onol ogy i s deri ved fr o vari ous s our ces and m presents a co p m lete docum en on of event s. In t hat sense, it tati directs t he pr esent aut hor to use hi st or y as a reference f or our di scursi ve anal ysis and at the sa eti et o re a faithf ul t o t he m m m in pri a nf or a m ryi m tion of our int er vi e w ees. For all pr actical pur poses, the known debat e over ban or no ban on st udent politics can be m isleadi ng. It takes t he essenti al vit ure or vi ce of st udent politics forgr antl edl y and t hr ow us t o a pol y ics s m t hat distracts us fro i p rtant questi ons, li ke: m m o
q q

The pr esent st udy i s a d eli berat ed, c onsulted a nd arti cul at ed response on t he nat ure of student politics i n Paki st an. Nevert hel ess, its scope is cl earl y de arcated w t hi n the geographi c lim itati ons of m i t he pr esent-day Paki st an. The st udent politics of t het hen East Paki st an is o itted. m The st udy fut her focuses upon uni versit y poitics as a m a e for of tur m st udent politics. It c overs s t udent politics generat ed i n m a jor uni versities and tackl es st udent or gani zati ons whi ch lay cl ai st o m have s o e per anent st ruct ures. I n t hat s ense, t he st udent m m or gani zati ons w t h adhoc mechani s li ke different alliances ie. i m Li beral St udent s Federati on, Li beral St udent s Council, Unit ed St udent s M o m en Bl ack Eagl es, et c and cast e- based st udent ve t, bodi es and st udent gr oups in s a cities and t owns have not been m ll t he focal poi nts of t his st udy. M o reover, t he st udy i ndi cat es t he politics a nd d y na ics of m i deol ogi es e p oyed b y P akist ani st udent politics r at her t han m l pr obi ng nat ure of t he holistice i deol ogi es as such.

1.4. BARGAD: P REVIOUS W ORK ON S TUDENT P OLITICS

BARGAD has a speci al t he a pl ace for st udent politics. The m tic or gani zati on t hi nks t hat various for sof st udent participati on and m represent ati on t o t he gover nance struct ures of educati on i nstit uti ons are necessar y for gr oo ing yout h leadershi p. They alsos t r engt hen m de ocracy i n Paki st an and incul cat e t he val ues of transparency and m account abilit y i n yout h ri ght at t heir doorsteps - t he ca p m uses. BARGAD h as or gani zed m o t han 30 p ubli c e vent s, gr oup re di scussi ons, di al ogues, st udy circl es, i nt eracti ve fil screeni ngs, m se inars a ong st udent s and a TVt al k show m m . Duri ng our first regi onal dial ogue on peace and yout h cooperati on i n Dece ber 2003, we alsoi nvit ed represent ati ves from Hu bolt m m Uni versit y, Berli n t o pr esent m o and wor ki ng o f st udent s del parlia en i n Ger any; so t hat t heir best practices, struct ures and m t m

q q q

W h does st udent politics happen? y W h have been t he dri vi ng fact ors and cont exts of st udent at politics i n Pa ki stan; whet her be p olitical, i deol ogi cal, acade ic, struct uaral, soci etal, de ographi c or i ndi vi dual? m m Ho w can w deci pher t he changi ng fact ors over ti e? e m Does politics i n ca puses j ust m e wor ki ng for political m ans parties? W h is t he li nk bet w at een educati on gover nance and t he st udent represent ati on and politics?

On practical gr ounds, our preparati on for de ocratic, peacef ul and m gender-friendl y st udent politics i n Paki st an woul d need unbi ased anal ysis and great er consultati on a ong vari ous stakeholders. m

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pr ocedures can be deli berated i n Paki st an. 2W e have also sought st udent s opi ni on on st udentu ni ons t hr ough our we bsit e si nce 2004 when it w first launched. as BARGAD assi gns and cel ebr at es cert ai n t he et o every year and m tries t o focus acti vities on t hat parti cul ar t he e W ededi cat ed 2007 m . t o t he t he e of st udent politics and hel d m any acti vities on t he m issue. M o reover, BARGAD has published t hree speci al nu bers of its m quart erl y m agazi ne on Student Politics and Organizations( 2008), Student Politics( 2006), and Violence at Campuses( 2001), and t w o vol u es dedi cat ed t o revi e w educati onal polici es of Pakist an . m The st udent politics has rem a ined dor an because of a ban on m t st udent uni ons all t hese years. No w t hat t he gover n en has deci ded m t t o r esu e it, as was al wa ys a dvocat ed by B ARGAD t he m , or gani zati on has been wo rki ng t o s et agenda f or t he st udent or gani zati ons vyi ng for ca pus represent ati on. For t hat a ri gor ous m strat egy and fra ew k wasd e vi sed w t h hel p fro experts i n M ay m or i m 2007 when no ot her gr oup coul d anti ci pat e a ret ur n of t he st udent uni ons i n Pakist an. Under t his strat egy, concept of a 15- day course on revisiti ng st udent politics was devel oped t o m en or core- gr oup of hi gher educati on t st udent s ever y year w t h an overall goal t o li nk st udent s w t h soci al i i causes wi t h particul ar r eference t o peacebuil di ng a nd wo en m leadershi p i n ca puses. This was lat er expanded i nt oa det ail ed m outli ne, whi ch was pr e-t ested t hr ough a sur vey on st udents political percepti ons. Ho wever, w t h t he publi cati on of Nati onal Sur vey on St udent i Politics, 2008 t he or gani zati on pr ovi ded a fresh perspecti ve on st udent s percepti ons on a nati onal scal e. Thi s sur vey has pr oved t o be a hi ghl y ori gi nal account and has affect ed all stakehol ders i nt erest ed i n t he issue t hes t udent s, educati onists, policy m akers, researchers,m ed and t he politici ans. ia
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W ith a sci entificall y desi gned 5 per cent sa p si ze o f all 23 m le general educati on publi c uni versities, BARGAD s nati onal sur vey was hail ed as t he largest ever consult ati ve st udy on st udent politics fro t he perspecti ve of st udents, t he gr ound br eaki ng st udy and m a r are wor k d one aft er t he Ha ood- ur- Reh an Co m issi on m m m Report on st udent pr obl e s and issues i n 1966. No t onl y t he m nati onal m ed but al so t he i nt er nati onal m ed a nd r esearch ia ia co m u it y favourabl y covered and revi e w the nati onal sur vey. m n ed The aut hor was also i nt ervi ewe d bot h by pri nt and el ectroni c m ed ia on several occasi ons. The t w launchi ng cere onies of t he N onal Sur vey on St udent o m ati Politics, 2008 furt her facilitat ed m u lti-stakehol der di al ogues on t he issue. One of t he i p m ortant out co es was t hat aft er its publi cati on m m any vet eran st udent leaders now nati onal political leaders have co e out t o publi call y di scuss t he st udent politics oft heir o wn m ti e M any have a c hanged vi e w n o w a nd s peak of t he m s. i ndependence of st udent politics fro outsi de politics. m BARAGD al so hel d a f irst ever nati onal conf erence of Vi ce Chancell ors on Peacebuil di ng and W o enLeadershi p Devel op en m m t i n C puses. m a It was hel d on 3- 5 M a 2009 i n Bhur ban, M u rch rree. The conference was pr ogra m edi n fi ve i nclusi ve sessi ons na e A s H gher m m ly; i of i m Educati on a nd Nati on Bui l di ng; Chall enges o f Yout h Radi calizati on; Peacebuil di ng and St udent Politics: Revisiti ng t he Past; W o enLeadershi p De vel op en i n Ca puses; Identifi cati on m m t m & P lanni ng for A on i n C cti am p uses. The m agnit ude of t he conference was ver y hi gh and unpar all el ed si nce m o t han 12 wort hy V ce Chancell ors al ong w t hs eni or m o re i i st facult y m e b of differentu ni versities fro acr oss Paki st an t ook m ers m part t here i n. They i ncl ude Uni versit y of Bal ochi st an, Quett a; Uni versit y of Pes ha war; Uni versit y of Agri cult ure Fai sal abad; Lahore Coll ege for W o enUni versit y; Uni versit y of Gujrat; DO m W Uni versit y of Healt h Sci ences Kar achi; K nnaired Coll ege Lahor e, i Sar dar Ba hadur Khan W o en Uni versit y Quett a; Uni versit y of m Central Punj ab Lahor e; Go al Uni versit y D I. Khan; Quaid-i- A m m . za Uni versit y Isla abad; The Isl a ia Uni versit y of Baha wapur; CB m m M Kar achi and Uni versit y of t he Punj ab Guj ranw a Ca pus. Besi des al m

See BARGAD. Report: First Regional Dialogue on Peace and Youth Cooperation, Gujranwala: BARGAD, 2003.

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t his august gat heri ng t here wer e chairpersons and deansof different faculties Punj ab Uni versit y Lahore; Si ndh Uni versit y ofJ a shor o; m and Uni versit y of Sar godha. The wi der c onsult ati on on st udent politi cs has cr eat ed a n environ en t hat has m ade possi bl e open and public di scussi ons on m t t he i ssue r i ght wi t hi n t he uni versities a nd hi gher e ducati on struct ures. E w rst hile, it w a tabooed subj ect. as

CHAPTER 2: MAPPING THE LITERATURE

Thr ough our m appi ng of the literat ure, we f ound t hef ol l ow ng i m a trends on st udent politics i n Pakist an: jor The s chol arl y l it erat ure on p oliti cs narrat es general contri buti on of st udents and young peopl e t o vari ous nati onal m o m en but it does not de onstrat es yout h as a ve ts m di sti nct gr oup t hat is self-consci ous of t heir independent gr oup i dentit y. Research on st udent politics has b een largel y done by vet eran l eaders affiliated wi t h st udent or gani zati ons on i deol ogi calgr ounds; or it is co posed of m i nt er vi e w ne w paper a nd on-li ne writ e-ups, o ral s, s testi o ies, m n or gani zational docu ents m a nd aut obi ographi cal account s of political hi st ory. Academ ic wor k on t he t opi c is generall y unpublished and has been co p m leted t o pursue M A phil and Ph D d e gr ess i n /M vari ous uni versities of Pakistan. Lit erat ure on st udent politics m o y f ocuses upon t he stl m o tivati onal f act ors i. e. i deol ogy, beli ef s yst e and m personal appeal of recruit en t o nati onal m o m en m t ve ts. Ther e is lesser literat ure on the possi bilit y of devel op ental m appr oach; i n t hat ho w t he st udent politics has contri but ed t o enhanci ng r esources f or a cti vists and opport unities f or soci al m ob y. The s oci o- political f act ors a nd i ts ilit co patabilit y wi t h e xpandi ng e ducati on s yst e s and m m pr ogra m ing have also been rarel y t ouched i n narrati veof m st udent politics. Ther e have been f our m i est one m a m o m en i n l ss ve ts Paki st an i n whi ch st udents wer e politicall y quit e acti ve and si gnificantl y vi si bl e i n t he publi c acti on: (i) t he Paki stan m o m en (ii) t he uprisi ngo f 1968- 69, (iii) t he Af ghan ve t, war and, and (i v) t he m oe en agai nst i positi ono f vm t m m rgency by Presi dent G e e eneralM u sharraf. H st or y of st udent politics indi cat es t hat it is ext ensi ono f i nati onal or ot her political parti es. It has e anated fro m m larger political cont ext out si de t he ca puses i.e. political m parties and t he i deol ogi cal l oyalties t hat t hey ca e from , m

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and pl ayed a pr oxy cont est for politici ans i n t he pr esenceof successi vem ilitary regi es in Pakist an. m A revi e w of st udent politicsi n Paki st an woul d reveal that de ocratic a nd p olitical acti vis of yout h i s l ar gel y m m m i i ag ned as m ass politics, st reet po wer a nd i nt ense uprisi ngs. W ith t he advent of Af ghan Jehad, t he m ilitant tendenci es rose fro t his politics, where do inant st udent m m gr oups act ed as m a m oilizers and recr uiti ng agenci es of ss b yout h for t his jehad if not t he articul at ors. Ther e are vari ous expl anations of st udents di si nt eresti n m a instrea st udent politics, f or e xa p vi ol ence i n m m le ca puses, ban o n st udent politics, weaker political m or gani zati ons a nd l esser a ffor dabilit y of e ducati on e tc. Ho wever, so e literat ure woul d ar gue t hat t his si gnifi es m aversi on of st udents t ow ards do inant for s of ca pus m m m politics rat her t han rej ecti ngi t per se. Ther e are verifi abl e i ndi cati ons t hat st udent s appr ove uni on acti vities wi t hi n ca puses but disappr ove politics [of t he past]. m The di sti ncti on bet w een percepti on of st udent politics and uni ons a ong t he literat e yout h can pr ovi de us i nsi ght s m about what ki nd of politics is accept abl e t o t he st udent s and ho w t hats called apolitical by t he m a instrea political m act ors i n t he countr y. W ith t he recent e e m rgenceo f i nt erest i n ci vi c acti vism , t here has been so e m a m terial on partial nati onal scal e on yout hs political percepti ons and trust i n political syst e . m The r evi e w of m ilest one m o m en suggest s t hat t he ve ts cont e porar y st udent s ar e politicall y behavi ng q uit e m differentl y t han pr evi ous hi st ori cal exa p m les. Ther e isa st ark depart ure fro hi st orical trends. It woul d co pelu s m m t o go beyond t he hi st ori cal appr oaches t o co p m rehend the changi ng nat ure of yout h political partici pati on i n Paki stan and e xpl ore i nt er pret ati ons o f t he c hange i n st udents coll ecti ve behavi our fr o t he s oci o- political, acade ic, m m struct ural, devel op en and ps ychol ogi cal fact ors that m tal m ight have caused t he shift. A co b m inati on of e ergi ngf act ors li ke t he de ography, m m m ed and I CTs, i ncreased urbani zati on, great er enr oll e t ia m n of wo en yout h especi all ya t t he hi gher educati on level, m t he ci vil s oci et y st rengt heni ng a nd t he i ncenti ves f or

political partici pati on ar e p ossi bl y c hangi ng p olitical behavi our of t he present-day st udent s. To foll ow t he hi st orical traces of st udent politics can be a frustrati ng exercise i n our nati onal m ilieu. The excl usi ve m a terial on st udent politics is a rarit y. Onl y one book of a pr ogressi ve w riter ( Pr of. Azi z- ud- di n Ah ad) can bec i t ed as a dedi cat ed publi cati on. The m rest of such literat ure, al o all avail abl e, on st udent politics has m st been generat ed by Isla iJam iat Taal ba and its affiliat e i ndi vi dual s m and gr oupsm a y t o groo t he obser vant cadres. inl m The a cade ic t ext i s pr acticall y s hel ved i n l i braries a nd i s m unublished. In t he m a instrea literat ure on politics and hi st ory, a few foot not es m on st udent partici pati on andp ol itics i n t he vast body of hi st ori cal account s coul d m ake t heir space; i n whi ch the nati onal m o m en ve ts are f ocus of t he st udi es and t he st udent s a nd t heir pot enti al co p m en t he force of such m o m en They for p art of a m le ts ve ts. m great er nati onal i dentit y and ar e not s elf-consci ous of t hei r di sti ncti veness as an or gani zed st udent body. In t hese account s, st udenta nd yout h is not t he subject. Their pot enti al and yout hf ul ness to ser ve a great er nati onal cause is what i nt erests t he aut hors. W emay fi nd docu en on of event s but no m tati anal ysis is gi ven on st udent politics itself. Thi s ar gu en is especi ally true f or t he first t hree out of f our m t m ilest one m o m en whenP a ki st ani st udents are deem ed t o be ve ts politicall y acti ve: (i) t he Pakist an m o m en (ii) t he uprisi ng of ve t, 1968- 69, (iii) t he Af ghan war, and (i v) t he m o m e t agai nst ve n m ositi i p on of e e m rgency by Pr esi dent G eneralM u sharraf. In fact, onl y i n t he last m ilest one m o m en t he m o recent one, ve t, st we have f ound t hat st udents and yout h as an i ndependent and hi ghli ght ed entit y have e e m rged i n publi c di scussi ons. W ecan see t hat i n a nal ytical t er s t his c ourse of i nquir y b egan wi t h m de ographi c st udi es r at her t han t he hi st ori cal a nd p olitical m literat ure.

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In t he first exa p of Paki st an m o m en we havet o br o w m le ve t, se wor ks of a ut hors li ke Ay esha Jal al ( 2001), St ephen P. Cohen (2004), K K A z, Sir dar Shaukat Ha yat Khan (1995),e t c. Thei r . . zi narrati ves shed so eli ght in ter sof event s and develop ents on m m m when and wher e t he youngp e opl e, especi all y as t hreeo r gani zed gr oups, as t he M u m Nati onal Guar ds, A l Indi a M u sli l slim St udent s Federati on and Punj ab M u m St udent s Federati on, m oili zed t he sli b M u m popul ati on of United I ndi a i n different l ocalities duri ng sli t heir ca p gn for a separat e ho e m ai m land, Pakist an. 3 Thi s m a instrea schol arship of Paki st an m o m en is a cl assi c m ve t exa p of ra w m en oni ng of event s when it co e t o yout h m le ti m s acti vis int hem ak ng of Paki st an and t he partiti on of Indi a. m i Ian Tal bot (1996) ho wever is an excepti on, who is deeply consci ous of t he rol e t hat t he M u slim Nati onal Guar ds ( N s) pl ayed i n M G Paki st an m o m en and t he hi st ori ans negl ect of t hese yout h ve t vol unt eers. He woul d rat here phasi ze i n a dedi cat ed chapt er t hat m t hese vol unt eers wer e as m uch a s y bolic underpi nni ng of m Paki st ani nati onalis as t he ne w flag and ant he [of Pakist an]. 4 m m They de onstrat ed publi c partici pati on i n t he freedom str uggl e m especi all y i n ur ban areas of nort her n Indi a. They alsop r ovi de a bott o -up vi e w of t he politics of M u m League t hat traditi onall y m sli was elitist li ke ot her c ont est ants. At one poi nt, Sal ar-i- A m za ( Co m ander i n Chi ef) of the M N s cl ai si n hi s autobi ogr aphy m G m t he nu ber of its m e b was ar ound 300, 000 yout h onl y i n one m m ers pr ovi nce Bengal. Accor di ng t o Tabl ot, t he fearso eappearance of m ilitant Ras htri ya m Swaya Sevak Sangh ( RSS)f r o t he H ndu co m u it y m u have m m i m n st so ei nfl uence upon founding of t he Nati onal M u m Guar ds; as m sli
3

t he pi oneers of M N s ca e fro t he RSSs heartlandi n Nagpur. G m m The M N s wer e i nvol ved i n pr opaganda, or gani zati on a nd G m anage en of political m eti ngs and relief wor k acti vities f or t he m t M u m co m u it y. Ho wever bot h t he RSS and t he M N w ll al so sli m n Gs i be r e e b m m ered as l eadi ng gr oups of m o ng vi ol ence a nd unti reli gi ousm ilitancy duri ng t he partiti on of Indi a. Secondl y: In t he post-i ndependence era, st udent s rol e is i ndirectl y hi ghli ght ed i n Lal Khans recent book, launched i n 2009, fr o a m trade uni on and M a rxist perspecti ve when he docu en he event s m tst of 1968- 69 and uprisi ng for indi cati ng a revol uti on i n Pakist an. 5 Thir dl y, Af ghan Jehad peri od gi ves us st ark exa p of st udents m les rol e i n nati onal politics. This ho wever m ixes bot h pr ocedur al and illegiti a acti vis as com p m te m ared t o ot her m ilest one m o m en ve ts whose apparent pur pose wa s peacef ul and w t hi n t he do ains of i m law The political rall yi ng and pr opaganda for the Jehada gai nst t he . sovi et Russi a m an ifest ed pr ocedural a cti vis , but t he a ct ual m recruit en m ilitary trai ni nga nd ot her subversi ve acti vities poi nt ed m t, t o illegiti a acti vis for t he Jehadi cause w t h t he incepti on of m te m i st udent and yout h gr oups beli evi ng i n revol uti on t hr ough ar ed m struggl e (jehad). Ther e is a strand of literat ure and publi c stat e en ofi port ant m ts m political fi gures t hat woul da s sert that st udents and yout h wer e ext ensi vel y r ecr uited f or the Af ghan Jehad ca pai gn and it is m regar ded as one of t he open secrets of nati onal politics har dl y chall enged b y a ny p olitical c o m en or. M any e inent m tat m personalities li ke t he late Prim eM in ister M sBenazir Bhutt o (2008), Gener al Per vai z M u sharraf (2006), A bassador Hussain Ha qqani m (2005), et c., endorse t he existence of a ca pai gn for af ghan war m w t hi n Paki st an. 6 Ho we ver there is ver y little i nvesti gati on on t he i det ails and act ual operati ono f yout h recr uit en and the political m t
5

See Khan, Shaukat Hyat. A Nation that Lost its Soul Lahore: Jang Publishers, 1995. Jalal, Ayesha. Self and Sovereignty: Individual and community in South Asian Islam since 1850 Lahore, Pakistan: Sang-E-Meel Publications, 2001. Cohen, Stephen Philip. The Idea of Pakistan, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2004.
4

Khan, Lal. Pakistans Other Story: The 1968-69 Revolution. Lahore: The Struggle Publications, 2008.
6

See details in pp.59-80. Talbot, Ian. Freedoms Cry: The Popular Dimensions in the Pakistan Movement and Partition Experience in North-West India, Karachi: Oxford University Press: 1996.

See examples in Bhutto, Benazir. RECONCILIATION: Islam, Democracy and the West, London: Simon & Schuster, 2008. Musharraf, Pervez. In the Line of Fire: A Memoir, London: Simon & Schuster, 2006. Haqqani, Hussain. Pakistan: Between Mosque And Military, Lahore: Vanguard Books, 2005.

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partici pati on of yout h i n t his ca p gn. The offi ci al versi ons of m ai Isla i Ja iat Tal aba (IJT), s i st er or gani zati on of t heJ a aat-em m m Isla i, pr ovi de us aut henti c i nsi ghts about t heir politicals upport t o m Af ghan Jehad t hrough a series of Jehad conferences. They uphol d and t ake cr edit f or t he success of j ehad agai nst soviet Russi a t hr ough politicalm o ilizati on of yout h. 7 b Duri ng t he sa e peri od, secul ar nati onalist st udent groups al so m resort ed to vi ol ent and m ilitant tendenci es w t h m a ve use of ar s i ssi m and occupati on over ca puses. m It is t he fourt h and latest m ilest one m o m en agai nst im p on of ve t, ositi m rgency rul e by Ge neral M u e e sharraf, whi ch has reall ywo ken t he worl d by st udent c oll ective a cti on a nd m an ifests a s t udent co m u it y t hat has act ed i na n or gani zed m anner for rule of la w i n m n Paki st an. It has cr eat ed f or a pl atfor s w t hi n a nd o ut si de m l m i ca puses. Ne w st udent or gani zati ons li ke t he St udent s Acti on m Co m ittee, Uni versit y St udent s Or gani zati on ( USF) a nd I nsaf m St udent s Feder ati on ( I SF) h a ve been f ounded. Th e a ged- ol d m o nopol y of IJT i n t he bi ggest uni versit y of Paki st an, The Punj ab Uni versit y, was also br okena ft er a spat e of st udent prot est agai n m anhandli ng of cri cket er-t ur ned- politici an I ran Kh a n i n m Nove ber 2007. The present m o m en is ur ban, m o recepti ve t o m ve t re m ixed gender i nt eracti ons, non-affiliat ed w t h political parties and is i ext ensi vel y usi ng virt ual space, web- bl oggi ng, el ectroni cm e ssagi ng and cont e porary t ools of co m u icati on. m m n The scal e of t he l at est move ent is debat abl e as co pared t o m m previ ous exa p m les. In Paki st ani perspecti ve, p ol itical partici pati on o f yout h i s practicall y t o speak of st udent acti vis .The m a charact eristi c of m in t his acti vis is its dependence and affiliati on w t h political parties. m i Ther e have ver y fe w i ndependent st udent or gani zati ons. In t he f our m ilest one political m o m e t s of yout h, t he non- affiliated acti vists ve n have surfaced i n t he lat estm ove en for rul e of la wi n Pakist an. m t
7

A l ook at t he list of Paki st ans m a st udent or gani zations woul d jor reveal t hat all t hese bodi es wer e sister or gani zati ons of t heir m o ther political parties. I n c ase o f har dcore l eftist or gani zati ons, under gr ound political gr oups woul d contr ol t he st udento per ati ons and t he affliati on w never publi call y owned. as The list of affiliat ed st udent or gani zati ons i ncl ude the M u m sli St udent s Federati on ( SF Isla iJa iat Tal aba (IJT), A l Paki st an M ), m m l St udent Or gani zati on ( APSO Peopl es St udent s Organi zati on ), ( PSF), I nqal abi M ahaz-e-Tal aba ( I T De ocratic St udent s M ), m Or gani zati on ( DSF), Nat i onal St udent s Feder ati on ( NSF), Nati onalist St udent s Or ganizati on ( NSO Al l Paki st an M u ), hajir St udent s Or gani zati on ( APM SO Bal och St udent s Organi zati on ), ( BSO Anj u an Tal aba-e-Isla ( ATI), J a iat Tal aba-e-Isla ), m m m m (JTI), Pukht un St udent s F e der ati on ( PkSF), I nsaf St udent s Federati on ( I SF), J aye Si ndh Tal aba M ahaz, Si ndhi Shagir d Tahreek ( SST) et c. The st udent politics was also di vi ded by an i nt ense i deol ogi cal struggl e bet w een t he political Isla ists and t he left-ori ent ed parti es m i n an over-all environ en of col d war. The bul k of literat ure t hus m t rel at es st udent acti vis t o adherence t o t he i deol ogi cal i deas and m when t hese c o m it en a r e n ot pr esent no w t hey woul d m m ts , aut o a m ticall y c all ne w a nd p oliticall y non- part y a cti vis m as apolitical. 8T hei r st andpoi nt m ayno w be unaccept abl e by m a y jorit of t he st udents as has beeni ndi cat ed by t he Nati onal Sur vey on St udent politics, 2008, but it is wort h- en oni ng t hat bot h t hese m ti ri ghtist and leftist acti vists have been t he leadi ng forces of st udent acti vis in Pakist an i n t he post-i ndependence era. m It is nevert hel ess t o t he credit of AP SO and BS O t hat t hey M preceded a nd c aused t he f or a m tion of t heir [ present] m o ther political parties. AP SO was founded i n June 11, 1978 whil e t he M BS O ca ei nt o bei ng i n 1967, bot h pri or t o t he parti es t hey ar e no w m
8

See interviews of Chiefs of the IJT (Shabbir Ahmed Khan, Meraj ud din, Ejaz Ahmed, Rashid Nasim, Amir ul Azeem and Seraj ul Haque) in Jab Woh Nazam-e-Ala Thay, Vol. 3, Lahore: Idara Mutbooat-e-Talaba, edition 3, Jan 2008.

See for example, Ahmad, Aziz-uddin. Pakistan Mein Talaba Tehreek, Lahore: Mashal, 2000, and Tareekh Jamiat Committee. Jab Woh Nazim-e-Ala Thay (Vol 1, 2, 3, 4) Lahore: Idara Matbooaat-e-Talaba. [Ahmad in his recent newspaper writings, however, seems to have revised earlier stands expressed in his book.]

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politicall y ali gned. 9T hi s shoul d ho wever be m en onedt hat BS O ti leadershi p was part and parcel of the Nati onal Awa i Part y ( NAP). m In fact its founder Dr. Ha yeeBal och was el ect ed M N Aon t he ticket of NAP, whil e he was still secretray general of t he BS O. Li ke w se i i n t he case of NS O a gr oup of pr ofessors concei ved the st udent or gani zati on. In any case, if not a m a instrea political part y, gr oups m of el ders wer e al w i n t hes cene even i n t he case of indepentl y ays gr own st udent organi zati ons. So eanal ysts woul d also argue t hat w t hi n t he overall pri nci pl es of m i political-Isla ic i deol ogy gui ded by t he t eachi ngs o f M au m lana M audaudi, t he IJ T has act ed i ndependentl y and so e e led its m tim s m o part y t he JI especi all y i n t he Zulfi qar A i Bhutto era rat her ther l t han foll ow ng. 10 PI LDAT s di scussi on paper also i ndirectly cl ai s i m t o t he sa eeffect for t he Gen. Zi a regi e it is also believed t hat m m : t he decisi on was based onr e ports t hat anti-gover n ent st udent m alliances had gai ned consi derabl e i nfl uence and strength and t hese coul d pose a t hreat t o Gen. Zi a- ul- H aqs gover n en 11 Per haps it m t. m lies i p t hat t he IJT differed w t h t he JI poli cy of coll aborati ng w t h i i Gen. Zi a and was t hen part of t he anti-gover n ent alliance. Sal an m m Abi d also supports t his t heory of partial difference bet ween t he IJT and JI duri ng t he Ge n. Zi as rul e. 12 Ne vert hel ess t his iss e ver el y cont est ed on hi st ori cal evi dence and taken as an eff ort t o condone JIs collaborati on w h t hem artial law aut horities. it Ther e ar e t wo m a e xplanati ons f or dependence of st udent jor acti vis over t he political p arti es: (i) t he i ncepti ono f st udent m politics by t he leadi ng political part y t o facilitat e t he struggl e f or
9

i ndependence [ Thi s is also true for Indi a], and t he (ii) contr ol and ban on political leaders t hrough restricti ve law li ke t he Publi c and s Repr esent ati ve Of fi ce D squalificati on Act ( PRODA) i n1 9 49, t he i El ecti ve Bodi es D squalificati on Or der ( EBDO i n 1960 and t he i ) Political Parties Act of 1962a nd t hen t he successi ve unde ocrati c m regi es specificall y i n Paki st an. The pr oponent s of t hel att er i dea m m a tai n t hat i n t he a bsence of political pr ocess, the def unct in political l eaders c hose t o s ho w t heir m u scles t hr ough st udent or gani zati ons. 13 T hi s also creat ed a space for street anda git ati on politics. It is no coi nci dencet hat t hroughout t he 1950s and till lat e 1960s onl y t hose st udent organi zati ons i n W e Paki st an present st day Paki st an - coul d thri ve i n ca puses whi ch adheredt o radi cal m versi ons of changi ng t he soci et y fro t heir respecti ve ri ghtist and m leftist standpoi nts. Political parties have capit alized upon show ng of m u es, street i scl po wer and i nt ense uprisi ngs t hrough st udent politics untilt he 1990s when t he st udent uni ons w event uall y banned. ere In t he pr e-i ndependence era, t he hi st ori an Sharif ul M uahi d cit es j exa p bet w m les een 1 937 a nd 1946, when t he f ear of st udent de onstrati ons det erred m a y l eadi ng pr ovi nci al chi efs such as m n Fazl ul Haq, Khi zr Ha yat Khan Ti w ana and G . Syed t or evolt and M . chall enge t he leadershi p of Quai d-e- A m M u m m ad A i Ji nnah za ha l and pl ayed a cr uci al r ol ei n s ust ai ni ng Ji nnah i n hi s si ngul ar leadershi p. 14 Li ke w se, Gen. Ayub Khanhi self accused M au i m lana M audaui of creati ng st udent troubl es i n Nove ber 1963 bef ore banni ng t he m JI. 15 The event s of 1968 are also testi o ials t o t he street po wer of m n st udt ents and yout h. Syed W a Nasr (1994) and Javed Hash i li m (2005) post ul at e t hat t he role of agit ati onal politics of the st udent s was ext ended t o so m u hei ghts agai nst t he Zulfi qar A i Bhutt o ch l
13

See Interview with Mir Hasil Bizenjo, Secretary General, National Party.

See pages 57-67 in Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza. The Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution: The Jama'at-i Islami of Pakistan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
10 11

PILDAT, Proposed Revival of Students Unions in Pakistan: Discussion Paper, Islamabad, Revised: September 2008, p.5. Abid, Salman. Talba Siyasat, Siyasi Shaoor or Bhatta Khori kay Dirmiyan, in Monthly Awami Jamhoori Forum. Issue No. 46,. pp-22-25 http://www.awamijamhoriforum.org/46thissue/innerpage.php?type=Art%20 11&image_id=1

Interview with Aamir Riaz, Editor monthly Awami Jamhoori Forum. Mujahid, Sharif al. CHAPTERS FROM HISTORY: Students role in the Pakistan Movement. Daily Dawn, June 30, 2002 Ghulam Ghous, The Jamaat-e-Islami of Pakistan in Ayub Era (1958-69), MPhil Thesis (unpublished), Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 2001.

14

12

15

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regi e t hat t hey wer e t he r eal oppositi on l eadi ng m a m instrea m political parties. W ith t he arri val of Af ghan war, a ne w el e en of m ilitancy rose t o m t its peaks wi t h open di spl ay of ar s w t hi n c a puses. 16 m i m Subsequentl y t he st udent uni ons wer e banned by M a rtial l a w notificati on i n 1984. On 1 Jul y, 1992, ever y st udent and hi s parent s/ guar di an wer e bound by t heS upr e eCourt of Paki st ant o gi ve an m undert aki ng at t he ti eof ad issi ons not t o i ndul ge in politics. m m Ever y coll ege and uni versit ys t udent i n Paki st an has t o provi de t his affi davit till dat e. The Supre eCourt furt her banned all st udent uni ons on 10 M a m rch 1993. St udent or gani zati ons have resisted this ban. Ne vert heless t here is vast support for t he ban especi all y fro t he educati oni sts si de who m t hi nk t hat st udent uni on activities have contri but ed t o vi ol ence and m ilitancy a nd di sr upti on o f st udi es i n c a puses. I n a n m unpr ecedent ed m o V ce Chancell ors of all publi c and pri vat e ve i uni versities of Pakist an i n a nati onal tele-conference regar ded it i nappr opri at e t o lift t he bana t t he present critical sit uati on of t he country. They r at her s upport ed t he gr o w h of s oci eti es a nd t associ ati ons w t hi n ca puses. They furt her accused t he uni ons of i m bei ng a source of vi ol ence and di srupti on i n st udi es. 17S o m evet eran st udent acti vists also now appr ove deli nki ng st udents wit h nati onal political parties and vi ol ence of t he past. 18 Two m a sur veys on st udent/ yout h politics confir t hat st udent s jor m negati vel y vi e w the i nfl uence of out si de ca pus politics. Ho wever m
16

it was found out by t he National Survey on Student Politics, 2008 , t hat aversi on of st udent s is t ow ds do inant for s f ca pus ar m m o m politics li nkage w t h political parties, vi ol ence, i deologi es et c i rat her t han rej ecti ng it per se. There are verifiabl e i ndi cati ons t hat st udent s appr ove uni on activities w t hi n ca puses but di sappr ove i m politics. That m e t hatt hey wa nt t o engage t hem sel ves i n ans essenti all y political acts but seek t o re a out si de t he i nfl uences of m in for a i nstit uti ons of gover nm en conventi onal political act ors (i. e. m l t, parties), and traditi onal for s of political behavi our. 19 m The f or a m tion of ne w st udent bodi es li ke t he St udent s Acti on Co m ittee ( SAC), I SF andUni versit y St udent s Federati on ( USF) m duri ng the last t hree years and t heir rol e i n t he m o m ent agai nst ve m ositi i p on of e e m rgency rule by t he Gener al M u sharraf gover n en m t also de onstrat es si ilar effects of a ca pai gn- based politics on m m m issues rat her t han subscri bi ng t o parties, i deol ogi es or vi olence. Our revi e w of literat ure suggests t hat t he latest st udent uprisi ng is uni que in its charact er as co pared t o first t hree exa pl es of t he m m Paki st an m o m en t he uprisi ng of t he 1968- 68 and the Af ghan ve t, Jehad politics. Tr ends have hugel y c hanged. So t he hi st ori cal appr oach t o u nderst and t he st udent/ yout h parti ci pati on i n de ocracy and politics is likel y to fail at expl ai ni ng t hen e w for s m m of gr oup cohesi on, net wor ki ng and m oilizati on of student s and b yout h i n Pakist an. Ther e is a need t o revisit t he st udent politics and pr obe soci opolitical, acade ic, i deol ogical, soci et al envir on ents and i dentify m m resources and m o tivati on for ent eri ng i nt o t he st udent politics and see if t hese are no w e erging i n ot her avenues of st udent life i n m ca puses as w m ell.

Interview with Senator Anisa Zeb Tahirkheili, twice elected vice president of the Peshawer University Students Union, and later the founding Secretary General of the Peoples Youth Organization and a Federal Minister.
17

Daily Dawn, 12 April 2009.

18

Interviews with Anisa Zeb Tahir Kheili, Fayyaz Baqir and Pervaiz Rashid, and see strong views of Jehangir Badr (now Sect. Gen. PPP) and Khawaja Saad Rafique (MNA PML-N) in Press Release: Discussion on Educational Institutions and Wings of Political Parties? in PU, Nov 17, 2008 http://www.pu.edu.pk/press/press_release-17-nov-08.asp

19

Butt, Iqbal Haider. National Survey on Student Politics, 2008, Gujranwala: Bargad, 2008. and Centre for Civic Education (CCE) Political Participation of Youth in Pakistan, Undated.

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CHAPTER 3: UNDERSTANDING STUDENT POLITICS

and Ghandi an st udent s opposed t o j oi n t he war. It wasul ti a y m tel t he A SCt hat led Indi a t o Independence. I The M u m Indi a di ver ged t o ot her directi on and de anded a sli m separat e st at e. Thi s was m aifested i n for a n m tion of t heAl l -I ndi a M u m St udent s Federati on( AI SF) i n 1937. Thi s st udent body sli M was an affiliated subsi di ar yo f t he A l Indi a M u m League li ke l sli t heir AI SC c ount er parts associ at ed wi t h t he I ndi an Nati onal Congress. Its goal was a separat e ho e m land for t he M u m s whi ch sli , was ulti a y achi eved i n August 1947. m tel AI SFs r ol e was s o m uch cr uci al, accor di ng t o S harif-ulM M u d, 20i t pr acticall y ser ved as a substit ut e t o t he provi nci al jahi M u m Leagues, whi ch wer e ri dden by personal and facti onal feuds sli m a ong t heir leaders. AI SFwa s a per pet ual bal anci ng and pr essur e M gr oup upon t he pr ovi nci al leaders for not cr ossi ng t hel i nes and co p m ising or gani zati onal agenda i. e. all ot en of part y ticket s m ro m t for t he 1946 el ecti ons. Thei r si gnificance also rose because Quai de- A m listened t o t he as he di d t o no ot her or gani zed group. za m St udent s wer e also i nstru e al i n shapi ng a pr ogressi vef ace t o t he m nt M u m League. For exa p t hey st aged a de onstrati on i n favour sli m le, m of the aboliti on of za indari (absent ee landl or di s ) wh en t he UP m m League W o i ng Co m ittee was m e rk m eting at A l ahabad i n 1945. l They also i nfl uenced t he Punj ab League t o dr a w up a progr essi ve m an ifest o. AI SF was a c o m u icati on l i nk bet w M m n een M u slim League leadershi p and t hem a sses. AI SF gr oo ed its vol unteers by est ablishi ng trai ni ngc a ps f or M m m el ecti on ca pai gni ng i n A gar h, Dacca, Cal cutta, Lahor e a nd m li Pesha w Onl y i n Punj ab there wer e over 2000 trai nedv ol unt eers ar. (1945). The success of ci vildi sobedi ence m o m en duri ng earl y ve ts 1947 i n Punj ab, N FP and Assa are largel y attri but ed t o t he W m AI SF 21I n short, it was t he st udent power on streets t hat present ed M . t hem a face of Paki st anm o m ent. ss ve
20

3.1. H ISTORICAL C ASE OF PAKISTAN

H st ori cal case of st udent politics i n Paki st an pr esents four m a i jor cul inati ng poi nts of peri od when st udents consistentl y ca pai gned m m and t heir m a m oilizati onwa s strongl y felt i n t he political and ss b public life of t he country. Thesem ove en are: m ts The Paki st anm ove en m t The uprisi ng of 1968- 69 The A ghan w and f ar, The m ove en a gai nst i m p on of e ergency by m t ositi m Pr esi dent G eneralM u sharraf.

In pr e-i ndependence Paki st an, t he st udent politics has been lar gel y dri ven by nati onal parties a n d i t s i ncepti on was c a used by a m o m en r un o ut si de walls of t he c a puses, n a e t he ve t m m ly i ndependence m o m en agai nst t he British and f orm aki ng of ve t Paki st an. In undi vi ded Indi a, st udent m u scles wer e first shown i n t he er upti on of ca pus pr ot ests agai nst the British Si on Co m ission (1928), m m m whi ch vi sit ed I ndi a i n c onnecti on wi t h a ddr essi ng t he s elfgover n en of Indi ans. m t These pr ot ests contri but ed to w der i nt eracti ons a ong the st udent s i m and cul inated i nt o t he establish en of t he A l-India St udent s m m t l Federati on ( A SF) i n 1936. I The AI SF hel d a nati onalist agenda and was sol el y dedi cat ed t o t he i dea of i ndependence for Indi a fro t he British rul e. T hi s cor e m agenda of i ndependence consoli dat ed t he or gani zati on of st udent s under one banner. Ho wever,i t was seg ented by for ai on of t he m m t A l-Indi a St udent s Congress ( A SC on t he questi on of partici pati on l I ) i n t he Second W o W a The co m u ist st udents support ed t he rld r. m n decisi on of Sovi et Russi a t oe nt er i nt o t he war, whil e the soci alist

Mujahid, Sharif al. CHAPTERS FROM HISTORY: Students role in the Pakistan Movement. Daily Dawn, June 30, 2002
21

Ibid.

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R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

The AI SF achi eved its singl e goal: Paki st an. W h it was done M en and t he politici ans beca ea ut horities i n ne w st at e the st udent m or gani zati on also began t o w her aw hit ay. The de ise of AI SF and its fail ure t o convert i nt o a pot ent and m M or gani zed f or ce i n t he n e w y bor n Paki st an st rengt hens t he l m ressi on t hat t his body wa s car ved out t o facilitat e t he outreach of i p politici ans who wer e least int erested i n de ocratic pot enti al of t he m st udent s. W ith t he deat h of its patron Quai d-e- A m , t he sit uati on za for or gani zed st udent s w reall y choked. as The st udent m o m en wasu n di vi ded i n earl y peri od of Paki st an ve t until t he affects of a col d wa r i ntroduced ne w or gani zati ons li ke t he Isla i Ja iat Tal aba ( D 1947) first for ed as Ta ir-i- A kar-im m ec m m f Isla i (1945), and D ocratic St udents Federati on (1950), etc. m m e For edunder t he i nfl uence of M au m lana M audodi and affiliat ed w t h i t he Ja aat-e-Isl a i fa ily IJT was rat her cor nered at the ti eof m m m , m its i ncepti on; as it al ong w t h ot her political-Isla ists had opposed i m t he creati on of Paki st an. M oeover, M au r lana M aududi had adopt ed an aggressi vel y hostile postur e agai nst t he leadershi p of t he ne w y l creat ed st at e. He bl a edt heM u m Leagues leadership for all t he m sli pr obl e s whi ch t he peopl ewer e faci ng at t hat ti e In 1948, he m m . expressed hi s contr oversersial vi e w regar di ng t he alliagiance t o t he s ne w st ate of Paki st an and legiti acy of partici pati on i n the Kash ir m m war. 22 Ho wever despit e hi s publ ic positi on a gai nst t he r uli ng part y, M au lana M audi di was wel l i n t ouch wi t h ( D eobandi) reli gi ous leaders associ at ed wi t h t he M u m League r egi e He ha d sli m . revi e w and suggest ed certai n changes t o t he dr aft ofo bj ecti ve ed resol uti on whi ch was sentt o hi m by M au lana Shabbir Ah ad m Us ani a nd M au m lan Zaf ar Ah ad Us ani whil e he was i n m m m rison i p m en i nM u jail.23 t ltan
22

A t he ti e of for a t m m tion, t he foundi ng fat hers of IJTl i ke t heir el ders i n t he JI wer e l ooki ng i nt o a Dawa( pr eachi ng) rol e rat her t han political. The cont est o ver cl arit y of r ol es created fissures w t hi n t he JI duri ng its fa o A l Paki st an Conventi on in M a i m us l chchi Got h, a village i n di strict Rahi Yar Khan i n Febrauray 1957. It m resulted i n t he oust er of JIl eaders M au lana A in Ahsen Isl ahi, m M au lana Abdul Jabbar Gh azi, M au lana Abdul Ghaffar Hassan, Shei kh Sultan Hassan and other rebels who adhered to the ori gi nal i dea of D , and opposed JIs partici pati on t o politics. awa On t he ot her hand t he DSF, the st udent w ng of Co m u ist Part y of i m n Paki st an ( CPP), capit alized upon t he a git ati on of m igrant co m u it y yout h agai nst t he t uiti on fees, cost of educati on and lab m n and host el facilities, et c, in Kar achi. By 1952, it was also present i n Lahore, Fai sal abad, Ra wal pi ndi and ot her coll eges of Punj ab and had s w the st udent uni one l ecti ons nati onall y24. It alsof ounded ept an alliance of el ect ed st udent uni ons, t he I nt er- Coll egi at e Body (I CB )m a l y for st udent w in elfare and t o resol ve t he st udent issues. The e nt er prisi ng DSF c oul d have t hri ved i n t hem oderat e environ en of educati onal instit uti ons and presence of progressi ve m t educat ed cl asses i n Paki st an.Ho wever its m a ca et oh alt when rch m it was banned i n 1954 al ong w h its m o part y t heC P P. The it ther gover n en accused conni vance of t he CPP leadershi p w t h Gener al m t i Akbar Khan i n a failed Rawal pi ndi Conspiracy Case i n a bi d t o overt hr ow t he regi e DSFs fort ni ghtl y publi cati on t he Students m . Herald was also banned. M any sy p hi zers assert that t his ban was onl y an excuse under m at pressure fr o t he capit alist worl d - pr acticall y t he US t o m offi ci all y pr ohi bit and persecut t he bot h co m u ist outfits. They m n had no for a links w t h coterie of Ge n. Akbar. Ho wever t he eyem l i w t ness r evel ati ons m ade aft er a l apse of 53 years b y s e ni or i co m u ist Pr of. Kha waj a M a i n 2008 have endorsed t hat t he m n sud CPP w act uall y i nvol ved in t he failed coup. 25 as
24

See issues of Tarajumanul Quran [May 1947, pp. 64-65; June 1948, pp. 69-79; 11-12 August 1948, pp. 5-12; and June 1948, pp. 60-67] as cited in Ghous, Ghulam (2001), p.4.
23

Ahmed, S. Haroon & Asmi, Saleem. Student movement revisited, Daily Dawn: Karachi, 5 April 2008.
25

Tazkirah, vol. 3, p.50 as cited in Ghous, Ghulam (2001), p.17.

Awami Jamhori Forum. Interview Khawaja Masud, Issue No. 45, pp. 19-31.

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The i p m licati ons of t he R a w pi ndi Conspiracy Case h a ve f ar al reachi ng effects upon pr ogressi ve st udent m o m en e s peci all y ve ts t hose whi ch wer e i p m ressedb y the revol uti on i n Sovi etRus si a. I n t he ensui ng years t hey coul dn ever recover. They we nt under gr ound and wor ked under banners of differentm a instrea political parties. m The cl andasti ne wor ki ng of co m u ists m ade t he host age t o m n m paranoi a, or gani zati onal opacit y, narr owness and a coll ecti ve st at e of suspi ci on over ever yt hi nga idst fears of bei ng i nfiltrat ed by t he m st at e agents. Thi s i nt er nal at o m sphere also caused riftsu pon rifts m a ong t he co m u ist groups. m n A t hough DSF m ade a co e back i n t he late 1970s but it was i n l m practice onl y the m e o of DSF. The lat er br ands of pr ogr essi ve m ry st udent m o m en m o ve t stly adhered t o t he s oci alist i deol ogy of Chi na, anti-Indi a ca p gn and populist radi calis i.e. t he NSF, t he m ai m NS O a nd t he pr ogressi ve el e en of PSF i nspired by Shei kh m ts Rashi d Ah ed Seni or V cePr esi dent of PPP and popul arl y called m , i t he B abi-a-Socialism( Fat her of Soci alis ). m A t achi ng hi gh val ue t o t he Cal cutta decisi on of CPI (M arch 6, t 1948) t o decl are Paki st an r i pe f or r evol uti on a nd l at er t he co m u ist pl ot ( R w pi ndi Conspiracy Case) t o overt hr ow t he m n a al gover n en anal ysts li ke Aa ir R az26t er it as a t urni ng poi nt of m t, m i m t he de ise of (pr o- USSR progressi vem ove en i n Pakistan. m ) m t Rat her t han positi vel y c ontri buti ng t o t he nascent s t at e, t he co m u ists over-a b m n m itiously cl ashed w t h t he est ablish ent and i m i nf uri at ed t he political ands oci al struct ures of t he countr y. Thi s poli cy of c onflicti ng wi t h t he st at e a nd e ven i ntellect uall y chall engi ng i t s l egiti acyt o e xi st ca e under t he c ol d war m m environ en It was i n li ne w t h t he t hi nki ng of Co m ui st Part y of m t. i m n Indi a ( CPI) and t he nati onal leadershi p of CPP whi ch even i p m orted its t op brass fro Indi a i.e. Sajj ad Zaheer t he CPP general secret ar y m and Hassan Nasir t he central co m ittee m e b et c. Because of m m er, t he ori ent ati on of t hese leaders, t he co m u ists wer e t hought as a m n risk t o t he securit y of t he Paki st ani stat e, A irm a tai ns. m a in
26

Thi s vi e w of t he co m u ists bei ng creat ors of t heir own troubl es m n defi es popul arl y hel d opi nion a ong t he pr ogressi ve lot t hat t he m ruli ng elite wer e unhappy wit h popul arit y of t he e e m rging st udent m o m en M o so, because it had deci ded t o tilt t owar ds t he ve t. re Unit ed St at es and ent er i nto m ilitary pacts such as SEATO and CENTO 27 . Putti ng bl a e onl y on st at e r epressi on i s al so t o deny s elfm questi oni ng. It is t he fail ure of i nt ernal anal ysis and poli ci es and i nabilit y t o r ealize or gani zati onal li itati ons. Thi s t rend, as a m general obser vati on, runs t hrough m any exa p acr oss political m les di vi des and duri ng different eras i n Pakist an. In case of st udent politics t hat can also be obser ved i n the i nabilit y t o devi se a politics t hat is di rectl y li nked wi t h educati on and acti vities i n li ne w t h t he prim a i rym andat e of ca puses t he st udi es m and learni ng. Anot her i p m ortant or gani zati on t he Nati onal St udent s Federati on ( NSF) was f or ed i n 1956. M a y practiti oners and anal ysts, m jorit i ncl udi ng its founders, are convi nced it was first created by t he regi eto count er infl uence of DSF and t he or gani zed co m u ists m m n w t hi n ca puses. Its earlierl eader Hussai n Na qi tells that soon it i m was realized by t he est ablishm en t hat t he NSF w also a sore. 28 t as NSF was t he key st udent organi zati on t hat also led the uprisi ng of late 1968- 69. One m u howe ver m en on that at m anyo c casi ons st ti bot h t he ri ghtist and leftist student or gani zati ons j oi ned hands on t he questi on of opposi ng di ct at orshi p of Ge n. Ayub Khan a nd hi s educati on polici es i e. SharifCo m issi on Report (1959),u ni versit y m ref or s t hrough Uni versit yAct ( Nov 1963) and i ntroducti on of m t hree years graduat e degree pr ogra (1968). m The uprisi ng of t he 1968- 69 was spar ked by t he m ishandli ng of st udent s of Gor don Coll ege Ra wal pi ndi by t he Cust o saut horities m whil e t hey wer e ret urni ng fro t heir vi sit t o Landi Kot ali n Khyber m
27

Ahmed, S. Haroon & Asmi, Saleem (2008) Interview, The News on Sunday, The News international, 17 June 2007.

Interview of Author with Aamir Riaz, 18 Nov 2009.

28

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Agency. Lal Khan29 h as pr oduced det ails of t hese e vent s and repr oduced di spat ches of Br itish di pl o a i n Paki st an on ho w t he m ts m a agit ati on er upt ed. Ou r i nt er vi e w wi t h Per vai z Rashi d t hen ss pr ovi nci al presi dent of t he NSF and hi self a st udent of the Gor don m Coll ege is also testi ony t o the i ncepti on of uprisi ng. m The l at e 1960s ar e i p ant i n t he s ense t hat t hi s caused m ort pr oliferati on of st udent politics and or gani zati ons. Politics confi ned t o dra w ng roo s, as we popul arl y say, of t he elite and so estreet i m m acti vis by uni ons affiliat ed w t h i deol ogi cal outfits out bound t o m i t he m a sses. M any ne w st udent or gani zati ons li ke t he Pe opl es St udent s Federati on ( PSF), Bal och St udent s Or gani zation ( BSO ), Pukht oon St udent s Federati on ( PkSF), Anj u an Tal aba-e-Isla m m ( ATI), Ja iat Tal aba-e-Isl am (JT Inqal abi M ahaz-e- Tal aba (I T m I), M ) and Nati onalist St udents Or gani zati on ( NSO ca ei nt ob ei ng i n a ) m transiti on fro li ited de ocracy t o m a partici pati onof citi zens m m m ss i n politics at t he nati onal level. Aft er t he Gen. Ayub er a, the m o si gnificant event s of st udent st politics can be su m a m rizeda s (i) t he st udents m ilitantr ol e i n an Ar yOper ati on i n t he t hen East Paki st an, and (ii) t heir leadi ng r ol e m t o t he ext ent of s ubstit ution of t he oppositi on political parti es agai nst t he Zulfi qar A Bhutt o gover n en li m t. The IJT for ed t w m ilitiasn a ely t he A - Sha sand A - Badr t o m o m l m l fi ght al ong t he ar y t o cur b s ecessi oni st i nsur gency i n East m Paki st an. Gen. ( Ret d.) Rao Far an A i Khan as a pri ar y source m l m m a tai ns t hat t hese pr o- Paki st an forces wer e funded thr ough t he in i ndustrialists and busi ness e 30 m n. In t he Bhutt o era, t he oppositi on was sy bo m lized by t he st udent leaders cl ai s Javed Has hm i i n hi s aut obi ography, Mein Baghi m Hoon He was t hen t he IJT l eader, lat er co- opt ed as a f ederal . m in ister i n t he cabi net of Gen. Zi a whil e he was stilla st udent leader and pr esentl y is oneof t he key figures of Pakistan M u m sli League ( N waz). a
29
30

Bhutt o peri od was a c harged er a r egar di ng st udent politics. Pr ogressi ve politics was di vi ded a ong pr ovi nci al a r eas of m i nfl uence: NSF i n Kar achi; SST, SPAF & DSF i n i nt eri or Si ndh; BS O i n Bal ochi st an, PkSF in N FP whil e NS O i n Punjab. On t he W ot her hand aft er 1971, JI and IJT attract ed anti-bhutt o senti en i n m ts especi all y t he central Punj ab regi on. Anot her m a t ur n t o st udent politics ca ew t h t he Afghan war. jor m i St udent s and yout h wer e recruited t o wa ge t he war and the IJ T was m a i nstru en t o gai n political support for t he war. This was al so in m t t he peri od of bl oody st udentcl ashes, qabza gr oups and tot al contr ol upon ca puses by one gr oup or t he ot her dependi ng upon l ocati on. m The gover n en bi d t o discredit its de ocratic oppositi on and m ts m m o specificall y t he PPP resulted i n rise of pr ovi nci al, regi onal or re par ochi al politics i n ca puses i n whi ch di spl ay of fire arm sbeca e m m a routi ne and vi ol ence i n cam p uses a nor . m The rise of AP SO i n Kar achi, nati onalist el e en i not her parts M m ts of t he countr y and or gani zati ons li ke t he M S and IJTi n Punj ab F ent agl ed t he selves i n a p er pet ual cl ash over oc cupati on of m ca puses. m Thi s vi ol ence was qualitati vel y different fro skir ishes bet w m m een ri val st udents i n t he previ ous eras w h t he advent of sophi sti cat ed it fire ar s D Kai ser Bengali ar gues t hat t he onus of responsi bilit y m . r. lies upon t he aut horities t hatwer e responsi bl e for i nt er nal securit y, whose dut y it was t o ensure t hat illegal ar s do not e nt er t he m country and do not beco eavail abl e i n covert m a places i n t he m rket country. They m ai nt ai ned s ur veillance a cti vities o f a ntiest ablish en st udent l eaders, but failed t o noti ce t he cr eepi ng m t pr oliferati on of ar s on ca puses. 31 m m The st udent uni ons wer e subsequentl y banned by M a rtial l a w notificati on i n 1984. It is ar gued t hat t he ban pr acticall y rati onali zed occupati on of st udent organizati ons and gr oups over ca puses. m

K Lal, Pakistans Other Story: The 1968-69 Revolution, pp. 127-134 han, Khan, Gen (R.) Rao Farman Ali. How Pakistan Got Divided?,
31

Lahore: Jang Publishers.

Butt, Iqbal Haider. National Survey on Student Politics, 2008, p. 5.

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On 1 J ul y, 1992, ever y student and hi s parents/ guardi an wer e bound by t he Supr e eCour t of Pakist an t o gi ve an undert aki ng at m t he ti eof ad issi ons not t o i ndul ge i n politics. m m The Supre eCourt furt her banned all st udent uni ons on 10 M a m rch 1993. A t hough t he pr esent govern ent has announced t o liftt he ban on l m st udent politics, yet i t s notificati on i s still pendi ng a nd b y pr ocedural st andar ds t he announce en of lifti ng ban m ight be a m t political i nt ent but not an acti on i pm en m le ted. The bano n st udent politics is still operati ve. Ho wever t he legalit y of lifting a ban is tricki er t han it see s If we m . recall t he ban (Int eri Or derJ ul y 1992 and t hen M a 1993) it was m rch m osed by t he Supr e eCourt ( .Is a Qur eshi & others vs M . i p m M m il Owai s Qasi , Secret ary General Isl a i Ja iat-i- Tal aba Paki st an m m m and 3 ot hers 1993 SC R1781). It was a partial and subtle ban. The M court di d not ban acti vities rel at ed w t h uni ons, rat her it banned t he i associ ati on of st udent or gani zati ons w t h or gani zati onal set- up of i t he educati onal i nstit uti ons. T he court or der also per itted uni on m acti vities and left it t o t he di screti on of educati onal i nstit uti ons if t hey w so eki nd of uni on. ant m So t he court pr acticall y onl yb a nned t he represent ati ve st at us of a st udent or gani zati on not uni on acti vities as such. Thei ndi vi dual i nstit uti ons can for a st udent body by t his or der. Thats why (not m known popul arl y but) an official st udents council has been wor ki ng si nce 2001 i n t he G a U m o l niversit y ( D Is a K era m il han). That m e an executi ve order of t he gover n en can lift t he ban ans m t (on acti vities), but it w ll be a li ited acti on unl ess a ne wl egi sl ati on i m is enact ed B : UT t hat has not been done. The m id-ter m fra ew m ork f or Hi gher Education Co m issi on ( HEC) does not cover st udent uni ons. Thi si s m THE p oli cy d ocu en of g o ver ni ng hi gher e ducation m t (uni versities and degree a w ng i nstit uti ons) in Paki st an. ardi That m e an a end en w ll have t o be m ade. O herw se ans m m t i t i t he gover n en order w creat e a discrepancy. m t ill

Chart ers of i ndi vi dual uni versities wi ll also have t o be m a ended si nce t he ban is procedurall y i ngrai ned t here. On p olitical gr ounds, t here ar e seri ous r eser vati ons on st udent uni ons and or gani zati ons w t hi n t he educati onists as expr essed by i t he reco m endati ons of the uni versit y VCs (2008) and m any t hose m nati onal politici ans who h ave st udent acti vis backgr ound i. e. m Jehangir Badr and Kha waj a Saad Rafi que are strongl y inf avour of deli nki ng st udent or gani zati ons w h political parties. it In an unpr ecedent ed m o Vi ce Chancell ors of all publi c and ve pri vat e uni versities of Paki stan gave a rej oi nder t o t heir pr evi ous asserti ons on t he st udent politics ( 2009). They don t t hi nk it appr opri at e t o lift t he ban at t he pr esent critical sit uati on of t he country. They r at her s upport t he gr o w h of s oci eti es a nd t associ ati ons wi t hi n ca puses. They f urt her accuse t he st udent m uni ons of bei ng a source of vi ol ence and disrupti on i n st udi es. 32 The fourt h st udent m o m en is t he lat est one i n a bi d t o oppose t he ve t m ositi i p on of e ergency r ul e by Ge n. Par vez M u m sharraf ulti a y it has gai ned its obj ecti ve. R. B. Rai s is p ositi vel y m tel m ressed by t his m o m en and rej ects t he conventi onal anal ysis i p ve t t hat t he yout h is depoliticised and m a l y int erest ed i na dvanci ng in t heir careers. In his own words: 33 It is heart eni ng t hat whil e the po wer-elites wer e still debati ng ho w t he i p on of m a m ositi rtial la w i n t he countr y woul dh urt t he or creat e fresh opport unities of co- opt ati on, coll ege and m uni versit y st udent s al ong wi t h young m ed a nd l e gal ia pr ofessi onals i nst antl y realised t he enor ity of t he act of m trashi ng t he constit uti on and t hrow ng t he vast m a y of i jorit j udges of t he superi or j udi ciar y out of the syst e .It is per haps m for t he first ti ei n t he pol itical hi st or y of t he countr yt hat m legal and constit uti onal issues, hit hert o a do a of t he expert, m in have ent ered i nt o t he popular i ag nati on w t h a powerf ul m i i re inder t hat what happens i n t he superi or j udi ci ar yi s a m m a of publi c concer n. tter
32

Daily Dawn, 12 April 2009. Rais, Rasul B. Youth of the Nation, Daily Times, November 13, 2007.

33

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Thi s m o m en st arted fro t he Lahor e Uni versit y of Manage en ve t m m t Sci ences ( LU S whil em aki ng st r ong pr esence i n F AST M ) Uni versit y it cl ai st o have support of st udent s of 15 universities of m Lahore under t he banner of St udent s Acti on Co m ittee ( SAC), m whi ch w for edi n N m ber 2007. as m ove The SAC ade fi ve de ands i n its foundi ng decl arati on: m m Li fti ng ofM a rtial La w Rest orati on of t he Judi ci ary to its pre-3r d N st at e ov Rest orati on of t he Constit ution t o its pre- 3r d N st at e ov Re oval of cur bs onM ed Fr eedo m ia m Rel ease of Pr ot est Pri soners a nd dr oppi ng of c harges agai nst t he m

ca e i nt o bei ng. It was also suppl e en by also a revolt fro m m ted m w t hi n t he IJT w i , hen a secti on of its acti vists j oi ned t he I SF.

3.2. A NALYTICAL C ASE OF PAKISTAN

St udent politics has becom e a c ont enti ous i ssue i n Pa ki st an. Tr aditi onall y, t his acti vis di d not m e w t h sa efate of l onger m et i m peri ods of dor ancy as t hen at i onal de ocratic forcesh a d t o go m m t hr ough duri ng successi ve dict at orial rul es. It i s ar gued t hat t hi s c oul d be because of m u ltiple f act ors: adol escence, l ess s oci al r es ponsi bilities, e nabli ng a cade ic m environ en m o m t, derni zati one f f ects, see ingl y po werful pat rons m out si de c a puses, hi st orical c onfi dence of wi nni ng t he m i ndependence fro forei gners, political i ncenti ves by t he m oilizi ng m b agenci es, bett er use of ti e and skill resources, or m o m tivati onal fact ors li ke t he political int erest, i deol ogi cal i ncli nati on, beli ef syst e and gri evance and sense of i nj ustice or t he co bi nati on of m m all t hese t hat st udent s were a dr eaded f or ce a idst f r agil e m de ocratic struct ures. m H st ori cal evi dence pr oves that bef ore t he ban on st udent uni ons i m u of t he street po wer and larger political asse b i n Paki st an ch m lies have been attri but ed t o t hes t udent politics. Aft er a l ong l ull, t he st udent s wer e a gai n s een o n t he st reets duri ng t he l a wyers m o m en Nevert hel ess t heir or gani zati on, t he a trai ni ng and ve t. m tic scal e have vi si bl y dil ut ed as co pared w h pr evi ous exa p of m it m les nati onalm o m en ve ts. Is t his t he si gn of st udent apat hy or change i n soci o-political or acade icenviron ent t hat st udent s are not subscri bi ng to t he larger m m political struct ures? Not onl y t hat, m any politicall eaders who are t he sel ves pr oduct of m past st udent politics have publi call y j oi ned hands w t h arch ri vals i t he educati onists t o pr opose deli nki ng st udent politics w t h out si de i nati onal political act ors. Bot h t he m a t w partieso f Paki st an m ay gi ve a li ps er vi ce t o jor o wel co e st udent politics but i n practice are not ready to o wn t he m i dea of a vi brant st udent politics (or its vi ol ent past).

These de ands have been m e aft er m u political upheaval i n t he m t ch country. It is yet t o see what w ll happen next. Ho wever, we can i su m a say t hat; m rily Thi sm ove en started fro t he elitist i nstit uti ons. m t m Thi s is ur ban. It is politicall y non-ali gned w t h any nati onal part y i Apart fr o pr ot est rallies and agit ati on, t he m o m e t m ve n resort ed t o ne w m odes o f p olitical c o m u icati on. m n W ebsites, bl ogs, we b- based di scussi on for u sand lists and m m oile t ext m e b ssagi ng was e xcessi vel y used b y its m e b t o convey t heir m esages i n real ti e Thi s use of m ers s m . ne w technol ogi es also sho w eaki ng physi cal sur veillance sbr of t he ol d-st yl e st udent politics. The effort t o physi call y m oit or t he st udent s is not possi bl e. n The m o m en is suppl e en by allies fro t he Paki st ani ve t m ted m D aspora abr oad. i Them ove en is issue based. m t Thi s m o m en was c oi nci ded wi t h uprisi ng i n t he Punj ab ve t Uni versit y, where t he m an handli ng of cri cket er t urned politici an m I ran Khan i gnited t he m a y of st udents and t he hege ony of jorit m IJT was br oken. Two ne ws t udent or gani zati ons, t he Uni versit y St udent s Federati on ( USF) a nd I nsaf St udent s Federati on (I SF)

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W H YSO ? Cert ai nl y t here are questi ons t hat i nhabit t he political act ors t o eit her e b m race t he st udent politics or at least candi dl y tal k about it. Thi s porti on s houl d consi der r easons why t o r evisiting st udent politics by all st akehol ders need open di scussi ons on t his unr esol ved issue for educati onal i nstit utions and t he soci et y.

Thi s ca pus-soci et y pr oxim ity first e anates fro the hi st ori cal m m m i ncepti on of st udent politics by t he i ndependence m o m ent, 1947, ve where st udents wer e neededb y t he A l Indi a M u m League t o be l sli or gani zed for t he outreach di sse inati on of t he nati onal m e m ssages and el ecti on ca pai gns. I n t hat sense t he st udy of i ncepti on peri od m of a st udent m o m en or organi zati on can shed usef ul li ght s upon ve t its foll ow ng course and linkages wi t h t he m a i instream political parties. Thi s is also true for all t he st udent or gani zati ons,barri ng t he AP SOand t he BS O whose i ncepti on was caused by m e b of M , m ers t hem o ther parties or gr oups. The i ncepti on cases of IJT DSF, NSF, NS O PSF, t o na ea fe w , , m , poi nt t o t he desi gns concei ved by acti vists of JI, facti ons of CPP, The Pr ofessors Gr oup and t he PPP. These st udent organi zati ons wer e not self-gr ownm u m s, if you li ke! shroo Reno wned schol ar of t he st udent politics Phili p A t bach has anot her l expl anati on t o offer. W h posi ng a questi on on w hy st udent ile politics i s m o s uccessf ul i n devel opi ng c ountri es t han t he re devel oped st at es, he suggests t hat t he absence of pr oper political i nstit uti ons m akes it easi erf or st udents t o i nfiltrate politics and w el d political i nfl uence and t hat pri or hi st ory of partici pati on i n i nati onal or anti-col oni al m oe ents i n devel opi ng countries m e vm ans st udent s are taken seri ousl ya s political act ors. M any uni versities tend t o be l ocat ed near or i nc a pit al cities t hat m akes st udent s m o re recepti ve t o political i deas and i nfl uences t heir partici pati on. 36 In weaker political syst e s he pr obabilit y of st udent acti vists t o m ,t qui ckl y ear n reput e, get m ei a attenti on or bei ng co- opted by t he d hi gher echel ons is also hi gher. The repressi ve or ders li ke t he EBDO and ot hers i n t he earl y 1960s i n Paki st an t hat banned m a instrea politici ans creat ed vacuu i n m m whi ch st udent s had t he g reat er chances t o be personall y a nd coll ecti vel y vi si bl e and offered on t he ot her hand a pr oxy acti vis m for politicians t o di sr upt t he gover n en or opponents political m t ai s m .
36

3.2.1. THE POLITICAL CONTEXT

The st udent politics, or i n act ual its m e o for t he cont e porar y m ry m ca pus l ot, 34i n Paki st an has al ong hi st or y of reli ance upon out si de m political i nfl uence and political part y li nkages. Ther e have been lesser m o of i ndependentst udent or gani zati ons or cam p dels us-based politics i . e. m any gi rl c oll eges a nd r ar e e xa p l i ke t he m les Gover n en Coll ege Lahore, etc. m t Bef ore goi ng f urt her, let us first defi ne t he i ndependence of a st udent or gani zati on. I woul d borr ow fro Sri nat e who ter st hat a m m gr oup is independent if it satisfies t he foll ow ng criteri on: 35 i Is not a st udent w ng of any est ablished nati onal or regi onal i political part y? Ori gi nall y m ay have st art ed out as a st udent w ng of a i political part y, but br oke free fro it. m Is not funded by any political part y. The or gani zati ons l ong-t erm agenda is not contr oll edo r deci ded by any political party.

34

See National Survey on Student Politics, where 62.6% students have no opinion about the student politics before ban in 1984. There is a vast area of ambivalent response to the effect that the contemporary students have practically no idea of the student politics. An almost amnesia can be seen on this issue. That would also mean departing from framing the student politics on its historical political lines.
35

Srinate Sirnate, Vasundhara. Prospectus: Independent Student Political Organizations in Northeast India (Unpublished): University of California, Berkeley. p.8

Altbach, Philip. Students and Politics in Lipset (ed.) Student Politics, Basic Books 1967.

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The fragilit y of political syst e i n Paki st an re a hi gh despit e m m ins ret ur n t o de ocracy becauseof weaker political parties and lack of m de ocratic gover nance and or gani zed ci vil and political soci eties. m St udent politics i s a m an ifest ati on of t he i nput f uncti ons of de ocracy. It is additi onally confront ed w t h m a ve changes i n m i ssi acade ic setti ng and ot her fact ors whi ch w ll hi nder its pr ogress if m i articul at ed on hist ori cal li nes.

The f oll ow ng gr aph ill ustrat es gr ow h of t he uni versities and i t degree a w di ng i nstit uti ons i n Paki st an: 37 ar

3.2.2. THE ACADEMIC ENVIRONMENT

Ca pus life has a peculi ar cult ure, where t he traditi ons, st andar ds m of acade ic st aff, curri cul um ,poli cies of the educati oni nstit uti ons m si gnificantl y i nfl uence t he way st udents act. St udent s tend t o rel at e t o t he soci al and political happeni ngs i n t he country. W ith l i beralizati on i n m ed poli ci es a nd s o m any ia el ectroni c outfits i n operati on and access t o t he i nternet, no one can re a al oof wi t h s oci et al a n d nati onal politics. Ho we ver t he m in i nstit uti onal set-up of a cam p is a deci di ng fact or to det er ine us m what ki nd of soci al or political acti vis of st udents will prevail. m Thi s beco es especi all y true aft er t he pr oliferati on of educati onal m i nstit uti ons, great er aut ono y t o t he uni versities, hi gher co petiti on m m for j ob pl ace en and opening up of ne w acade ic pr ogra m e i n m t m m s Paki st an. It is a pr e-requisite t hat we appreci at e t he nat ure of educati onal i nstit uti ons, especi all y t he uni versities, t o deci pher t he nor s and m for s of st udent politics. m Gr o w h and nu ber of uni versities coul d be t he first difference t hat t m has occurred over t hree i prt ant ti e m o m lines (i) 1947: The m ak ng i of Paki st an, (ii) 1984: Peri odof first ban on st udent uni ons, and (iii) t he current ti e The nu b of uni versities for t hese t hree years is m s. m er 2, 21 a nd 1 24 r especti vel y. There has been s el f-evi dentl y a pheno enal gr ow h and geographi c di spersi on of uni versities over m t t he years

Two gr ow h co ponent s have m a i p t m jor m licati ons for t he st udent politics: First, t he rise i n pri vat e i nstit uti ons, and t he second t heir geogr aphi c dispersi on outsi de t he bounds of a few bi gger cities. The pri vat e i nstit ut es have got m o aut ono yt o run their affairs. re m They are also m o li beral in desi gni ng t heir subj ects, curricul u , re m lear ni ng m e thodol ogi es a nd a d inistrati ve s et- ups. They c an m qui ckl y respond t o vari ous st udent devel op ent pr ogr amm e and m s outreach sche es if a de and is there. They t end t ob e pr ofitm m ori ent ed and choose t heir acade ic pr ogra m e accordi ng t o t he m m s j ob m a rket de ands. Thats why t he subj ects of liberal arts, and m hu anities and soci al sci ences are generall y m issi ng from t he list of m t heir degree pr ogra s A full-fledge general educati on uni versit y i n m . t he pri vat e sect or i n Paki stan can be desired but is not dee ed m fi nanci all y vi abl e if t he practice of pri vat e i nstituti on is an indi cat or. The di sci pli nar y bi as f or speci alized subj ects w t hi n the pri vat e i i nstit uti ons i nherentl y subdues t he political consci ousness of t he st udent s. It has been pr oven t hrough vari ous st udi es t hat li beral arts
37

Higher Education Commission. Statistical Booklet p.8.

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and soci al sci ences st udentsa r e m o li kel y t o engage i n political re acti vities ( A bach, 1992). It is no coi nci dence t hat t he recent st udent l acti vis i n LU S began aft er t he i ncepti on of li beral arts and m M consoli dat ed by l a w and mass co m u icati on pr ogramm e as it m n s effici entl y offered t he st udents and f acult y t o i nt eract w t h t he i pr ospecti ve j ob m a rkets at t he one hand, and also positi vel y boost ed reput e of t he i nstit uti on on t he ot her. Because of hi gher co petition, search for m o j ob pl ace ents and m re m i nstit uti onal cr edi bilit y t he p r i vat e i nstit uti ons ar e e xpect ed t o expose t heir st udents t o larger co m u ities out si de t he ca puses m n m and enhance skills of st udent s t hrough outreach pr ogr amm e and s associ ati onal wor k w t hi n the ca puses. It is by default t hat t hey i m pr o o associ ati onal a ct ivis m te m and c oll ecti ve l ear ni ng a nd i nt eracti on t echni ques. Th e e xperi ence of a f e w est ablished i nstit uti ons li ke t he Gover nm en Coll ege and K nnair d Coll ege has t i already de onstrat ed t hat increased st udent i nt eracti vea cti vities m result i n lesser radi calizati on and pol ari zati on of st udents on har dcore political and i deol ogi cal grounds. The positi ve effects of associati onal acti vities i n ca puses have al so m been j oi ntl y realized by VCs of Paki st ani uni versitiesi n a recent tele-conference or gani zed by t he H gher Educati on Co m issi on. i m Uni versities i n Paki st an have been t he pri vilege of af e w l ar ger cities. Ho wever, t he recent gr ow h has also di spersed t hese terti ar y t educati on i nstit uti ons on much larger scal e. Uni versities no w ar e also avail abl e i n Gujrat, Faisal abad, Sar godha, Guj ran wal a, D r, i G l git, Khuzdar, M ansehra et c. Coll eges wi t h M a ers l evel i st pr ogra m e have gone even deeper i nt o t he di verse geogr aphi c m s landscape of Paki st an. Apart fro ot her out co es, t his woul d al so m m m e t hat t he rati o of residenti al vs. t he l ocal st udents w ll al so an i decrease. Thi s i nstit uti onal lay-out is un a m tched by t he st udent or gani zati ons, whose net wor ks ar e already li ited t o t heir strong pocket s or m regi onal cl ust ers. The m o ort unat e net wor ks have been t hose stf whi ch exi st ed i n a fe wbi gger cities even i n t he heydaysof st udent politics and woul d capitalize upon t he m ed focus of t hese ia sel ect ed cities. But now w t h the scali ng up of geogr aphic l ocati ons i of t he uni versities and w der m ed coverage it is m o i kel y t hat i ia rel

t he represent ati on cl ai sof the st udent co m u it y on nati onal level m m n is harder t o vali dat e for a particul ar st udent organi zati on. The uni versit y wi t h pr edo inantl y a l ocal or ne i ghbouri ng m popul ati on has al so political i p m licati ons. It is contrar y t o t he cl assi cal i ag nati on of uni versit y bei ng cos opolitan uni verse of m i m di verse backgr ounds co in fro nook and cr ook of t he nati on. m g m Her e t he st udent s f eel l ess s oci all y vul nerabl e t o t hr eat s a nd physi cal sur veillance of or gani zed st udent gr oups as com p ared t o li vi ng i n f ar off bi gger c ities, or can al w ays f all back upon traditi onal sources of po weri n t he wa ke of physi cal t hreats. It has been evi dentl y pr oven by t he uprisi ng i n Punj ab Uni versit y (2007) agai nst a po werf ul st udent o r gani zati on t hat a m a of unar ed ss m ur ban (l ocal) st udents has m o successf ull y resisted the gr oup as re co pared t o previ ous such exa p i n t he sa euni versity. m m les m Ther e are shifts i n t he de o m graphi c co positi on of the uni versities m t o m o ur ban ori ent ati on and et hos of t he i nstit uti ons is changi ng re also because of t he use of I CTs and li nki ng w t h t he world of W o i rld W ideW eb andm ob text m e ile ssages. Even i n ca puses wher et he st udent s have t raditionall y been m vi cti s of political repressi on of hege onic st udent gr oup, t he m m co m u icati on a ong li ke-m inded st udents and friendsc a nnot be m n m effecti vel y checked. They are pr o p i nfor ed of the ca pus m tly m m happeni ngs and can post t heir o wn generat ed vi deos on websit es li ke t he Yout ube. The nu b of political posti ngs on t he Yout ube m er onl y fro t he Punj ab Uni versit y reaches s i n hundredsa nd so e m m have carri ed ver y poi nt ed and sensiti ve vi e w that t he m a s instrea m m ed cannot publish because of t he backl ash of strike at their ia offi ces as has frequently occurred i n t he hi st or yo f st udent politics. Because of open channels ofc o m u icati ons and t he realizati on of m n t he pri ce t hat parents pay for t heir educati on, st udents are freer t o tal k on issues. Furt her o t he fee struct ures and t he organi zati on m re of exa inati ons i nt o se ester syst e co pel st udent s t o di scourage m m m m anyt hi ng t hat m aydi srupt t heir st udi es. They have t he leisure t o go for exa sonce i n a year nom o Nor t here is m u tim eleft f or m re. ch di st ant extra-curricul ar activities. It is also not m a ttero f l oosi ng

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negli gi bl e a ount of m o as it was i n past i n t he Paki stani publi c m ney uni versities. Surel y a de andi ng sit uati on for t he pr ofessi onal st udent leaders m or t heir gr oups has ariseno ut of t he pr esent t ougher acade ic m environ en In t he past, t hey coul d easil y aff or d t he whol e-ti e m t. m rs. They woul d fund t heir designat ed cadres and const antly get the m ad itted t o t he ot her departm en when first tenure of st udi es was m ts co p m leted! Anot her i p m ortant shift i n the hi gher educati on i nstit utions is t he gr ow ng nu ber of its enroll en Thi s is uni quel y foll ow by i m m t. ed trends of m a ve enr oll en of girl st udent s. They no w lag behi nd ssi m t boys by j ust over one pe rcent on a nati onal scal e. I n m any uni versities t hey have already out nu bered boys. It is j ust a m a m tter of 2/ 3 years at t he current rat e of year-t o-year st udente nr oll en m t t hat t hey are li kel y t o bem o i n uni versit y ca puses t han boys. re m The cl ear vi si bilit y of girls in ca puses has cert ai nl y contri but ed t o m m o accept ance of t he changi ng rol e of wo en by the ca pus re m m co m u ities. 63. 6 st udents endorse t he i dea of all otti ng quot a f or m n % girls i n t he fut ure uni versit y st udent uni ons. 38But are t he political m inds ready t o adj ust t o t he e e ng realit y? Vet eran acti vists li ke m rgi A eer-ul- A m 39a nd Sal a Abi d40pr oved frustrati ng apol ogists m zee m n on t hat and obscure t he im p rtance of ne w de ography of t he o m uni versities. Thi s sit uati on is chall engi ngf or t he st udent or gani zati ons who have not been accust o edt o sucha de ographi c revol uti on. The revi e w m m of literat ure and our i nt ervie w w t h past st udent leaders i ndi cat e s i t hat t he st udent politics have host ed a ti ny gr oup of wo en i n m responsi bl e uni on positi ons i n whol e of t he country. They can be count ed on fi ngers.
38

The pr esence of gr eat er nu ber of girls woul d al som ean t hat m st udent politics reconsi ders its past resort t o vi ol ence. Lastl y t he e phasis upon hi gher educati on and heavy fundi ng f or m t he last m any years has rejuvenat ed t he ca pus acti vities bot h m acade ic and i nfrastruct ural. It is however yet t o be seen if t his m vi brancy can be sust ai ned and fi nanced for fut ure as we ll; as so e m educati onists fear. To su up, we can w t nesst hat t he acade ia and uni versities ar e m i m no w feeli ng real acti vit y andgr o w h ar ound t he .They have scal ed t m upt o a level t hat at t he current conj ect ure it is har der for st udent or gani zati ons t o cat ch up wit h t he pace of change. Instead ti eis m runni ng short on t he befor e ca pus based acti vis i s deri ved m m m fro personal, pr ofessi onal and acade ici nt erests and val ues rat her m m t han t he political and i deologi cal i nt erests e anati ng fro belief m m syst e and so eti edogm a m .Thi s scenari o is surel y goi ng t o m m m tis hit political leverage of t he st udent or gani zati ons whi ch are cl osel y li nked w h outsi de political struct ures. it W eare i n a transiti on t ow ards ca pus consoli dati on, where st udent m acti on is sti u m lated by cam p and l ocal issues ands pills fro us m ca pus t o t he soci et y. m The equati on of acti vis origi nat ed fro soci et y t o ca pus m aybe m m m t ur ned upsi de do wn, or t hats what we can l ear n fro si ilar m m ca pus c onditi on el se where i n t he worl d. Even i n di fferent m scenari os when unr est is led by t he traditi onal st udent organi zati ons i n a gr ow ng hi gher education environ en t he jargon is borr owed i m t fro ca pus and l ocal educati on issues. Thi s is not t o say t hat t he m m larger st udent politics is negati ve i n nat ure as m any educati onal aut horities woul d regar d it. Rat her we are tal ki ng abouta ut ono y m and rel evance of t he st udent politics. Thi s aut ono yand i ndependence is cl osel y li nked w t h account abl e m i and transparent syst e s of uni versit y gover nance where st udent s m voi ce is syst e icall y i ncl uded at different tier of decision m ak ng m i struct ures.

Butt, Iqbal Haider. National Survey on Student Politics, 2008, P. 41. See authors interview with Ameer-ul-Azeem.

39

40

Abid, Salman. Talba Siyasat: Siyasi Shaoor aur Bhatta Khuri Kay Durmiann, in Monthly Awami Jamhori Forum p. 24. .Both support the segregated representation of girl-students.

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3.2.3. LEGACY OF THE IDEOLOGIES AND COLD WAR

Ideol ogi es have sti u m latedt he st udent politics li ke not hi ng i n Paki st an i n an era of t he col d war bet w een t he US and t he USSR . No w when t hat peri od is over, what w ll pr ovi de t he m o i tivati onal force t o st udent acti vis ? m The ol d leftist forces have virt uall y ceased t o exi st i n t he ca puses m and t he ri ghtist el e en arei n search of ne w ene ies and m e ng m ts m ani t o j ustify t heir exist ence. In fact t he i deol ogy ori ent ed term inol ogi es have alt oget her beco e illegi bl e and obsol et e f or most of t he m cont e porar y st udent s. m Ideol ogi es have pr ovi ded st udent politics w t h soci al belief syst e s i m , radi cal agendas and val ue-based appeal for co m o good. They m n gi ve a sense of great er ali gn ent w t h i nternati onal net w ks and m i or uni versal br ot her hood. Theh ol i sti c appr oaches of i deol ogi es ar e also accessi bl e t o t he young m inds, where t hey can expl ai n co p m lex pheno enon i n a si p m m listic way t hr ough a si ngl e lens. In t he absence of dat a, we som ehowshoul d also co parei deol ogi es m vs. t heori es as expl anat or y tool s t hat have m ade worl d view of t he s st udent s i n acti on. W e can assu e that wi t h t he expansi on of m di sci pli nes and t heir appli edm a abilit y t he st udents m aytend t o rket use m o t heori es t han i deol ogi es. Ne vert hel ess co m itm en w t h re m t i t heori es is still a distant i dea. On operati onal level, i deologi cal ori ent ati on i n Pakistani st udent politics has led t o a pol ari zati on of st udent s whi ch m adei t easy t o absor b ener gi es of t he yout h i n servi ce of i nt ernati onal political agendas of t he US and t he USSR . On eit her si de of t he i deol ogi cal di vi de, t he first casualt y was educati on and ca pus-basedi ssues of t he st udents. W ecan cl earl y m see t hat st udent politics contri buti on t o vari ous nati onal educati on poli ci es is next t o none. Fr o 1950s t o t he pr esent day, we can m recor d agitati onal and reactionar y politics t o denounce poli ci es i n rhet ori cal l anguage but not hi ng s ubst antial a nd p r o- acti ve articul ati on was pr oposed by t he pr oponent s of st udentp ol iti cs eit her fro the Isla ist or Pr ogressi ve perspecti ve. m m

It is al so no j oke t hat political-Isla ists wer e t he first a ong m m benefi ci aries of t he pri vatizati on of educati on ser vi cesu n der t he Struct ural Adj ust en Pr ogra m e( SAP) duri ng Ge n. Zia er a. The m t m vet eran st udent l eaders a f filiat ed wi t h JI s ho wed m uch entrepreneurshi p t o run school and coll ege syst e sand no w even m o wn ( t hree) uni versities. Yet i t i s i r oni cal t hat wit hi n t heir i nstit uti ons, politics is as banned as i n publi c i nstit uti ons! That expl ai ns why peopl e have m istrust over t hese politicians. W h en so e ca pus issue is hi ghli ght ed t hr ough a de onstrati on and m m m necessar y m ed coverage, o bs er vers can qui ckl y s ee t hat t he ia ca pus aut horities are bei ng bl ack a for so eillegal favour. m m iled m The fli ppest si de of t he i deologi cal rhet ori c is t hat it bl ursr eal issues of or di nar y st udents i nt o abstract for u ons and opport uni sti c m lati strat egi es t o gai n pow and contr ol over resources i n cam p er uses. H st ori call y, t he r eacti onary i deol ogi es have al so been used t o i j ustify t ort ure, dehu anization and even killi ng of opponent s i n our m nati onal cont ext. In fact t he political Isla ists i n st udent politics m founded t his tragi c tendencyi n the political hi st or y of Paki st an by physi call y tor en ng and pur gi ng t he opponent s. O her gr oups al so m ti t j oi ned t o t ur n ca puses i nt of i ef do s as vet eran st udentl eader and m m , acade ician D m r.M anzur E az w d put it.41 j oul Sheer vi ol ence i n t he na eof different soci al val ues and ideol ogi cal m sl ogans i n ca puses is t he m a reason t hat m any peopl e ar e m in al ar edt o hear t he w ds: st udent politics! m or

3.2.4. THE SOCIETAL SETTINGS

Gr o w ng l i vi ng st andards, e ducati on, ur bani zati on a nd i i ndustriali zati on and changes i n de ography can have m o ni zi ng m der effects t o pr ovi de t he social foundati ons for t he partici pati on t o politics. Ho wever, t here aret heor etical perspecti ves availabl e t hat def y a n a ut o a l i nk o f s oci o-econo ic devel opm en wi t h m tic m t

41

Ejaz, Dr. Manzur. WASHINGTON DIARY: Campus fiefdoms. Daily Times: Lahore, 5 December 2007.

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political parti ci pati on a nd t hat s oci al pr ocess c a n g o t o unpr edi ct abl e directi ons. In practical ter s t here hasb e en absence of literat ure to deci pher m , t he soci al basis of st udent p ol itics. So we ar e unsure t o say if st udent s i n Kar achi as co p m ared t o Khuzdar are m o dem o re cratic or politicall y a cti ve. Li ke w se, we c annot assu e t hat wi t h i m out nu beri ng of young popul ati on i n Paki stan, whi ch ist o benefit m m o t he or gani zed st udent politics, or t he reacti onary m ilitancy re; and chaoti c radi calizati on of yout h. The evi dence show t hat ano ic yout h acti vit y vi si bl y have beat en s m st udent acti vis i n i nt ensity and scal e i n ur ban centres i.e. antim Dani sh R ots on Cart oons controversy ( Feb 2007, Lahore). i W ecan say t hat st udent politics and t he ca puses enjoy rel ati ve m m i m u ity fro soci et al i nfluences; i n t hat t hey are organi zed on n m m e ritocracy rat her t han t he ki nshi p, fa ily cast e, creedo r col our. m , Pr o o m tion w t hi n bot h is relat ed t o i ndi vi dual excellencea nd m e i rit and t he skills t o lead. Ho wever, we c an pot enti all y assu e t hat pr ospects of st udent m partici pati on can be m ax ized by desi gni ng m a ngs t r uct ures m i tchi and m e ssages t o fact ors li ke t he ur bani zati on and i ndustriali zati on and de ography. But t his will de and m u i nf or edanal ysis and m m ch m coll ecti on of base-li ne dat a.

Resour ces and m o tivati on are best bart er bet w een indi vi dual s and t he political gr oups. They wor k bot h wa ys. On t he o ne hand, politics chooses resourcef ul and m o ed i ndi vi duals and on ot her tivat hand t hey offer i ncenti ves t o st udent s t o enhance t heir resources. St udent politics i n Paki st anh as ext ensi vel y been dependent upon m o tivati onal l evel of i t s a cti vists. Ri ght f r o t he Pa ki st an m m o m en t o ot her m ilest one m o m en m o ve t ve ts, tivati on has been a pri a source of st udent acti vis .So e m e he m o m ry m m ti st tivati on, as i n case of i deol ogi cal st udent o r gani zati ons, rose t o t heh ei ght s of beli ef syst e and dog a m . m m tis The c adre- parties e ven i nstit uti onalized t he r esour ces a nd m o tivati on by restricted m e b m ershi p on t he basis of incre en m tal sel ecti on criteria and pr o o on t hrough passi ng vari ous st ages of m ti i deol ogi cal c o petence i n s t i pul at ed c urri cul a, obser vance of m or gani zati onal pri nci pl es a nd pr acti cal de onstrati on of m or gani zati onal capabilities. The whol e-ti e of such or gani zati ons are/ w e pr ovi ded wi t h m rs er l ogistic support and re unerati on t o full y dedi cat e t hem sel ves t o m or gani zati onal ai sand w m ork. These st udent or gani zati ons also devi sed on-site trai ni ng syst e st o m boost i deol ogi cal underst andi ng, e vent- anage en skills, a nd m m t co m u icati on capabilities. Thi s surel y has act ed as i ncenti ves f or m n acti vists who generall y ca e fro l ow m iddl e i nco e gr oups. It m m erm also pr ovi ded personal devel op ent and leadershi p opport uniti es m and pl atfor st o ascendancei n t he publi c life. M any of the pr esentm day nati onal leaders who have a non- elitist fa ilial backgr ound m have risen t o nati onal st at ure because of t heir acti ve associ ati on w t h such political gr oups. A t af Hussai n ( Q ), Jehangir Badar, i l M M Ghul a Abbas, Fauzi a Wahab ( PPP), Af r asi ab Khat tak ( ANP), m Kha waj a Saad Rafi q, Ahsan Iqbal, Javed Hash i, Pervai z Ras hi d m ( P L N Syed M unna w Hassan, Li aqat Bal och ( J a aat-eM - ), er m Isla i), E az Chaudr y ( PTI), etc. t o na ea fe w m j m . Educati on i nstit uti ons li ke the Gover n ent Coll ege and K nnair d m i Coll ege, Lahor e, also ear ned reput ati on because of practical skills m arted by di verse associ ations, soci eties and cl ubs i n t heir and t he i p i ncenti ves for yout h leadershi p t hat bot h have offered.

3.2.5. RESOURCES AND MOTIVATION

It is al w an i nt eresti ng but i p ays m ortant questi on as t o what ki nd of a person is m o li kel y t o j oi n politics and can have t he pot enti al t o re be an acti vist or a fut ure leader. Political recruiters area l ways i n search of such t ypi cal youngc adr es who possess cert ai n resources ie. ti e m o m , ney, political i nt erest, skills - a nd m o vati on t o ti nat urall y beco e part of t he gr oup. m O her for sof political resources are val ues, i deol ogy and sense of t m rel ati ve depri vati on/ gri evance.

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The latest i nvol ve en of LU S st udent s i n lawyers m o m en m t M ve t and t he for a m tion of SAC is anot her exa p of st udent s havi ng m le resources t o aff or d acti vis on t he one hand and on t he ot her hand m w nni ng great er prospects i n t he j obm a i rket. The resources-politics li nkage can also be exa ined i n t he li ght of m physi cal and spatial li itations for t he st udent gr oups. A t hough its m l m ortance is downpl ayed, b ut is wort h-seei ng t hat m o of t he i p st st udent or gani zati ons have to rel y upon funds and spaces render ed by t he m o gr oups. In a study done on yout h gr oups i nLa hor e, it ther was f ound out t hat not h avi ng a pr oper offi ce s pace was a n m ortant issue t hat put off the acti vists. 42 i p Our o wn i nt ervi e w w t h vari ous st udent leaders reveal edt hat m any s i nati onal level st udent or ganizati ons had no per anent office spaces m of t heir own. Inm o cases, they operat ed fro the part y pre ises. st m m Li ke w se f undi ng f or acti vities has been a per pet ual s our ce of i creati ng dependence upon seni or political act ors. Duri ng ti e of st udent uni ons, t he issues of fundi nga nd offi ce m s spaces wer e tackl ed w t h uni on facilities and resources, but i n t heir i absence and lack of enabli ng i nstit uti onal environ ent it has been m difficult for t he st udent or gani zati ons t o run affairs ont hei r o wn. One of t he successes of t hel at est m ilest one m o m en of st udent s ve t agai nst e e m rgency r ul e is t hat it has resort ed t o expl oit virt ual spaces for its co m u icati on and acti vis on affor dabl e costs. m n m

co m u icati on a nd l it erary, i nt ellect ual or s er vi ce- ori ent ed m n pursuits. Thi s has also m in ized t he risks of i ndul gi ng i n a politics im t hat w dee eddisrupti ve as m Resour ces and m o tivati on for st udent politics is f orm of ci vi c vol unt eeris m m o del, i n whi ch t he i ndi vi duals a nd gr oups reci pr ocat e w h each ot her form u y benefici al acti ons. it tuall The dept h of m o tivati onal fact ors is however uncl ear. It has been w t nessed and conceded byl eaders t hat t he i dealis of a ca pus i m m m ay evaporat e when t he ot her w se har dcore m e b joi ns publi c i m er life. A h uge m a y of IJT acti vists dont j oi n t he JI aft er jorit co p ng t heir ca pus life.43 m leti m

In changed acade ic environ en t he i nstit uti ons facilitate t heir m m t, st udent s by enabli ng envir on en and pr ovi di ng spacesf or soci al m t acti vis , skill-based soci etal and ser vi ce- based wor k wi t hi n t he m ca puses. The s uccess of v i br ant but politicall y n on-alli gned m associ ati onal acti vities i n ca puses li ke GC a nd KC p oi nt s t o m for a patronage and pr ovisi on of facilities t o t he bi ght young m l st udent s a ccor di ng t o t heir i nt erests i n or al a nd wr itt en
42

Abbas, Naeem & Khaleeq Anjum. Youth Networking & Group Cohesion: A Comparative Study of Mainstream and Faith-based Youth Groups in Lahore, (Unpublished) BARGAD: Gujranwala, August 2006. P.27

43

See authors interview with Ameer-ul-Azeem

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CHAPTER 4: TESTIMONIES ON STUDENT POLITICS

He f urt her r eit erat es t hat J a iat a nd J a aat ar e not a gai nst m m partici pati on of w eni n publi c life: m o ithout acti ve wo en, anI sl a ic soci et y cannot beb ui lt. W e W m m support partici pati on of wo m en i n ever y wal k of life i. e. poli ce, ar y m ed m ed ne, teachi ng and even sports li ke s w m ing. m , ia, ici m i Ho wever we are opposed t o t heir acti vities i n m ixed environ en It m t. is sheer by chance t hat t hereh as been no wo en leader in t he m a m in panel of an el ect ed IJT st udent uni on. Ho wever, i n depart en m tal el ecti ons t hey frequentl y used t o represent Ja iat. m M o excer pts fro A eer-ul- A m 's i nt er vi e ware as foll ow ng: re m m zee i Extracti on of m o by s t udent or gani zati ons st art eda f t er t he ney uni ons wer e banned .. Awave of vi ol ence er upt ed because of lat e chi ef m in ister of Punj ab Ghula Hai der W y who wa nt ed entr y of m ne M u m St udent s Federati on ( SF) i nt o t he ca puses by a ny sli M m m e ans. Such vi ol ence is caused by t he gover n ent 's p at r onage. m O her w se, i deol ogi cal di fferences have not r esult edi n bl oody t i cl ashes. .. A gan Jehad di d not affect t he st udent politics in anyway. f M any of our fell ow beca e M u di n, but t hey nevers upport ed s m jahi usm ilitaril y w hi n t he ca p it m uses. It was not Ja aat-e-Isla i at her t he Paki st an Nati onal A li ance m m r l ( PNA t o whi ch J a aat was a part t hat accept edm inisteri al ), m portfoli os i n Gen Zi a 's first cabi net. Ch. Zahoor El ahi was t he first one who hast ened t o t akeo at h i n hi s i ndi vi dual capacit y. Thi s nat urall y creat ed rupt ure w thi n t he PNA It t hen deci dedt o j oi n t he i . cabi net ..Ja aat not onl y left t he cabi net but also t he PNA when m Gen Zi a di d not keep hi s pr om ise of hol di ng el ecti ons w t hi n t he 90 i days. Ja aat has never hobnobbed w t h t he st at e m a hi ner y and m i c est ablish en ..IJT never liked i ndirect support of Ge n. Zi a by t he m t Ja aat whi ch di d not wa nt t o take risks because of Af ghan Jehad. m Ho wever we t hought t hat t he jehad was m a t hen andwe shoul d ture partici pat e i n t he de ocratic struggl e. m Ja aat di d not partici pat e i n Af ghan j ehad b ecause of m est ablish en W ekept di stance fro offers of contracts and ot her m t. m

4.1. AMEER-UL-AZEEM
A eer-ul- A m , for e Nazi -e- A a of t he Isla iJam iat Tal aba m zee m r m l m (IJT and pr esentl y A eer Ja aat-e-Isla i Lahore, says t hat t he ) m m m st udent or gani zati ons s houl d s eek i deol ogi cal gui dance f r o m political parties but t hey don ot have t o beco e st ooges i n t heir m hands: Ja iat has pr ogressed because it has been an aut ono ous m m or gani zati on. In a w de-rangi ng i nt ervi e wat offi ce of hi s advertise ent agency, i m t he 50- year- ol d for e chi efof IJT duri ng t he cr uci al days of Gen m r Zi a 's regi e tells t hat st udent politics no w woul d not revert t o m vi ol ence and m ilitancy. Today, t he sit uati on has i p m roved and a cult ure of reconciliati on and di al ogue is taki ng roots.I t i s ver y positi ve. Bor n i n 1958 i n Isla pura (Kri shanagar), Lahore, A eer-ul- A m m m zee was i nspired by writi ngs of M au lana M aududi and i nvolved hi self m w t h IJT i n 1977. Thi s affiliati on persisted for t he nextt e n years i duri ng whi ch he beca ePunj ab 's Nazi ,nati onal secretar y general m m and ulti a y t he IJT chi ef. He was also el ect ed Pr esident of t he m tel Punj ab Uni versit y S udent U on i n 1984. t ni He says he is pr oud of hi s st udent acti vis days. Ho wever, he m di sappr oves m y c bi ases that hi ndered even his o wn coll eagues t o opi have di al ogue w t h ot her gr oups: I have al w sai d t hatn eit her we i ays are perfect, nor our opponents are al w t ot all y wr ong. Ih a ve been ays opposed t o self-ri ght eousness of t hose peopl e who use vi ol ence, m ight of an or gani zati on and terror rat her t han ar gu ents t o pursue m t heir ai s m . A eer-ul- A m m a tai ns t hat advocat e M rIs ael Qu eishi m ade m zee in m m istakes i n hi s ar gu ents duri ng Awai s Qasi 's (secretar y general, m m IJT) case for lifti ng ban ons t udent uni ons, 1993. Thec ourt had gi ven a fra ew k. It di d not ban st udent politics. m or

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per ks. On t he ot her hand t hose peopl e who wer e apparentl y agai nst t his jehad [of present-day ANP], m in m o and ear ned benefits ted ney out of it. H A aji deel is an exa p m le. Leftist political or gani zations have al w ays been goi ng t hr ough splits. Our opponent s operate seasonall y ar ound t he st udent uni on el ecti ons, whil e Ja iat is awel l-organi zed force t hat has wor ked m m t s oo hl y and de ocraticall y all al ong t hese years. m A ons of so el ow evelr epresent ati ves or sy p hizers of IJT cti m -l m at so em e cause undue e m b m en f or t he or gani zati on by m ti s arrass t usi ng f or ce, but we st rictl y a dhere t o a m o c ode of ral conduct w publi call y repudi at e wr ongdoi ng of a me b as I e m er, di d i n t he case of Nazi of t he Uni versit y of Engi neeri ng and m Technol ogy ( UET) Lahor e. W et ook hi t o task for misbehavi ng m w t h t he V ce Chancell or, even t hough it w not publi cally known. i i as I n t he case of m anhandli ng of I ran Khan by t he IJT peopl e i n m Punj ab Uni versit y I sai d befor e m ed t hat it was a bl acks pot on t he ia face of Ja iat. Thi s st at e e m e w t h oppositi on fro t he Ja iat. m m nt t i m m I sai d m yopi ni on is that what ever happened w t h I ranKh a n was i m not a m istake it was a si n. Thi s event ear ned Ja iat bad na enot m m onl y i n t he Punj ab Uni versit y but also i n t he countr y ..Ja iat m act ed agai nst t hose who wer e responsi bl e for t his event,b ut to m y m ind they di d not go as far as t hey shoul d have done. Nazi -e- A a m l of IJT shoul d have taken responsi bility and resi gned. Today t he sit uati on is different. W eare w t nessi ng w despread i i support for t olerant behavi our and di al ogue is gr ow ng day by day. i Cr edit m o goes t o t hem edi a. No w o pposi ng gr oups have stly publicall y st art ed tal ki ng t o eachot her. It is a ver y positi ve trend and I hope because of a c ulture of di al ogue we c an once a gai n rei nvi gorat e t he det eri orat ed st udent politics.

st udent pr ot ests agai nst m a handli ng of I ran Khan by t he IJ T n m wor kers i n Punj ab Uni versity. A ir is a Ph D candi dat e and has been Ge neral Secretar y of t he m M u m St udent s Federati on ( SF) at t he Gover n e Coll ege sli M m nt Fai sal abad. He li ghtl y says that he was t he onl y M S Facti vist i n hi s coll ege not i p ed i n any cri inal offence. One shoul d add t hat m licat m he is also an excepti onal st udent w t h a M S i Fbackgr ound i n recent ti e m sthat w d hol d a doctor at e degree! oul A ir is quit e technol ogy savvy. It is because of hi and hi s fri ends m m t hat ever y i p rtant event of t he uni versit y is post ed on Yout ube m o andm ob textm e ile ssagi ng is ext ensi vel y used. Bei ng a Ph D st udent he has been associ at ed w t h Punj abUni versit y i for a l ong ti e He t hi nks that i nt ellect level of st udents of Punj ab m . Uni versit y has al w ays been hi gh. If you happen t o di scuss any nati onal or i nt ernati onal issue, t hey e xpli citl y e xpress t heir i ndependent opi ni on and obser vati ons. St udent s are fam iliar w t h i t he fact t hat Punj ab Uni versit y is t he ol dest educati onali nstit uti on whi ch has provi ded co m en m dabl e leadershi p t o Pakist an. Ho wever t he environ en whi ch fl ourishes and gr oom sst udent s m t see sm issi ng si nce t he ti e we j oi ned t he instit uti on. Neit her t he m m enli ght eni ng environ en t hat gl ow t he m inds is existent nor can m t s t he st udent s freel y partici pate i n co-curricul ar acti vities. See, t his is t he age of i nfor a m tion and technol ogy; present age st udent s are ver y well a w about t he educati onal environ ent of are m devel oped countries 'u ni versities. No w if we lack t hat envir on en m t i n our uni versities t hen responsi bl e el e en for suchp r evaili ng m ts st at e of affairs are cert ai nl y not t he w w shers of st udents. ell- i A ir says i n spit e of ban on st udent 's uni ons ost ensi bly, a cert ai n m st udent or gani zati on is acti ve si nce 1984 whi ch utilizes Uni versit y funds, pl ace its post ers, and arrange pr ogra m e of its own choi ce. m s Such acti vities are di sli ked generall y by st udent s. Thi s narr ow and ri gi d at o m sphere has been br eedi ng i t s oppositi on h o ws oever repressed. Then ri ght aft er t he i p on of e e m ositi m rgency on Sat ur day 2nd Nov 2007, a spont aneous reacti on br oke out. On Uni versit y's reopeni ng aft er weekl y h oli days a pr ot est was l aunched o n

4.2. AMIR JALAL

A ir Jal al cha p m m ions t he cause of ne w wa ve of st udent politics. He heads t he Uni versit y St udent s Federati on ( USF) a st udent or gani zati on that was for e duri ng t he heat of law m d yersm o m en ve t agai nst i p on of e e m ositi m rgency rul e and accent uat ed duri ng m a ss

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m ositi i p on of e ergency r ul e. Ph D c andi dat es al ong wi t h l a w m coll ege st udent s t ook t hi si niti ati ve. Thi s sti u ed t he l ong m lat suppressed acti vis in Punj ab U versit y. m ni Ar ri val of I ran Khan i n t he Uni versit y furt her aggravat ed t he m m o en u of agit ati on. No s ooner I ran Khan arrived i n t he m tm m ca pus, he w st opped t o m o furt her. m as ve Excer pts fro A irs i nt er vie w are gi ven as under: m m s e all, al ong w t h so ePh D st udents encount ered t hat endeavor W i m and affir edour resort not to let wor kers of t he IJT t o proceed w t h m i such w cked acti on. W ej u ped over t he car and shout edsl ogans i n i m m I ran Khan 's favor and agai nst t he e e m rgency rul e. In t he m e an ti e Nazi of t he r ul er organi zati on j u p over t he car and m m m ed pushed us down.W hat happened aft er w ds is an open stor y. ar An i m ense r eacti on f ol l ow t hi s i nci dent. Uni versit y La w m ed Coll ege beca et he centre of pr ot ests; and rallies becam ea dail y m routi ne affair. The rul er or gani zati on 's acti vists t hreat ened on phone calls t o t he parents at boys and girls 'h o es t o forgo such acti vities m ot her w se t hey w ll not be responsi bl e for t he consequences. Agai n, i i t his act had a reverse reaction and st udents st arted partici pati ng i n rallies i n a huge nu b m er. G aduall y, st udents fro all the depart en i n rallies got fa iliar r m m ts m w t h each ot her. It beca e l ear t hat all school s of thought s ar e i m c acti vel y s upporti ng us, a nd e ver y person i s a nnoyed o ver unde ocratic acti ons and attit ude of a st udent or gani zati on. Thi s m sit uati on m ade us realize t hat we need a pl atfor where oppositi on m t o unde ocrati c practices w ll be at t op of t he m an m i ifest o; wher e o wni ng a different school oft hought w ll not be an issue any o i m re; and where i nt erests of st udent s and Uni versit y w ll be safeguar ded i w t h unit y. It was pr ocl aim ed that st udent s m ay have different i i deol ogi es, t hey m ay have different rol e m o dels; but they shoul d acknow edge t w t hi ngs: l o Unde ocratic practices anda t tit udes w ll not be t ol erat ed at any m i cost; I nt erests of st udents a nd Uni versit y c an never be co p m ised. m ro

Hence t his foru co p m m risess t udent s w t h different i deol ogi es and i schools of t hought s but even t hen t hat is pr ot ecti ng t he int erests of st udent s a nd n ot beco in a c a use of di sunit y. W e di sfavor m g aut horitarian politics, as a st udent or gani zati on has hi jacked t he whol e uni versit y si nce last t hirt y years. W ewon 't li kea ny ot her gr oup or st udent w ng t o take over t he 'possessi on '. W eare agai nst i t he aut horitarian politics and beli eve in de ocracy. De m o m cracy is wort hl ess wi t hout freedo o f o pi ni on a nd e xpressi on a nd t he m adherence t o hu anri ghts. m Thi s phil osophy i s t he m o tivati on behi nd t he f or a m tion of Uni versit y St udent s Federation and st udents 's upport is wit h us. Our sl ogan is N V ol ent and Non- Partisan. on- i Neit her do we adhere t o a perti nent phil osophy, political part y or reli gi ous sect as a group nor do w j ustify vi ol ent politics. e W ecall upon all political parties t hat t his is t he ri pe ti efor t he t o m m deci de whet her political w ngs of such parties shoul d be pr esent ? Or i t here shoul d be a kno w edgeabl e and cont e p ve atm o l m lati sphere i n pl ace wher e all t ypes of politics and political i deol ogies can be di scussed or critici zed but t here shoul d have no any i nt erference by any political part y. Thi s arrange en is s uitabl e bot h f or t he m t Uni versit y and for t he political parties as well. Hi st or yo f Punj ab Uni versit y bears t he w t ness t hat how a st udent w ng support ed by a i i political part y has det eri orated t his i nstit uti on. No w we, the st udent s of Punj ab Uni versit y wi ll not all ow t hat t ype of pol itics t o be practiced agai n and w ll make persistent endeavors t or e vi ve t he i m ed ve environ en i n t he U versit y. itati m t ni IJ T onl y uses t he na eof Isl a .If t hey had been trul y beli eved i n m m what t hey say a bout r eli gion, t hey c oul d never have h i nder ed M o l ana Tari q Ja il t o deli ver a lect ure on Hol y Qur an. They u' m st opped M o l ana because M o l ana see sm isfit i n t heir fra eof u' u' m m Isla . M o l ana Tari q Ja ile vent uall y had t o conduct the sessi on m u' m i nW ifaqi Col ony. .. Thi s or gani zati on i s e quall y i nvol ved i n di scri i ati ng a nd m n w deni ng t he gap bet w i een st udent s havi ng r ur al and ur ban backgr ound. W h we ca e er e, we wer e t ol d it is because of t he en m h ruli ng st udent or gani zati on t hat t housands of girls are peacef ull y

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st udyi ng i n t he Uni versit y. Ha d it not t here t he girls woul d have been t aken a w by t he Lahoris. But aft er w ds when we sa w ay ar t housands of girls st udyi ng i n different educati onal i nstit uti ons of Lahore t hen we realized t hat t his or gani zati on is habit ual t o l yi ng j ust form a ni ng its control. intai Uni versit y teachers are being t hreat ened on phone callst hat we are tal ki ng fro W a m ziristan andi f you w ll not st op annoyi ng our boys i t hen w w attack w h sui ci de bo b e ill it m ers. The r uli ng st udent or gani zati on i nvit ed W a jih-uh- D n Ah ed i n i m Uni versit y t o tal k on t he teachers who wer e fired by Govt. 's or der. W a jihudi n conde ned t he sacki ng of teachers. I coul d not st op m m y self, st ood on m ychair and asked M r W a . jihudi n to na e t he m Ph D st udent s as well who beca et he vi cti sof t ort ure in t he hands m m of this or gani zati on. I added t hat we acknow edge t hat you are i n t he l vanguar d of anti- m u sharraf m o m en al ong w t h t his organi zati on, ve t i but you m u ask t he t of or go unde ocratic pr actices. They st m m t ort ured m eonl y because I was di stri buti ng pa phlets in t he favor m of Judges 'Re st orati on. M r .W aji hudi n, you m u tal ka b out t he st atrocitiesm e out t o PhDst udent s. ted Aft er w ds, so eteachers fro t his or gani zati on reprim a ar m m nded m e and t ol d m et hat t hey have tick m a rked m yna e because we m di stri but ed t he pa phlets outsi de centralm o m sque.

Haili ng ori gi nall y fro a village Khal o near Bar ot hai n di stri ct m Hari pur ( N FP), her fa ilyh a d to frequentl y m o a ong pl aces W m ve m because of his fat hers careeri n t he Paki st an Ar y He retired at t he m . rank of a col onel. She says t hat it was t he i nner strengt h and pr oper gui dance of hi s fat her t hat has i nfor ed her political career all al ong. m Aft er her M a tricul at e i n 1976 fr o t he Vi qar-un- Nisa School m Ra wal pi ndi, she got ad itted to t he Federal Gover n ent Coll ege m m forW o eni n Isla abad and stayed at its boar di ng house. m m Accor di ng t o her, she wasi nt ensel y m o by pr osecuti on and ved subsequentl y hangi ng of Zulfi qar Al i Bhutt o who sy bolized m peopl es politics and an iconi c i nt ernati onal st at ure i n t he eyes of m any a yout h t hen. Fe a st udent acti vists from t he Quai d-i- A m Uni versit y ( QAU m le za ) woul d vi sit her college andBh utt os pr osecuti on was the pre ier m poi nt of t heir di scussi ons. These asse b m lies l ed t he m to a pr ocessi on i n t he M o M ah cho wk, where poli ce baton char ged ti al t he de onstrat ors. Young gi rls fro her coll ege and t heQ AU had m m t o escape t hr ough PVC drai nages pi pes back t heir host els. Aft er Bhutt os hangi ng she was also an acti ve part of the st udent s who arranged a gai bana ni az-e-ji naza for t he late pri e in er at m m m ist Ji nnah Coll ege Pesha w er. She was a BSc Honors s t udent of Ge ol ogy i n t he P e s ha wer Uni versit y, when she was elect ed t o her depart en uni on. Lat er m tal i n 1981, she was el ect ed vi ce pr esi dent of t he uni on. Their m a in sl ogan i n t he el ecti ons wast hat w wi ll t ur n t his cam p i nt o e us anot her Lar kana. These wer e cr uci al ti e when t he effects of Aghan war st arted m s, show ng up i n t he uni versity, w t h Af gan faces and Jehadi green i i attire oft en affiliated w t h the H zb-e-Isl a i and to t heir br ot herl y i i m co rades t he IJ T m .

4.3. ANISA ZEB TAHIRKHELI

Ani sa Zeb Tahirkheli has been per haps one t he m o r o inent stp m wo en st udent leaders i n Pakist an. She was t w ce el ected as V ce m i i Pr esi dent of t he st udent uni on i n Pesha w Uni versit y (1981- 82 and er 1982- 83). She bagged record nu ber of vot es i n a ca pus, whi ch m m also i ncl uded vot es of m a y affiliat ed coll eges t hat h a ve no w n beco e i ndependent i nstit uti ons. Lat er, she beca e t hef oundi ng m m general secret ary of Peopl es Yout h Or gani zati on and has hel d m any political and gover n en offices on wo en and yout h affairs. Her m tal m political portfoli o i ncl udes bei ng m e b of t he p r ovi nci al m er asse b , pr ovi nci al advi sor t o t he chi ef m in m ly ister N FP, senat or W and a federalm in ister.

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Terr or and f ears of vi ol ence had r eached t o a p oi nt t hat M s Tahirkheli had t o const antl yc arr y a pi st ol i n her bag whil e i n t he ca pus. m To shun t he paranoi a of herc o rades, t his young lady resort ed t o m an i nnovati on t hat i n t he succeedi ng years wer e t o sy boli ze t he m worst of st udent politics (and af ghan war) and begi nni ng of yout h m ilitancy i n Paki stan: She w t h t he hel p of her friends fro t he i m tri bal belt br ought a K ashi nkov rifle i n t he ca pus and fired m any l m rounds of s hot s i n t he airi n a p ubli c m e eting of hi s st udent or gani zati on, t he PSF. It wast he first such event when a K ashi nkov l was fired i n br oad day li ght i n any ca pus i n t he country. Not onl y m t hat. By chall engi ng her opponent s she decl ared fro the roster m m duri ng her shooti ng spree: we are not afrai d of t hese t oys. Even a wo an can fire t he . m m She also recalls one fi ght where she had t o use her pi stol fro t he m car t o di sperse t he ragi ng opponent s who had assault edh er fell ow acti vists. Thrills apart, she m a tai ns t hat st udent welfare was m an f ocus of in i t heir wor k i n t he uni on. They sol ved host el resi dents probl e sby m i ncreasi ng nu ber of host els, i p ng hygi ene and food qualit y m m rovi and i nitiati ng t r ansport ati on wi t hi n t he vast ca pus. M o t hl y m n excursi on tri ps for st udents wer e arranged. They also worked for t he benefits of t he uni versit y teachers associ ati on and t hee pl oyees m associ ati on. They hel ped establishi ng t he Instit ut e of Educati on and Research. For t hese and o t her st udent wel fare issues, she had m e etings wi t h offi cials of t he Uni versit y Gr ant s Co m issi on m ( UGC) and t he secret ary educati on, et c. Once her uni on had t o publicall y stri ke and bl ock t heP es ha w erJa rood Road i n Fe br uar y 1981. m Gi rls al so j oi ned t he de onstrati ons. m St udent wel fare, she adds, pro p her uni on t o beco e art of an m ted m p all Pesha w body t he St udent s Acti on Co m ittee ( SAC) coaliti on ar m of el ect ed st udent uni ons of educati onal i nstit uti ons i n t he cit y.

It is t o her uni ons credit t hat t hey successfull y ca p gned f or m ai fi xi ng of a m in u of 15p er cent quot a for girl st udent s i n t he m i m uni versit y ad issi ons ot her than t hem e m rit. She says: w wer e f ull of feeli ngs agai nst t he st at us quo and e t hought as if w rul ed t he w d. e orl M sTahirkheli reflects t hat itwa s because she was a wo an she was m m o sensiti ve t o t he st udent wel fare issues. Her uni on support ed re such endevours and t heir st udent wel fare agenda wa s f or a y m ll publici zed by el ecti onsm an ifest os and pa phlets. m G rl st udent s wer e m o p ol iticall y a cti ve wi t hi n a l l- wo en i re m ca puses, but t hey also worked in hands w t h m a count er parts. m i le She herself wor ked upt o 9 PM i n t he uni on offi ce. Though it was an unusual t hi ng i n t he Pukht un envir on en yet it was also because m t, t he m a coll eagues w lli ngly pr ot ect ed and respect ed hard- wor ki ng le i wo en st udent acti vists. Nusrat A ti ya and Shahi da M a wer e m t lik ot her exa p of w enleadershi p i n t he ca pus i n her ti e m les m o m m . She concedes t hat st udent politics have cert ai nl y i p m arted political trai ni ng i n yout h. M any peopl e li ke Aza A ri di, M i n Ifti khar, m f a Af rasi ab Khatt ak and herself are a pr oduct of such politics. But t he fli p si de t o st udent politics m u also be kept i n vi e w Ca puses st . m wer e regul arl y cl osed do wn and st udi es di srupt ed because of st udent politics, she says. W eshould graduall y m o t ow ds intr oduci ng ve ar st udent partici pati on i n ca pus affairs. Ther e shoul d be no political m part y affiliati on of st udent uni ons. It is bett er t hat we i ntroduce t he st udent councils i nst ead of uni ons. No political part y i n Paki st an can t hi nk affor di ng st udent politics i n already a vol atile sit uati on and its uneasy m ilitant past. There s houl d be cert ai n bars on st udent councils el ecti ons i.e t he age li it. And t he el ect ed councils shoul d m for an all- Pakist an Yout h Asse b . Thi s woul d be the best foru m m ly m t o appreci at e de ands of our fut ure generati on. m

4.4. DR. ISRAR SHAH

Dr. Israr Shah is m e b oft he central executi ve co m ittee of t he m er m PPP. He has consist entl y treaded upon t he whol e iti nerar y of PPP

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si nce its i ncepti on and o wnc hil dhood. He was st udento f Isl a ia m H gh School Bhatti Gat e i n hi s nati ve wall ed cit y of Lahor e, when i he j oi ned Chil drens Peopl es Part y ( CPP) i n 1968- 9. A t the sa e m age he j oi ned hi s first public pr ocessi on and j u pedi nsi de t he m Gover nor House. Today, hec a nnot wal k. He l ost hi s t w legs i n a o bo b bl ast target ed at Chi ef Justice Ifti khar Chaudhry on 7 Jul y m 2008 i n Isla abad. m Dr. M u bashir Hassan was the archit ect of CPP. The chil dren and yout h contri but ed t o el ection ca pai gn i n a ver y scientifi c and m or gani zed m anner and on am assi ve scal e. It had branches i n all nei ghbour hood of Lahor e. Dr. Shah particul arl y adores Dr. Hassans accessi bl e and i nt eresti ng teachi ng techni ques. He used t o m ake chil dren dra w PPP si gns and sy bo m ls. He s ays s o f ar t hi s e xam p of a n or gani zed c a m p gn a nd le ai net wor ki ng i n 1970 is next to none i n Paki st an. The whole nati onal units of JI w nom a t o Lahores PPPM ohalla units. ere tch Dr. Shah was a debat er. Pol itical acti vis i n a tender age affect ed m an ot her w se brilliant achi ever. He coul d not get ad issi ons t o t he i m Gover n en Coll ege because of m e He t hen opt ed f or t he m t rit. Int er ed e Coll ege Ravi road. It was sit uat ed i n t he vi ci nit y of hi s m iat ho e The coll ege PSF di d not all ot hi part y ticket for t he st udent m . m uni on. Rej ect ed, he cont est ed t he el ecti ons and won vi cepr esi dentshi p agai nst candi dat es of bot h Ja iat and PSF. He wa s presi dent m t he next year (1972- 3). He was part of Pr ogressi ve St udent s Council ( PSC t hat was an ) alliance of el ect ed pr ogressi ve uni ons. PSC al so i ncluded ot her el ect ed represent ati ves li ke Zulfi qar Hussai n Zulfi, Bakhti ar Bakhti, Far khanda, Ayub Rana, Na zi Shah, Ya qoob Butt, Dh i yan Khan, m M u K sa han and IrfanM a lik. Bhutt o had call ed an all Paki st an st udents convention hel d i n nati onal Sadi u Kar achi i n 1973. Dr. Shah says he has never seen m such am a ve st udent assem b n his w e life. ssi lyi hol PSF wor kers beat t he Pr esi dent of PU uni on Javed Hashm i. He was leadi ng a Bangl adesh Na anzur m o m en ri ght at the ti eof m ve t m

Isla icsu m it conference in Lahor e (1973). They also vol unt eered m m for coor di nati ng preparati on for t he su m it. m Accor di ng t o Dr. Shah, PSF has al w ays been a self- gr own pheno enon. It lacks di scipli ne. No or gani zati on has gr oo ed it. m m W e part y leaders have been fearf ul of t he st udent po wer and ak di scourage i nstit uti onal devel op ent wi t hi n t he P SF. I t s m or gani zati on is a t hreat t o som evest ed i nt erests. Leftist st udent or gani zati onsh a ve been hostile t o t he PPP. Dr. Shah says t hey t hought Zulfi qar A i Bhutt o was a hur dl e i n t he wa y t o l revol uti on. Thats why t hey opposed t he PPP at ever y occasi on and wer e i n part of t he oppositi on t o Bhutt o. Ho wever wh en he was hanged, t hey ca eto a realizati on t hat t hey w w ong. m ere r Dr. Shah got ad issi ons to t he Vet enar y Sci ence College ( no w m uni versit y) i n 1976 and beca e general secret ar y of the st udent m uni on i n 1978. He was later t he uni on presi dent i n 1980-81. Des pit e m a law pr ogressi ve st udent s won el ecti ons ever ywhere. It was rtial , t he sa eyear when Anas Ah ed was m u m m rdered by IJ T i n UET. El ect ed uni ons of pr ogressi ve gr oups f or ed an alliance call ed m Lahor e St udents Fr ont . Duri ng t he el ecti on ca pai gn (1982), Dr. Shah and M uir Ah ed m n m Khan of Ist aql al St udent s Federati on wer e abduct ed while pasti ng post ers on walls of t he Islam iaColl ege Ci vil Li nes after a r ound of Lahore ca puses. Hafi z Sal m anButt and Ej az Chaudhry took the m m t o i n Roo No. 40 of t he Cr escent Host el of C vil Li nes Coll ege m i and kept t he capti ve for 36-40 hours. Tayyab Shaheen was on t he m wat ch out si de. He was not hu iliated t hough; because of ol d m acquai nt ance w h H z Salm an Butt. it afi He was once fired upon by A eer-ul- A m w t h t he silencer put m zee i on t he pi st ol. It m u have been t he first and l ast firi ng of an st ot her w se non- ilitant IJTleader, D Shah li ghtl y says. i m r. Just bef ore t he begi nni ng ofM RD m o m en Dr. IsrarS ha h was ve t, arrest ed fro La w Coll ege on 22 M a 1981. He wasd esi gnat ed m rch j oi nt secret ar y of t heM RD Punj ab and i nchar ge of st udent affairs.

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The g over n en had a n aggressi ve cr ackdo wn u pon t he PPP m t sy pat hi zers and on the ot her hand IJT had t urned cam p m uses i nt o t ort ure cells. Ja iat not onl yi ntr oduced ca pus vi ol encei n the past m m but wer e no w consoli dati ngt heir fascist hol d on t he cam p uses. It was a danger ous era, D Israr Shah re in r. m isces.

4.5. DR. KAISER BENGALI

Dr. Kai ser Bengali is a renowned econo ist respect ed for hi s pr om poor schol arshi p. He st udi ede cono ics at t he Kar achi Uni versit y i n m t he 1960s and l at er taught a t t he Appli ed Econo ics Resear ch m Centre, Kar achi Uni versit y for fifteen years fro t he m i 80s t o t he m d 90s. He t hen wor ked wi t ht he Sust ai nabl e De vel op ent Poli cy m Instit ut e ( SDPI), Isla abad for fi ve years bef ore he wasa ppoi nt ed m m anagi ng direct or Soci al Poli cy Devel op en Cent er (SPDC) f or m t anot her t hree years. He r esi gned i n Januar y 2005 a nd i s no w i ndependentl y i nvol ved w t h research. He is also t he archit ect of i Benazir Bhutt o Support Pr ogra m e m . Dr. Bengali says t hat he al ong w t h hi s friends published out a i weekl y ne w spaper w ch w co p y apolitical. hi as m letel M y college was then an elite i nstit uti on and st udent politics was unhear d of. Lat er, when I ent ered t he uni versit y, I j oi ned t he NSF. Ther e wer e t w gr oups of t he NSF at t he ti e t he Kaz i gr oup and o m : m t he Rasheed gr oup. I never m e eit her of t he t w leadersaft er who t o m t he gr oups wer e na ed I never even sa w t he on cam p They m . m us. wer e pr obabl y under gr ound at t he ti e m . W h I j oi ned t he uni versit y, Isl a i Ja iat-i- Tal aba h a d been en m m w nni ng el ecti ons si nce el even years. The NSF gr oups used t o i cooperat e w t h each ot her j ust bef ore t he el ecti ons but kept warri ng i t he entire year. In m y first uni versit y el ecti ons to t he st udent uni on, A t af Hussai n was a candi dat e of t he Kaz i gr oup, whi le Naj a u l m m l Huda was w t h t he Rasheedg r oup, t here was an alliance bet w i een t he t w and I j oi ned t he . o m Ther e wer e a l ot of forei gn st udent s on ca pus at the tim e fro m m Pal esti ne, Iran, Indonesi a, M a a, and ot her M u laysi slim countries. They wer e entirel y a leftist vot e bank. Si nce m yEnglish language

skills wer e good, I was a sked t o a ppr oach t hese st udent s f or ca pai gni ng. Just one day pri or t o voti ng, I was appr oached by t he m Kaz i gr oup who asked m e ot t o vot e for Naj a u Huda but for m n m l A t af Hussai n. I was taken by sur prise and I t ol d t he t hat t his wa y l m we coul d not defeat t he Jam iat i n a hundred years. W el ost t he el ecti ons ver y badl y and I deci ded t o quit t he NSF. I t hen j oi ned so ei ndependent st udent s t o for a Li berals G oup in 1972. The m m r foll ow ng year, I cont est ed t he el ecti ons as t heir first presi denti al i candi dat e. Our ai was t o beat t he two facti ons of t he NSF and pr esent a m vi abl e alt ernati ve t o t he st udent s agai nst Ja iat. W epolled ar ound m 11, 000 vot es whil e t he NSFg ot ar ound 400 vot es. ShafiNa qi Ja i m of Ja iat beca et he presi dent of t he uni on. The NSF disi nt egrat ed m m i nt o about seven facti ons and was destroyed. Lat er, in 1974, all leftist li beral gr oups wer e unit ed t o for a Pr ogressi ve Fr ont. The m Li berals j oi ned t he m as s e ni or part ners. W e c ont est ed t he presi denti al candi dat e whil e t hey ran for j oi nt secret ar y. Ther e wer e so ever y good peopl e who ca et oget her i n t his pr ocess and we m m won t he el ecti ons aft er about thirteen years t o br eak t hem onopol y of Ja iat. Thi s w 1974- 75. m as In 1972, t here was so evi ol ence but let m etell you of its degree m and ki nd. Once when t he NSF and Ja iat fell out w t h each ot her, a m i st udent of the Akh wan- ul- usli een t ook off hi s belt and ever yone M m ran. But yes, t he Ja iat had its st ock of sticks kept i n one cor ner of m t he m a sjid, whil e t he NSF guys went i nt o cl assroo sand br oke t he m chairs t o fi ght w t h t he sticks. W ewer e agai nst t his behavi our at all i ti e There wer e 60 per cent wo en st udents on ca p who di d m s. m m us not support any for o vi olence. m f W etried t o br eak t his trend when we cont est ed and Shafi Naqi Ja i m won. Ja iat was hol di ng ac el ebrat or y functi on. I we nt t here t o m congr at ul at e hi but I was st opped. Then I t ol d t he that I had t o m m congr at ul at e t he m an and Ja i called for m et o be lett hr ough. I m t hi nk t hat we br oke t he cult ural barri ers and Ja iat girls st art ed m voti ng for us because we we re vi si bl y different fro t he NSF. Then m I fi nished m y udi es and we nt abr oad. W h I ret ur ned, Ij oi ned t he st en facult y and it see ed wr ong t o i nfl uence st udent politics. Teacher m politics was at ver y l ow ebbwi t h no acade ic issues bei ng raised, m so I devot edm y t o research. self

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In m ylast year on ca pus as a st udent, t he A l Paki stan M o m l hajir St udent s Federati on had st arted wor ki ng and t hey wa nt ed t o be part of t he Li berals but we r efused t he because we we re already m wor ki ng wi t h t he Pr ogressive Al li ance. But t hen I finished m y st udi es and we nt abr oad. Bef or e I left, I coul d see t hat t hesti cks and st ones t hat used t o be st acked i n t he m o sque for t he Ja iat boys m wer e bei ng repl aced by guns. It was t he Ja iat and not the AP SO m M t hat i ntroduced ar st o t he ca pus. Their target was Peopl e 's Part y m m support ers i n t he PSF. The first st udent s who wer e killed wer e all Peopl e 's Part y support ers. In m yi nstit ut e, t here wer e t w ve peopl e who had retur ned fro el m abr oad aft er fi nishi ng t heir M a sters 'o r t he Ph D degrees. That was t he gol den peri od of Kar achi Uni versit y, whi ch was uni que t o t he hi st or y of Paki st ani acade ia. Thi s is a ver y large num b You m er. cannot call all of t he t heL eft but t hey wer e peopl ewi t h cl ear m co m it en t o soci al j ustice. A l ot of good wor k was done at t he m m t ti ein research on regi onal devel op ent. m m Even at t he ti e we used t oc all our centre an island i n the Kar achi m , Uni versit y a nd t he i sl and d r o wned i n t he m u rky wat ers t hat overt ook c a pus politics i n ge ner al. The i nstit ute l ost i t s m i ndependence and was taken under t he syndi cat e of t heu ni versit y. The centre st opped bei ng a pl ace of excellence. There was political pressure t o grade t he st udent s, political pressure t o i ncl ude so e m peopl e i n our fiel d sur veys.St udents st arted co ing arm ed t o t he m centre. Ther e was firi ng i n the boys 'h ost els. The vi ol ence forced all t he good peopl e t o leave. Ther e was an att ack on t he Appli ed Econo ics Resear ch Centre by m t he Ja a because we pl ayed cri cket at t he AERC teachers and m tis , st udent s, wo en t oo, and t he support st aff. Ja iat boysc a e and m m m obj ect ed t o t he wo en pl ayi ng w t h us. W ereplied t hat it was i n m i public vi e wbut onl y w t hi n the i nstit ut e 's co pound, and t hat it was i m none of t heir busi ness. I re e b Nuzhat Ah ed wh o t hen m m er m beca e direct or of t he i nstit ut e was our fast bo w er. The peon, m l Rafi q, used t o be t he m a ef eree. Hafi z Pasha was the direct or tchr t hen but when he pl ayed poorl y, Rafi q al w gave hi o ut. It was ays m a gr eat at o m sphere. So t he Ja iat boys attacked t he Cent re, t he cars m of t he facult y, and t hen went t o t he vi ce chancell or 's office. He was

not an acade ic, and issueda not e agai nst us on hi s letterhead f or m t he Pr ess. But I m u add t he vi ol ence i n Kar achi Uni versit y never st directl y reached t o t he the teachers, unli ke t he Punj abUni versit y where peopl e li ke O ar As ghar Khan wer e beat en up and t hr own m off ca pus. m W ealso had so egood vi cec hancell ors li ke Dr. M ah o d Hussai n m m and Dr. Sal ee uz Za an Si ddi qui, who support ed acade ic wor k m m m and encouraged har d wor king teachers. But t his ended when Ge n. Zi aul Haq re oved acade i s and appoi nt ed vi ce chancell ors of hi s m m c choi ce. W h Ge n. Zi a deci ded t o hang Bhutt o, he or dered t he en cl osure of all colleges and uni versities. Thi s m akes it cl ear what m ortance t he Paki st ani state gi ves t o educati on. W h i p ereas, i n pl aces li ke Lebanon where aci vil war raged for t hirteen t o f ourt een years, t he A erican Uni versit y of Beir ut was not shut for a day. I n m pl aces li ke Eritrean li berati on ar yfought for 35 years and m o m ved schools w t h the m ilitary cam p because t here wer e young chil dren i s and fa ilies w t h t he sol di ers. That is t he ki nd of co m i en t hey m i m m t t had t o educati on. Teachers m a ned so estandar ds till t hen. A nu ber of teachers intai m m wer e di s issed i n t he 1980s under ri di cul ous char ges li ke bei ng a m bad i nfl uence on t he st udents. The m o laughabl e one was t he case st on O ar As ghar Khan whowa s accused of hi gh-j acki ng a rail w m ay engi ne! In m y vi e w t he wa y t he p ol itical at o , m sphere det eri orat ed i n Kar achi and t he large nu ber of st udent s who wer e part of t he m vi ol ence, was because t herewa s a ban on st udent politics. I n our ti e whil e we f ought w t h each ot her, we wer e alsop ol iticall y m s, i trai ned. Aft er ca pai gni ng all day agai nst each ot her, we wo ul d sit m t oget her i n t he eveni ng i n t he cant een for tea and lassi and poke f un at each ot her. There was no reason t o kill anyone for t heir vi e w I s. m a still friends w t h so eof t he peopl e fro t hat ti e n st udent i m m m .I uni on acti vities, we used to m ake strat egi es, hol d press conferences, writ e pa phlets and banners, conduct rallies, and t hen fi nd t he m resources t o pay for all t his as a st udent. Ja iat al w had a l ot of m ays m o due t o t he Ja aat support, but we had t o wo rk har d t o ney m generat e resources. That was good leadershi p and or gani zati onal trai ni ng. I t hi nk when t his wa s f orci bl y st opped, young peopl e beca em o m indlessl y vi olent and we nt i nt o cri inal acti vit y. I n m re m

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m yvi e w t he uni ons should be rest ored t o gi ve back a for u t o , m young peopl e.

i nt o t he st udent politics. The leftists had t heir o wn i di osyncrasi es, but t hey w e regar ded for t heir honest y and co m it en er m m t. W edi d not accept PSF as a genui ne political or gani zati on. W ehad backi ng of literar y peopl e. W e beli eved i n soci alism as a wa y ahead. M aybe t hey had s om e i deol ogi cal di ensi on i n i nt eri or m Si ndh, but i n Kar achi it was m o of opport unis ,a wa y t o get j obs re m and ot her i ncenti ves. Ther e was no acti ve hostility bet w een t he leftists and t he PPP. W e had a de ocratic criticis of t he PPP. Our st ances were hostile m m agai nst it. In retrospect, I thi nk pr obl e happened ont he seni or m level out si de t he ca puses. M ir Ghous Ba ksh Bi zenj o sahi b m bri dged t he bot h parties anda dvi si ng the not t o cr oss li nes. W a m li Khan di d not show i m a y. The NAP was event uall y banned by m turit t he Bhutt o regi e m . NSF m o m en was penetrat ed by Bhutt o i ntrusi on. Peopl e got ve t m o over ni ght. Acti vists wer e offered j obs. Gover n ent di d not ney m li ke pot ent st udent f orce. Honest decent politics was b e co ing m har der. Those who wer e deepl y dedi cat ed t o t heir co m i en felt m m ts, t betrayed. The NSF had st art ed t o diffuse by t he m id1970s. Ja ia filled t his m t vacuu and was or gani zed. It was al so s upport ed by kno wn m ri ghtists li ke Ishti aq Qur eishi who beca e VC of t he Kar achi m Uni versit y. Pr ogressi ve Fr ont and Li beral Fr ont i n Kar achi Uni versit y wer e for edaft er t he NSF st artedt o di s e b Ther e wer e three gr oups m m m er. m ak ng Pr ogressi ve Fr ont: The bot h NSF gr oups and the li berals. i W econt ested on t he el ecti ons fro th for u . m is m Bef ore m e Shafi Naqi of IJT was pr esi dent of t he uni versit y uni on. , He m ade Ja iat unpopul ar wi t h hi s m o poli ci ng oft he m ixed m ral i nt eracti ons bet w een boys and gi rls. I ndirectl y t hat beca e an m el ecti ons issue. Our panel co pensat ed for our or gani zati onal li itations. Sar dar m m Rahee (currentl y associ at ed w t h P L N was our presi dent. He m i M - )

4.6. DR. KHURSHID HASANAIN

Dr. Khurshi d Hasanai n cane asil y be m istaken f or ana r ti cul at e soci al sci entist w t h a tast e for cult ural politics. But i n pr acti ce he i teaches Physi cs at t he Quai d-ie A m Uni versit y Isla ab He has za m ad. seen t he de ise of Nati onal St udent s Federati on ( NSF) w h who m it m he was att ached d uri ng 1 971- 76 a nd was el ect ed as Ge ner al Secret ar y of t he K arachi U versit y S udent uni on. ni t Dr. Hasanai n is rel at ed t o literar y and cult ural fi gures like Kha w a j Ah ed A m bbass and Sal eha Abi d Hussai n by fa ilyli neage. m I was not a political personalit y. I was m o i nt o debat es and re literar y acti vities when I wa s st udent of D J. Coll ege. In1 971 I got . ad itted t o Kar achi Uni versit y and was i nduct ed i nt o st udent m politics he says. H s fa i y was quit e politicall y sensiti ve and i m l engaged w h t he progressi ve i deas. it He says Radi o Paki st an wa s a ver y po werf ul i nstit uti on t hen and practicall y a n ur ser y f or pr ogressi ve r ecr uits. Fr o t her e t he m i deol ogi cal m en tors associat ed wi t h t he pr ogressi vem ove en m t pi cked bri ght and young st udent s and ent ered t he i nt ot he leftist m circl es. The st udent s di d not know about it until t hey w quit e i n! ere St udent s f r o m vari ous i nstit uti ons parti ci pat ed i n the r adi o pr ogra m eBaz -e- Tal ba. A dr a afesti val was also organi zed by m m m t he radi o Paki st an but was event uall y st opped by t he Ya ha Khans m a lawregi e rtial m . NSF was split i nt o Kaz i and Dr. Rashi d gr oups and was affiliat ed m w t h t he NAP ( ali Khan) and NAP ( Bhashani) respecti vel y. i W Kaz i Gr oup was strong i nt he uni versit y and t he Dr. Ras hi d had m fir p m resence i n cit y and i n the coll eges. Bhutt o br ought a ne w fact ort o ca puses. The PPP support ed PSF m gr oups i n a bi d t o hol d ca p m uses. By our ti ecorrupti on had crept m

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was fro t he Li berals Fr ont.He was ver y soft and i p m m ressi ve li ke a gentl e gi ant. I w leadi ng achi ever i n acade ics. as m Our w n gave a boost t o t hepr ogressi ve el e en Kar achi. Once i n i m ts t he uni on offi ce, we i nvitedm any political leaders t o speak on t he uni on foru s De bat es on contr oversi al political issues wer e hel d. m . The panel i n t hese m e etings c onsist ed of st udents.W e wer e de ocrats. In one of such event s, Syed M u ar Hassan of t he JI m naw and for e nati onal chi ef of t he IJT also spoke. Thi s was a gr eat m r show of de o m cratic val ues by us. Dr. Khurshi d Hasanai n wa s al so m ade i nchar ge of the st udent m agazi ne. Q W h about gender equalit y and di scri inati on agai nstwo en i n : at m m t he uni versit y? A Tr aditi on pr evail ed. Bur qa and Pur dah wer e rare. Onec an say no : one acti vel y wor ked agai nst wo en. By a nd l ar ge m any gi rls m preferred t o sit on t he backb e nches. Gener al cult ural m ilieu was t here. There wer e m any st udent acti vists and candi dat es fr o our m si de. Lal a Rukh Ansari ( Rashi d Gr oup) was quit e active. Nar gi s Hoodbhoy and Fouzi a W a ab wer e ot her not abl e exa p h m les. IJ T candi dat es w al w boys except for one reserved seat for girls. ere ays Q :W hat about i nt er nal feuds of t he leftists? A The leftists shared i deals of a revol uti on: j ustice, co passi on and : m t he desire t o free the worl d. Ho we ver, i n retrospect I can say t hat t heir di visi on was unrealistica nd so eof t he di visi ve debat es wer e m un warrant ed. For exa p the pr o-chi na and pr o- Russia debat es, m le i nt er nal contr oversi es on t he legiti acy of naxilite m oe ents i n m vm Indi a. Al l s uch debat es had no pr acti cal consequences f or t he pr ogressi ve m o m en i n Pakist an. W edi d not do our ho e wor k ve t m and hadm yopi c vi e w of life. s Ho wever t he leftist st udentsi nt eract ed w t h each ot her i n Kar achi i and al so wi t h Si ndhi speaki ng st udent s fr o t he i nteri or. NSF m ( R d and Kaz i), SNF, PSF (t he el e en w h Re za Rabbani ashi m m ts it and H assan Sohail), all had conversati ons. I once visited Sukkar.

I t hi nk i nt er nal di visi ons we re pr acticall y not i deol ogi cal i n nat ure. They m o stly wer e personalit y cl ashes bet w een t hei deol ogi cal m en ors. W itht he passage of ti eand aft er l oosi ng m as support i n t m s t he ca puses, leftist gr oups beca em o cl osed, int ol erant t o each m m re ot her and t ot alitarian. St udent or gani zati ons dealt w t h st udent pr obl e sbut t hey wer e not i m m ade el ecti ons issue. The electi ons wer e not fought on ideol ogi cal issues. Our gr oup of NSF opposed t he m ilitary acti on in East Paki st an. So e of our friends wer e severel y t ort ured and have not yet been m recovered fro trau a Ja i t di sappr oved Bangl adesh and bl a ed m m . m a m Bhutt o for separati on. In ouru ni versit y, Behari st udent s wer e bitt er especi all y i n t he Phar acy depart en Its chairperson was hi self m m t. m a Behari by ori gi n. M u hajir et hos was al w there i n Kar achi. Li t erall y there was no ays feeli ng a ong us t hat we were li vi ng i n Si ndh, or t hat Kar achi was m part of Si ndh. The language di sput e ca e out of bl ow. Ge ner all y m peopl e w a azed w her it w an issue. ere m het as Ther e was di visi on on language issue in NSF. Our gr oup t hought we have t o be part of S ndhi i dentit y. i M u hajir i dentit y was onl y shapi ng up. A t af Hussai n used t o co e l m t o t he ca pus but he was consi dered a crank. M u m hajir t hi ng had st arted but it was a soci al feeli ng and was not t hought p oliticall y tangi bl e. I wr ot e an article i n 1972 on M u hajir i dentit y for t hem agazi ne Kohkan( e dit ed by M u dBr al evi). I ar gued t hat nationalis is jahi m defi ned by land. M u hajirs are one li nguistic gr oup and wi der part of t he Si ndhi nati onal i dentit y. Rashi d gr oup opposed m e nd de anded a ut henticity f or m y a m coi nage, li nguistic gr oup. They woul d ask fro wher e you have m quot ed t his ter :M a and Leni n have not w m rx ritten on t hat.

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Kohkanwa s published w t hout getti ng offi ci al decl aration. It was i banned in 1972. Poli ce alsoc a e t o our ho eand t ol dm yfat her m m t hat K ohkan peopl e w comm uists. ere n Q On availabilit y ofm a : terial on t he leftist st udent politics? A: Yes, we lack archi val resources. That needs conti nuit y, whi ch was none. There was no secret ariat of t he pr ogressi ve st udents. They ca e under different n a es and for ed ne w gr oups upon m m m gr oups and had splits all the ti e It w m . asm yopi c.

nucl eus t o a t ea of uni versit y and coll ege teachers, p opul arl y m known as t he Pr of. G oup t he i nt ernal struct ure gover ni ng t he NSO r . Dr. Ej az was pri a m rily i ncli ned t ow ds Azi z- ul- H ar aq. Bot h t he Pr ofessors wer e pr o-chi neseM arxists. On t he questi on of m ilitar y acti on i n East Paki st an, both we nt in different directi ons never t o reconcil e aft er w ds. Azi z- ul- H was t he onl y pr o-chi nese M a ar aq rxist who publi call y opposed t he m ilitary acti on. He says t hat politics i n t he PU especi all y its el ecti ons wer e a bi g show aski ng for a l ot of i nput resources. The uni versit y was spread over pl aces fro Hall ey andOr i ent al colleges i n t he ol dc a pus t o m m t he depart en i n ne w cam p Thi s i p m ts us. m lied transport ati on f or m oilit y and i nvest en on publi cit y m a b m t tter. Opponent s of t he NS O t he IJT wer e gener ousl y funded by its m o party t he JI. I n , , ther co parison, Our acti vists wer e r esource-l ess. Res ources wer e m si p not t here. W ecoul d har dl y affor d t o publish 200c ycl ost yl e m ly copi es of ourm a terial. In t he begi nni ng, we could seek resources fro our rich friends, m who also support ed us i n physi cal fi ghts, but t hat pool dried out as we we nt i nt o i deol ogi cal narrowness. Additi onall y, we were agai nst t hose political parties li ke the PPP who coul d have support ed us. The r est di d not m a tter and wer e s aller gr oups s t r uggli ng m t he sel ves for sur vi val. m e wer e Bait ai gh Si pahy( S wor dl ess Sol di ers) of Revol uti on, W whi ch was so near [i n our im ag nati on]. It sounds funny no w But i . t hen t he revol uti on felt li ker eal and a m a of days or m ot hs, tter n Dr. E az re in j m isces. Anot her li itation of t he NS O cadre and its m en wa s t heir m tors di sci pli nar y ori ent ati on. Har dl y had s o eone r ead t he ori gi nal m writi ngs of M arx. They c a e m a y f r o t he l i t erat ure m inl m backgr ound. Their readi ng was li ited t o a fe w pa phlets of M ao m m Zedong. It w quit e convenient. as The Chi nese m o was to wor k wi t h peasants andp hysi call y del encircl e and occupy cities where t here shoul d be so e ccept ance m a of t he [rural] invaders. Thi s li ne of t hi nki ng freed the believers fro m t he need t o produce know edge. l

4.7. DR. MANZUR EJAZ

M a terial on st udent politicsi n Paki st ani ne w papers co es al ong s m little pri a versi ons and al ot of pol e ics pr o and agai nst t he m ry m uni on ban. It is t o t he credit of Dr. M anzur Ej az that he has frequentl y written a nd r efl ect ed upon hi s o wn a nd f ri ends experi ences i n t he for a m tive phase of NS O t o whi chh e was a , foundi ng m e b and its first convener. The or gani zati on had soon m er gai ned popul arit y i n Punj ab but gr aduall y di ed out. Dr. Ejaz is ready t o re-exa ine t his speci al case and t hr ough it t he i nt ellect ual healt h m of our soci et y and t he fact ors t hat m ayi n fut ure i ncubat eor ent o b m si ilar soci alm o m en m ve ts. So far, t here is rel uct ance in publi c speech and writi ngo n part of m any of hi s f or e acti vist friends who wer e i nvolved i n t he m r m ak ng, rise and de ise of NS O i m . It is ironi cal he first learnt about soci alis fro speci al nu ber of m m m Chirag-e- Rah, t he offici al or gan of t he IJT t hat had published t w o vol u es on Co m u is .He was t hen a college st udent i n Sahi w m m nm al. Pr esent-day j our nalists Sajjad M ir and M u jib-ur- Rehm a Sha i n m also ori gi nat ed fro t his t own and wer e hi s cont e poraries. M ir m m who later j oi ned t he JI used t o co m e o Leni n Day. He had m m rate also co-transl at ed and co p a book ofM ao Zedongs poe s m iled m . Accor di ng t o Dr. Ej az, NSO was concei ved by t he duo of Pr of. Azi z- ul- H and Pr of. Azi z-ud- D n. The for e was i ntellect uall y aq i m r i nspiri ng, whil e t he latter was a great or gani zer. In t hats e nse bot h co p m en each ot her. Added t o t hat, Azi z- ud- D n pr ovi ded m le ted i

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W h Dr. Ej az j oi ned the uni versit y an el ect ed St udent Council had en already been wor ki ng, whi chal so i ncl uded pr ogressi ve student s li ke Shahi d Nadee and Fahee J ozi. Thi s was a body of elect ed cl ass m m represent ati ves, w woul d then vot e for a uni versit y council. ho Ho wever aft er t he i nci dent o f poli ce firi ng i n Pol yt ech I nstit ut e Ra wal pi ndi and deat h of t w st udents, agitati on br oke out i n favour o of revi vi ng a directl y el ect ed st udent uni on. Itm e w h success. t it Dr. Ej az says t hat i n t he first el ecti ons t hat NS O cont est ed Ras hi d Butt won t he P U el ecti ons as Vi ce Pr esi dent. He wa s o nl y successful candi dat e of NSO i n t he m a panel. Ho we ver, he and in Haf eez Khan t he IJT presi dent bot h expl oited t heir el ect ed positi ons i n unison and pr oved practicall y a pair of goons. In retrospect, he no w t hi nkst hat t he choi ce of JehangirBa dr over Shahi d Nadee as a pr esi denti al candi dat e was a bad one. Badr was m m u handi capped i n speecha nd present ati on. He was i nj ail and it ch see ed he woul d w n. H so pponent Haf eez Khan wi t h hel p of m i i Shaheen At ti que ur Reh a daught er of t hen Governor Punj ab m n, Gen. At ti que- ur- Re an arranged f or r el ease of Ba dr. Once i n m , ca pus, Ba dr was well exposed bef ore t he st udent s as per m cal cul ati ons of H afeez K han. here ever he went, we l ost. Earlier, M u ar Ch. Gr oup dee ed W kht m quit e cl oser t o M u stafa Kharh a d tried t o persuade us all otti ng ticket t o Shahi d Na dee . They had war ned agai nst t he candi dat ure of m Badr, D E az concedes t heir esti a r. j m tion pr oved correct. I n first el ecti ons we cl aim t hat Badr had won. W e hi nk t hat t Pri nci pal La w Coll ege, Sheikh I tiaz pl ayed t he trick and caused m NS O a defeat by el ect oral fraud. Q :W hat t ype of st udents w attract ed t o t he left? as A W e read st udent s who wa nt ed m o t han t he curri cul a. Qualit y : ll re of t he NS O m e b was ver y hi gh. W ith ti eit det erior at ed and m ers m t hose who wer e a fail ure i n acade ics also j oi ned t he organi zati on. m I can na em any leaders who wer e brave peopl e but t hey wer e not m i nt ellect uall y inspired by t he i deol ogy of t he left rat her t hey had

t heir o wn c ontradi cti ons. The dil uti on of qualit y me bers was m already i n t he process. That was t he sa e w h Ja iat. m it m In ter sof di sci pli nar y orient ati on, st udents fro the Instit ut e of m m Educati on Research (I ER we nt al w agai nst us. Support for t he ) ays pr ogressi ve ca efro t he nat ural sci ences st udent s. La w Coll ege m m was i n t hem iddl e of l oyalties. One of t he m o stri ki ng fli ps i des t o hi s pr ogressi ve comm u it y of st n acti vists, accor di ng t o D r.M anzur E az, w its sect arianis . j as m He says: e wer e not gener ous peopl e. W e personali zed our W opi ni on and di d not let ot hers t o differ .. W h we l eft t he en NS O m yol d co rades t heyh a d a sessi on of tabbaras (cursi ng) on , m m ein ever y conventi on. Dr. Ej az t hi nks t hat once founders left t he NS O it wasd e ise of , m t he gr oup. Its real force pulled out. 1975 was a detrim en year tal when t he entire left w collapsed. as He j oi ned t he Phil osophy d e part en P U as a t eacher aft er m t, , co p ng his st udi es. m leti On t he political front, after l eavi ng t he Pr of. gr oup, Dr. Ej az revert ed t o Pr of. Azi z- ul- H and t he or gani zati on i nspired by hi s aq t hought t he Young Peopl es Fr ont ( YPL). He had agai n to face a rift and left it after t he deat h of Dr. E az. j Duri ng hi s associ ati on w t h t he PU as a teacher i n Phil osophy, hi s i acti vist i pu m lses al so t ookh i m t o t eachers politics, wh er e he cl ai st o be i nstru en t o t he per anent appoi nt en of 72 adhoc m m tal m m t lect urers. He cont est ed fort he pr esi denti al sl ot of t he lect urers associ ati on i n t he PU and was defeat ed by a narr ow m a n. He still rgi doubt s t hat all of hi s ol d friends of NS O and t he Pr of. group, 25 of t he the eli gi bl e vot ers, had vot ed for hi . m m Lat er, he di d hi s doct orat e in Econo ics fro t he US Awh er e he m m still li ves.

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4.8. FAYYAZ BAQIR

Fayyaz Baqir is direct or of t he Akht ar Ha eed Khan Resear ch m Centre. Pri or t o t his, he hasl ong been associ at ed w t h t he UNDP i and retired onl y last year. He has been silent on hi s activi st past for decades and is regar ded by ol d co rades a desert er whoe vent uall y was enticed by the self- hel p m devel op ent phil osophy of Dr . Akht ar Ha eed Kha n a nd t he m m spirit ual teachi ngs of P Sahi b of G ir olra Sharif. He ent ered t he P U as st udent of BA Honours ( Econo ics) i n m Sept e b 1968. Aft er hi sp ost-graduati on, he j oi nedt he Sout h m er Asi an Instit ut e as a research associ at e i n Jan 1974 tillS e pt e ber m 1974. He is one of t he foundi ngm e b of t he NS O andi t s second m ers convener. NS O was for ed ft er m e ng of sel ect ed pr ogr essi ve m a eti st udent s fro all over Lahore i n Nov 1969 i n t he La w ance Gar dens m r (now Bagh-i- Ji annah). Som eof t he partici pants i ncluded peopl e li ke I tiaz Al a , M anzur Ej az, Arif Raj a, Shuj a-ul- H m m aque, M u m m adSa i, Zoya Ahm ed Fahee Jozi and m e bers of t he ha m , m m Punj ab St udent s Uni on ( PUNJ SU They coul d not reach t o a ). consensus for m ak ng a st udent or gani zati on. Ho wever the m a y i jorit opt ed for such an est ablishm en under t he na e of NSO I tiaz t m . m A a was its chi ef convener, whil e M anzur Ej az was m ade it lm convener and Za anKhan and Fayyaz hi self wer e responsi bl e f or m m t he La w Coll ege and ne w cam p respecti vel y. us NSO wa nt ed t o show its pr esence. W edi d t hat by int er preti ng m e eting of a vi siti ng US del egati on, Fayyaz tells. In t hose days, t he US was i nvesti ng on hi gher e ducati on i n Pa ki st an. Ne w acade ic pr ogra m e we re s upport ed. I nstit ut e of E d ucati on m m s Research (I ER host els and St udent Teachers Centrei n t he P U ), wer e built by support of USAI D There wer e st udent exchanges and . so e A erican Pr ofessi ons al so t aught at t he de part en of m m m t Ad in m istrati ve Sci ences. The m e ng was or gani zed b y t he ( non-el ect ed b ut offi ci al) eti St udent s Council of Punj ab Uni versit y. Shahi d M e o d Nadee m h m was also itsm e b t hen. m er The NS O acti vists st arted hurli ng sl ogans: Y anki es Go Back! Thi s was e barrassi ng for the St udent s Council and t heu ni versit y m ad in m istrati on. Event uall y aft er so e deli berati on it was deci ded m t hat t he m e ng w ll be all owe d t o go s oo hl y and aft er t he guests eti i m t have fi nished t heir speechest he st udent s w have a questi on and ill ans w sessi on. er It sounds funny no w t hati n t he Q A sessi on, Idress Khatt ana & concl uded wi t h a poi nt t hat whil e t here are so m anybl acks i n A erica, why t her e was n o bl ack A erican i n t he vi siti ng m m del egati on! I tiaz A a asked for a transl at or. He spoke i n Ur du, m lm transl at ed i n English, and responded i n English, transl ated i n Ur du. That w a scene. as NS O had dr aft ed 12 ai s nd obj ecti ves. The first one was t o m a support and assist anti-i prialist forces. Isla and Nati onalis m e m m wer e t he t w pillars of NS O The wor d Soci alis was repl aced by o . m Isl a iM u aat (Isl a icEqualit y). The m o radi cal acti vists of m saw m re PUNJ SU obj ect ed to t he use of Isl a icter inol ogy and di d not j oi n m m NS O . Fayyaz Ba qir says he had n o i nt enti on of j oi ni ng t he st udent politics. He was i nfl uencedb y M anzur Ej az, Raj a Ari f and Pr of. Azi z- ud- D n and his own curi osit y t o ent er. i R ght fro t he begi nni ng suspi ci ons over ot hers and t he secrecy i n i m wor ki ng i nf or ed our wor k. Our attit udes we re hi ghl y m unde ocratic. W e di d not t ol erat e di fference of o p i ni on a nd m anal ysis a nd di scussi on was t hought t o be f utile. W h osoever differed, we woul d say: hi sl i ne is not correct. He wo rks f or t he i nt elli gence agenci es, et c. Peopl e like Shahi d M e o d Nadee m h m coul d not be our part because t hey questi oned. NS O acti vists woul d spendt i e wor ki ng i n villages and wi t hi n m trade uni ons for or gani zi ng the poor. The basi c t hought was t hat all t his w k woul d enabl e t he to confront t he Pakistani state one day. or m One shoul d have t he m o courage now t o say, asserts Fayyaz, t hat ral no political part y t he ri ghtist and leftist forces ali ke had any real anal ysis of Paki st an. edi d not know where t he force of Paki st ani W

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peopl e and cl asses rest ed? Where we are headi ng for? W hre shoul d e we go? Even on basi c questi ons t here was no el aborat e anal ysis or i nf or ed m consensus. These i ncl uded t he legiti acy (or illegiti acy) of t he m m creati on of Paki st an, t he role of reli gi on, whet her or not t o adopt el ect oral politics, t hem andate and obj ecti ve of st udent politics, etc. Practicall y t he obj ecti ve oft he st udent politics was t o m ake o wn presence l oud. The r adi cals beli eved st udent s we re not a revol uti onar y force. They serve t w pur poses: (i) creati ng cadre and o leadershi p f or revol uti on, and (ii) creati ng nui sance so t hat t he ene y is ent angl ed i n unnecessar y w and difficult front s. m ars Such hi gh, shall owand uni nf or edwas the rhet ori c t hat it act uall y m happened m any a ti e t hat when m ed persons asked a bout m ia de ands of a pr ot esti ng rally of st udents, t hey replied: W ewoul d m tell t o o . m rrow It was m e a cert ai n ki nd of jargon t hat rul ed and wa s hear d re ever ywher e. Ter s like black law N M anzoor Na M anzoor m s, a wer e co m o . So epeopl es houl d have t he m o courage t o say m n m ral t hat t hey di d not read a si ngl e wor d of t he Uni versit y Or di nance i ntroduced by A yub Khan but t hey prot est ed agai nst it! Fayyaz m a tai ns t hat vi ol ence i n ca puses had st arted by 1969- 70. in m The sticks-carrier ar of t heI J T called t he De ocratic Yout h For ce m m publicall y de onstrat ed anda t t acked an offi ce i n N l a Gu bad m i m Anar kali ( Lahore) wher e they all eged t hat t he Hol y Qur an was bur nt. Thi s episode pr o p NSO acti vists t o count er t he IJT m ted . Ther e was a di scussi on on ho w vi ol ence shoul d be dealt - w t h f orce i or non- vi ol ence? Accor di ng t o Fayyaz, t his has been a m u ch underrated i nt er nal di scussion of t he NS O as it woul d affect t he ; or gani zati on i n a bi g way i n fut ure. He m a tai ns t hat m et ors of t he in n NS O t he pr ofessors, wer e contradi ct or y over it. Their political li ne , was conf used. At t he one h a nd t hey opposed advent uris and m vi ol ence, t hey also preached t o confr ont t he ene y m !

Because of m ixed part y li ne, Fayyaz concedes t hat many a ti e m NS O woul d deli berat el y pr ovoke t he IJT bl ock t heir pr ocessi ons or , hurl hu iliati ng sl ogans befor e t he IJT rallies. m Bar akat Ah ed was m u m rdered i n April 1974 duri ng t heP U uni on el ecti ons. Javed Hash iof IJ T was also i p m m licated who was an ol d acquai nt ance of Fayyaz fro hisM u days. m ltan In the traditi on of self-criticis he now says Haf eez Khan wa nt ed t o m get ticket of NS O but was opposed and won on IJTs ticket. He al so no w t hi nks t hat Shahi d M e ood Nadee shoul d have been t he m h m presi denti al candi dat e i nst ead of Jehangir Badr agai nst the IJ T He . was a w nni ng candi dat e. He says it was a dil e m at hat we wer e i m conf used over el ect oral p olitics. The p opul ar candi dat es wer e opport unists i n our vi e w W e wer e uncl ear a bout c ont esti ng . el ecti ons. Our positi on on the boundari es and obj ecti ves of st udent politics was al so c onf used. W e pr o o i nf eri or a c ade ic m ted m achi evers. W elacked pr acticalit y, m o courage and com p ral etenci es and had an exaggerat ed self-i age. m In retrospect he t hi nks t he leftists shoul d have adopt ed i deol ogi cal, educati ve and trai ni ng rol es. T her e is a great need of seri ous wor k. W ewer e rat her advi sed nott o read books because it was sai d t hat know edge i s Bour geoi si e. T he pa phl ets wer e pr ol et ari at and l m devoi d of subst ance and seri ous research. There was ideol ogi cal ri gi dit y, bi as and i nt ol erance a ong t he cadres. m On wo ens rol e i n t he NSO? There was no fe a m e b and m m le m er acti vist. W ewer e t ol d to di stance a w fro girls. That woul d be a ay m di stracti on fro t he politicalwor k. IJT woul d pr opagat e agai nst us. m No one woul d accept t his no w but t his was our cult ure. .. Rubya M ehdi ( currentl y li vi ng i n De n ark) and Par veen Zai diwor ked f or m t he NSF. Gener all y t he m iddl e cl ass and ur ban l ow m iddl e cl ass st udent s er wer e w t h NS O whil e Jam iat had t he support of students fro i , m Hall ey and Ori ent al Coll eges and r ural areas. IJT peopl e woul d facilitat e st udents especi all ya t t he ti eof ad issi ons and hel ped m m ot her st udent s. It w i n li ne w t h t he rural cult ure. as i

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One I ca eacr oss Javed Hash i duri ng uni on el ecti on ca pai gn m m m and asked about hi s pr ogress. He li ghtl y sai d t hat t he bourgeoi si e of Hall ey and Ori ent al Coll eges are w t h us and t he pr ol etariat of fi ne i arts and psychol ogy are w h you. it The NS O had ext ended its wor k t o Dyal Si ngh Coll ege,Ci vil Li nes Coll ege, Gover n ent Coll ege, Superi or Sci ence Coll ege, UET and m Sar godha ( A Khan). Fai sal abad ( ehboob Khan), Si al kot (Irfan sif M Azi z), M u ltan ( Sha oon Sal ee ), Shakar gar h, Sahi wal ( Saqi b m m Sal ee ), Joharabad ( Sar dar Sal ee ), Baha w nagar and Hafi zabad, m m al et c. The Pr of. Gr oup oversa w wor ki ng of t he NS O fr o their st udent m bureau office on t he Fer ozepur road,M u m T n Lahore. sli ow Fayyaz left hi s research positi on i n the Sout h Asi an Instit ut e under pressure. D sgr untl ed w t h hi s m en i i tors, Fayyaz j oi nedt he Go al m Uni versit y ( DI. K . han) and st arted readi ng Das Ka pit al. Then he ret ur ned t o Lahore. It was a tranquil exist ence until Fauzi a Rafi q ca efro Canada i n 1979. She cl ai ed t o be t he regi onal head of m m m Int er nati onal Spartist Tendency. A pa phlet was written. Fauzi a m had also m ade a recor d of ever yone who recei ved t his pa phl et. I n m t he pa phlet peopl e wer e c all ed t o att ack t he police st ati ons. m Consi deri ng it t o be an or gani zed pl ot t he st at e m a chiner y struck back. M any wer e pi cked. Ho wever neit her Fauzi a was arrest ed nor was herm o m en curt ailed i n any w ve t ay. Fayyaz Baqir depart ed t he country for next seven years.

Q :W hat w st udent uni ons li ke i n your ti e? ere m HK Gover n en Coll ege had an ol d traditi on t hat we m a tai ned. : m t in W edi d not beco epart of any political part y or all ow it t o ent er m uni on politics and spoil t he instit uti onal at o m sphere. Our u ni on was a coll ecti on of Left st udents and ot hers who wer e not part of t he Ja iat and we di d not al l ow J a iat t o ent er our i nstit uti onal m m politics. The best st udent s, the best debat ers, beca euni on leaders m and t he debati ng soci et y andot her cult ural soci eties of GC pl ayed a large part i n prepari ng peopl e for t his rol e. That is why we kept w nni ng el ecti ons. Ja iat had t o change its na et o Ravi ans Ja iat i m m m and change its l ogo fro A l ah- o- Akbar t o couraget o kno w. m l Politicall y c onsci ous peopl e wer e a s ophi sticat ed br eed, t hese st udent s i nt o vi ol ence are quite anot her speci es. Q But ho w was t his isl and possi bl e i n t hose vi ol ent ti es? W a it : m s because GC is consi dered an elite i nstit uti on? HK In fact, we had defeated t he elite t o get i nt o the uni on. M y : backgr ound is not li ke t hat and at t he ti e GC was a college for t he m , best st udents. It is onl y i n the last t w years t hat t he fee struct ure o has m ade it accessi bl e t o t he pri vileged. But t hat is also because no w the i nstit uti on has to generat e its o wn funds and thi s is done t hr ough heavy t uiti on fees. The GC had its o wn traditions. W ewer e all politicall yc onsci ous peopl e. I never m issed a rall y or a pr ocessi on i n t own, but t he ca pus di d not bel ong t o political parties at t he ti e m m . Q Ho w di d you resist t he Ja iat and its vi ol ent politics? Ho w di d : m you sur vi ve? HK I t hi nk our sur vi val wa s i n opposi ng t he . Ja iat tried m any : m m ti e t o get us i nt o fi ghts but our resist ance was to nott ake the m s m on. I was also abduct ed by t he Ja iat boys once. But we di d not m fi ght. It was not a m a o f f ear. Ther e wer e ot her t hi ngs t o tter consi der. W ewer e not ar e and t hrough vi ol ence we di d not w sh m d, i t o scare our vot ers. Ther e was no negati ve ca p gni ng. W eforced m ai t he Ja iat t o ret hi nk its strat egy. They changed their na e t heir m m , sl ogan t o re a part of st udent uni on ca p gni ng. You see, part y m in m ai politics was not successful ever y ti e It was not politicsr eall y, but m .

4.9. HAFIZ ABDUL KHALIQ

A st udent of Gover n en Coll ege Lahore, 1980- 84, Hafi z Abdul m t Khali q was part of Ravi ans Fr ont st udents uni on for four years t hat successfull y opposed t he Ja iat and t he politics of vi ol ence. A m deepl y r eli gi ous m an Hafi z Khali q carri ed hi s political , consci ousness i nt o hi s pr ofessi onal career as a teacher and has pai d t he pri ce i n penalti es and penur y. Our panel spoke t o hi m about t he successful experi en of a st udent s 'u ni on when ever ywhere i n t he m t country it w faili ng. as

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t he behavi our of a qabza group. Besi des, ever yone i n the uni on of t he Ravi an Fr ont was not co m u ist. Aft er all, we areal l M u m m n sli and w pr oved t hat Ja iat w not t he cust odi an of Isla . e m as m Q W e GC t eachers i nvol ved i n uni on ca pai gni nga n d part y : re m politics? HK I a sure t hey wer e butt he open m inded ones st oodbe hi nd us. : m Ther e was no i nt erference because we di d not all ow it t o happen, j ust li ke no w when I a engaged i n teachers politicswe do not m encourage st udents t o be any part of it. Q W h about uni on funds? Ho w m u was t he budget and ho w : at ch was it utilized? HK W h uni on f unds? Money i n t he st udent uni onsi s a ne w : at pheno enon. W e barel y m anaged t o sur vi ve on our t housandm Rupee m ot hl y sti pends from ho eand wer e al w n m ays in debt w t h i t he host els. There wer e enough f unds t o or gani ze a debat e or a cult ural functi on but t he Pri nci pal operat ed t he f unds. T hi s ne w m o co es fro the qabza groups and t heir political patrons. ney m m Q Do y ou t hi nk t he experi en of t he Ra vi ans Fr ont can be : m t replicat ed t oday i n ot her i nstit uti ons? HK Thi s is an i p : m ortant questi on. You see, politics has changed si nce t hen and even at t hen ati onal level, you cannott hi nk of it unl ess you have bl ack m o and ar s Thi s filters down t o st udent ney m . uni on politics t oo. Q Does t his m e political parties need t o be st opped fro havi ng : an m st udent w ngs? i HK Thi s is not possi bl e, o f c ourse. Once i deol ogical warfare : begi ns, t he parties step i n. Q Does t hism ean you support t he ban on st udent uni ons? : HK No, I do not. I t hi nk uni ons ought t o be rest ored because one : part y is still all ow uni on-like acti vit y on ca pus. But they have t o ed m co p m rise t he best st udent s and re a i ndependent oft he qabza m in

gr oups of parties who use t he for t heir o wn ends. St udent ought t o m have i ndependent politics and i nstit uti ons trai n t he . m Q So you see a rol e for st udents i n nati onal politics? : HK Thi s i n not t he poi nt. St udent s do have a rol e t o pl ayi n nati onal : politics. Thi s c o es nat urall y. But we wer e t al ki ng o f u ni on m acti vit y. I t hi nk educati on instit uti ons shoul d not be contr oll ed by vest ed i nt erest gr oups.

4.10. ILAYAS NAVEED SHAHZAD

Ilayas Na veed Shahzad bel ongs t o Guj ranw a and r uns t extil e al busi ness i n hi s ho e-t own. He i p ed a fabul ous hi stor y on 10t h m m rint Jan 1983 i n t he uni on el ections of Punj ab Uni versit y, when he was el ect ed Ge ner al Secret ar y defeati ng a r eno wned st udent l eader Hafi z Sal an Butt. m Aft er passi ng L. L. B e xa i nati on he g ot a d issi on i n Punj ab m m Uni versit y i n Sept e b 1982 and got degrees i n political sci ence m er and hist ory. W h Ilayas st epped i nt o politics, it was t he dar k age of Ge n. Zi a 's en m a rtial law For e Pri eM in . m r m ister and popul ar leader Bhutt o had been hanged in a so calledj udi ci al trial. Political activiti es wer e banned; ne w papers a ndm agazi nes had t o f ace u nj ustifi ed s censorshi p, a nd di scri inat or y l a w a gai nst wo en h a d been m s m legislat ed under t he gar b of Isl a .A ghan Jehad had been st art ed i n m f whi ch a f e w politico-reli gious parties wer e ext ensi vel y getti ng doll ars and w eapons he says. Dr. ugs busi ness was on t he peak. W e apons, dr ugs, and cl ashes had beco e hall a of our educati onal i nstit uti ons. By an or der of m m rks Gover nor Punj ab so ecoll eges wer e all otted t o M S m Fwhil e ot hers i ncl udi ng Punj ab Uni versit y wer e gi ven under t he virt ualc ont r ol of Isla i Ja iat Tal aba. A c o p m m m lete s upport by st at e, a n d o pen facilitati on i n use of weapons vi rt uall y transfor ed educati onal m i nstit uti ons i nt o hubs of m a gangs. It was t he ti et hat no body fia m coul d dare t o challenge Zi a-ul- H or hi s allies. The wa yt hi s young aq

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leader defi ed t he illegal aut horit y of unf ounded po wers of t hat ti e m s is still a quot abl e exa p i n t he hist or y of st udent politics. m le H s pr esent bri ef i nt ervi e w tells us that i n spit e of t he tri u ph and i m t he st udent struggl e whi ch he spear headed, t here is not hing li kel y t o be foll ow i n t he entire episode. He di s isses vi ol enceof st udent ed m politics of his ti eand e phasi zes on t he need t o revi e wit. m m He says t hat st udent politics is a ladder by whi ch st udents beco ea m part of nati onal politics. In or der t o strengt hen or t o m antai n t heir i positi on, political parties also i ndul ge i n negati ve acti vities and ulti a y st udent s have t o bear t he br unt. Ther efore st udent s m tel shoul d e phasi ze on t heir studi es and pr ofessi onal develop ent. A m m st udent leader carries t w ol d responsi bilities on hi s shoul ders, t o of bri ng about a positi ve change i n soci et y as a Paki st ani on one hand, and t o buil d hi s and hi s fell ow 'e ducati onal and p rofessi onal s capacit y on t he ot her. I n t he past our educati onal i nstit uti ons had been i nvol ved i n negati ve acti vities, but i n present educati on syst e ,socio-econo ic m m di visi on has cr ossed t he lim its. Ther e ar e ri ch pri vat e school s coll eges and uni versities for pri vileged cl ass on one si de wher eas on t he ot her si de there are public educati onal i nstit ut es for poor or less pri vileged seg en of t he soci et y. Thus t he di vi de m u e kept i n m ts stb t o consi derati on when t o tal k about st udent politics. No w t he st udent gr oups for a m tion take pl ace on t he basis of political parti es whi ch has c ast negati ve repercussi ons on st udent 's l i ves a nd educati onal environ en m t. N onal politics t ouched its peak i n educati onal i nstitut es i n 90s ati but I t hi nk t hat it was t he wor st peri od of st udent politics. Kal ashni kov cult ure devel oped and t housands of st udent s spoil ed t heir careers duri ng t hat period. Si u m ltaneousl y it is also true t hat Paki st an got brilliant l eadershi p as well t hr ough educati onal i nstit uti ons. At present ne w leadershi p is not e ergi ng ow ng t o t he m i ban on st udent politics i n educati onal i nstituti ons for al ong ti e m . As a result political legacies are bei ng gr oo ing ands yst e of m m politicalm o nopol y is on t he rise i n t he country. The environ en i n Punj ab Uni versit y when I ent ered i nt o as a m t st udent was full of fear and terror; even now I feel m y unabl e t o self

ill ustrat e t hat. Ja iat boys and girls woul d roa ar ound the ca pus m m m and wer e seen pl aci ng or ders; and no body coul d dare tod ef y the . m A l t he st udents had t o li ve i n t hat syst e and environm en whi ch l m t was creat ed by t he . Si nce I had been a pr oacti ve PSF m e b and m m er had been presi dent at di strict and pr ovi nce level, I di dk no w a l ot about t he co p m lexities of st udent politics. Thus I st arted a m o m en agai nst Ja iat and raised my voi ce f or ve t m t he ri ghts of st udent s. An d soon, I got t he result, no sooner I beco et he PSF chair anPunj ab Uni versit y, t w of m y m m a m m o roo tes left m e Besi des t hese t otal 67 st udent s of Punj ab Uni versit y . bel ongi ng t o Guj ranw a a bandoned e ven t al ki ng t om e M y al . host el 's Nazi at t hat ti ehad t ol d m ei n cl ear wor ds that t here is m m no m o our rel ati onshi p i n pl ace because I have t o gi vea ns wer t o re m yhi gh ups about you A l t hose fact ors wer e pi nchi ng for m e l , st udent s woul d by pass t heir wa y so as t o avoi d seei ng me and I was under conti nuous vi gil ance of t he ort hodox political or gani zati on. I can not express m yst at e ofm ind, I woul d wal ki ng ar ound a road l onel y, and suddenl y I woul d hear t he voi ce of so egirl, oh poor, m he wi ll be dead t o o m rrowni ght if he happens t o get sur vi ved t oday. M yfeeli ng can onl y be underst ood by t he st udent s of my age, who have obser ved t hat bar bari c envir on en m t. First c ongregati on f or P unj ab uni versit y el ecti ons h a d been schedul ed on Januar y 1983, wher e 27 candi dat es wer ec o nt esti ng for t he post of Gener al Secret ar y. Then it beca eknown t hat Hafi z m Sal an Butt was c ont esti ng t he el ecti ons f r o Ja iat, all m m m cont est ants left t he race. Then t he sa e girls Rubi na As hr af and m Hu a Butt sub itted m yno inati on papers f or Pr esi dent and m m m Gener al Secret ary. That 's why I had t o take part i n el ecti ons. Ha d m ypapers not been sub itted by t he , Hafi z Sal an Butt woul d m m m have won t he el ecti ons w h out poll. it henever t here t ook pl acea ny cl ash, and we announced to co e W m t o ca pus next day, t hese were onl y fe a st udents wh o co p m m le m lied w t h t he co m it en we ever m ade. Fe a st udents of NCA i m m ts m le al w got t he lead i n t his respect. Even t hough we di d not di vul ge ays t hat ever, but it was a fact t hat whenever m a udent s sho wed t heir lest backs, t hese fe a st udentswo ul d hel p us i n Uni versity, no doubt m le

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t hat we coul d not transpire it openl y on account of e b m arrass en m t but t he fact re a t hat in an environ en of t errora nd f ear, m ins m t politics w onl y possi bl e by fe a st udent s. as m le Ser vi ces of Ha id M ir, Faisal and Rubi na As hraf w t h regar d t o m i el ecti on c a pai gn c annot b e i gnor ed. Rubi na As hr af was m Uni versit y st udent and a proacti ve leader at t hat ti e In anot her m . i nci dent, Ja iat girls t ort ured t hese fe a leaders sob a dl y t hat m m le Rubi na and H a got severe i nj uri es. m u The questi on is i p m ortant in its pl ace t hat we can fi ndi n t oday 's nati onal and pr ovi nci al assem b t he vet eran m a st udent leaders lies le of Punj ab Uni versit y but past wo en leaders are no where. I t hi nk m t hat our soci al val ues are responsi bl e for t his tendency. M o of t he st ti e wo en aft er getti ng m a m s m , rried are li ited t o t heir fa ily life, m m no m a ho w m u they may be capabl e t o contri but e t o nati onal tter ch pr ogress.
Alternative Views from Contemporary Students Amir Jan is a student of International Relations at the University of Balochistan, Quetta. Despite not being in the actual student politics, his impressions are worth hearing. He says: Students are considered builders of a nation. They can revise history if they sincerely and honestly put their efforts into goal and result oriented actions. They have practically caused many revolutions and u-turn changes though-out history: be it French Revolution or the Islamic Revolution of Iran, they have led such massive movements. As far as lifting the ban on student unions in Pakistan is concerned, it is to the advantage of educational institutions. Through unions, students become an effective pressure group who halts the hegemonic powers of campus and outside authorities. They also tremendously and passionately help in up-ward growth of educational institutions. Student unions can ensure that the interests of students and educational institutions will not be neglected and bypassed in the execution of education related decisions and policies. The decision makers are compelled to take unions into confidence and consult them before-hand. This is why student union can greatly and tremendously influence the educational affairs of any state. Since the ban on student union has been lifted, students have become more

active and they have reactivated their union functions which were halted due the ban. The campus administrations are now more cautious and while making any decision, they tend to ensure if student interests are not perturbed and disturbed. However, sad part of the story is that most of student unions are politicallyaffiliated and are not even utilized for the student and educational purposes. An ideal role of students unions must focus upon the betterment and reform of their respective institutions. They should also solve problems faced by students through peaceful means. Student unions must give constructive suggestions and should condemn the action of the campus administration when it is to the disadvantage to the very institution. They must stop hegemonic power of the campus administration. Tesuwar Hussain reiterates views like his counterpart from the UOB. He was recently a student of English at the Azad Jammu & Kashmir University, Muzaffarabad. According to his version: If we analyze pre-prohibition history before 1983, the lifting of ban on student unions is not appreciable. Although there have been positive effects of the student unions by provision of leadership but it was a reason of the decline of education quality as well. Following points would substantiate my argument: Students tend to involve in unwanted and non-disciplinary activities on the behalf of unions; Students can easily be used by the political parties for their own purpose. Students are divided in groups. This can surely disturb the academic environment of a campus. One could observer nature of activities that have unfolded at our educational institutions after lifting of the ban. Many students or so-called student leaders have started conducting campaigns to make panels and to set grounds for upcoming union elections. There have also appeared some reports of violence in some institutions of central Punjab and in NWFP. Nevertheless, working of student unions can ideally enhance education policies of the country. You can get more minds which are talented enough to contribute to the educational policies formulated by educationalists. The plus point is that unions can add students' prospective to the policies. There should be documentation to devise rules as well as objectives of the student unions. The ideal role of unions can be advocating rights of students and their needs and conveying these to the teachers and administration besides developing a creative environment for the growth of scientific and artistic influences.

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4.11. KAMRAN KHAN

I bel ong t o t he foundi ng cadr e of Insaf St udent s Federati on (I SF). W h we exchanged vi e w on i deol ogy of I SF w h the m a en s it instrea m leadershi p of Te hr eek-e-I nsaf, t hey pr of oundl y el aborat ed t heir appr oach over st at e affairs. W efurt her got opi ni on of mor e t han t w o t housand st udents and consequentl y we for u m lated our pl an, says Ka ran Khan Chi ef Or ganizer of t he I SF i n Punj ab Uni versit y and m its central leader. Our goal i s t o r eali ze o bj ecti ves of Pa ki st an 's cr eati on, our i deol ogy is t he i deol ogy of justice and our acti ons are free fro all m prej udi ces. Thi s is t he reason t hat we don 't di scri in e on t he m at gr ounds of col or, creed or reli gi on rat her we hail every one w t h i deli ght. Any o ne, who i ntends t o wor k f or t he s ecurit y a nd devel op ent of t he countr y, bel ongs t o us. m W est arted wor ki ng i n April 2008 and we are hit her t or ecei vi ng t hreats t o w nd up our activities. W h we t ook up t he m a t o i en tter m I ran Khan, he sai d: Cont i nue m ak ng additi on in your nu bers i m and keep up a ccel erati ng y o ur e ducati onal c apabilities, your opponent s w get reversed. ill Ka ran Khan says t hat officiall y I SF 's m issi on is t o carr y out a m struggl e, free fro all prej udi ces, for acco p ng t heai sof t he m m lishi m creati on of t he countr y. Obj ecti ves and goals of ISF: To or gani ze st udents under ISF for a stabl e Pakist an To achi eve di sti ncti ons i n educati on; stri ve f or a better educati onal environ en and t o respect t he teachers m t; To m ake st udents responsibl e and benefi ci al citi zens o f Paki st an by charact er buil di ng To carr y out peacef ul struggl e f or sol uti on of st udent s pr obl e s and t o stri ve f ori nstit uti on of St udent Uni on m El ecti ons To stri ve t o m ake Paki st an a m o dern, de ocrati c and m welfare st at e free fr o political, econo ic and s ocial m m expl oitati on

Based on t he above m en oned M issi on, Goal s and Obj ecti ves ti regist ered m e b of I SF are ar ound 2000 whi ch i nclude ar ound m ers 400 f e a st udents. Cent ral W o ng Co m ittee contr ols and m le rki m m oit ors t he central syst em of I SF wher eas Uni versit y W o ng n rki Co m ittee regul at es I SF 's wor k i n Punj ab Uni versit y.I SF dul y m acknow edges and abi des by t he rul es and regul ati onso f Punj ab l Uni versit y, K ran adds. m a He furt her m a tai ns by citing fro t he hi st or y of st udent politics in m t hat m u rders of st udents i n educati onal i nstit uti ons and det eri orati on of educati onal syst e wer e not t he reasons behi nd the ban on m st udent uni ons r at her co i ng out of st udents i n gr oups fr o m m i nstit uti ons and beco ing sy bols of publi c power forp e ace and m m j ustice and chall engi ng gover n en over publi c issues act uall y m ts caused t hem easure t o take place. That 's why t o di scourage uni t y a ong st udents over issues of publi c m m ortance and concer n uni ons wer e banned and t his ban was kept i p i nt act by ever y successi ve gover n en m t. As t he current regi eraises t he sl ogan of de ocracy so it lifted ban m m on st udent uni ons for strengt heni ng de ocratic pr ocess. Cert ai nl y m t he results of t his st ep wi ll have positi ve repercussions on t he de ocratic syst e o t he country. m m f Ka ran says t hat recent hi stor y of Punj ab Uni versit y canb e vi e w m ed as exa p t o t his. A d o m inant st udent or gani zati on has been m le utilizi ng all funds of t he PU but because t here ar e no w m any or gani zati ons operati ve and functi onal i n t he ca pus it has beco e m m obli gat or y for t he ad in m istrati on t o fairl y use funds unli ke its past practice. On li nkage w t h its m o part y t he PTI, Ka an cl ai s I SF is at i ther m m full li bert y t o sol el y wor k for st udent ri ghts and not j ust t o assist Paki st an Tehree -e-Insaf i n nati onal politics. Thi s has been cl earl y decl ared by PTI t hat no sooner as t he I SF woul d be abl e t o m ange andc ontr ol its o wn affairs it w ll be t ur ned i i nt o an aut ono ous or gani zati on t hat w ll i ndependently for u m i m late and execut e its polici es for the st udent ri ghts.

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In t his way we w ll wor k t oget her w t h Tehr eek-e-I nsaf but w ll not i i i spare our ti e t o m ake TI events successf ul as ot her st udent m or gani zati ons do. Si nce we are free fro TI we w ll wor k sol el y for m i st udent politics and be peacef ull because we i nt end t o hi ghli ght t he traditi ons of t ol erance. e are of t he vi e w t hat if st udent uni ons w ll re a int act it can W i m in not onl y pr ovi de Paki st an w t h ne w leadershi p but also eradi cat e t he i m o nopolistic politics in t he country. And besi des t his student s w ll i feel safer andm o secure so far as t heir ri ghts are concerned. re Q W h is st udent politicsa nd why it is i p : at m ortant accor di ng t o I SF? A Politics has onl y onem eani ng, s ol uti on of pr obl e s and : m represent ati on. St udent politics i s m eant f or s ol ving st udent pr obl e sand t o ensure t heir represent ati on. For i nst ance, what ar e m t he probl e s of st udents? m Pr obl e sregar di ng ad issi ons m m Pr obl e sregar di ng fees and dues et c m Pr obl e sabout acco m o on i n host els m m dati Pr obl e sconcer ni ng traveling t hrough uni versit y buses m Pr obl e s of eveni ng st udent s about facilitati on of buses m and host els

pr ovi ded w t h any pl ace where we can or gani ze our m e ngs or i eti prepare pl ans f or el ecti on ca pai gn. Exi sti ng uni on offi ces and m resources have been al ready i n c ontr ol of a do in m ant st udent or gani zati on whi ch is not w lli ng t o quit. M o t han 400 facult y i re m e b bel ong t o t hat dom inant st udent or gani zati ona nd we ar e m ers kept depri ved fro m any facilities due t o t he . For exa p we m m m le wer e about t o conduct a pr ess conference, all t he pr eparati ons wer e fi nal and suddenl y a personf r o ad in m m istrati on ca e and halt ed m t he acti vit y on t he gr oundt hat no st udent or gani zation can be all ow t o carr y out any political acti vit y. On t he ot her hand t he ed do inant st udent or gani zation arranged an all Paki st anM ehfil-em M u shaera t he sa eday which we nt successful m a l y due t o t he m in cooperati on t hat was r endered by t he a d in m istration i n t hi s connecti on. Q :M onopol y by one st udent group: The legacy of t he past? A I SF i s t r yi ng t o c onduct vari ous t rai ni ng pr ogra m e f or : m s capacit y buil di ng of its vol unt eers and we have been successf ul i n t his regar d so far. But at t he sa eti ewe acknow edge the fact t hat m m l t he do inant st udent or ganizati on is m o trai ned andi nf or ed m re m t han us. The reason is t hat t hey have been m a tai ni ngm onopol y in over uni versit y si nce last 28 years. Uni versit y a d in m istrati onm ust pr ovi de e qual ri ght s a nd opport unities t o all st udent s so as t o end t he vi ol ence andt o cr eat e a peacef ul envir on en Suppose if fat her of any of our fell ow di es m t. s and we as a cl ass want t o go t o t heir house by Uni versit y bus and even our depart en has noo bj ecti on over t hat but when we go t o m t uni versit y ad in m istrati on t hey ask whet her we have got per issi on m fro the N m o our host el? m azi f And if not t hen go back andc o e agai n al ong w t h Nazi of your m i m host el. These are t he harsh realities t hat have dist urbed the st udent s for t oo l ong. Thi s unj ust behavi or of uni versit y ad in m istrati on has beenm e out t o st udents i n t he past. ted Q Any suggesti ons t o t he Uni versit y Ad in . m istrati on for hol di ng Uni on E ecti ons l

St udent politics is i p m ortant t o us because devel op ent of any m country depends upon its politics and educati onal i nstit uti ons ser ve as nurser y of t his political process. Politics i p for wel fare and m lies st udent politics m e welfare of st udents t hrough whi ch sol uti ons ans of their pr obl e sare sought. It is a m a of di s ay that st udent m tter m politics of t hese days i s m e y hooli ganis . W eg et a p rel m m le opport unities t o ponder over not onl y on i ndi vi dual pr obl e sbut on m coll ecti ve issues as well during st udent politics whi ch helps st udent s lear ni ng t o raise voi ce for t heir ri ghts and j ustice. Q About t he pr obl e sI SF faces i n regar d t o its wor ki ng i n Punj ab : m Uni versit y? A Al t hough t he ban on student uni on is lifted but ther e is no : pr ovi si on of any facilities t ot he st udent s so far. W ehave not been

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A In t he past, circu stancesi n t he PU had been quit e different t han : m t hose prevaili ng t oday and eveni ng st udents wer e not all ow t o ed take part i n el ecti ons. Because nu ber of st udents was 7000 at t hat m ti ebut at pr esent it is mor e t han 26000 whi ch do not i ncl ude m st udent s doi ng di pl o as. m Fe a st udent represent ation i n st udent uni ons m u be at least m le st 33 . If we l ook i nt o t he nu ber of enr olled fe a student s it is % m m le 16000. Thi s m e t hey aree qual i n nu bers. On t his gr ound we ans m suggest thatm a and fe a quot a shoul d be 50 . le m le % Uni versit y pr esi dent can beo f any gender but t here must be one m a and one fe a at positi ons of presi dent and vi ce presi dent so le m le as t o ensure gender equalit y. Eveni ng st udent s shoul d be all ow t o take part i n el ecti ons because ed t hey pay doubl e f ees. They deser ve m o t han us. But M B re A Executi ve and M PAexecutive st udents shoul d not be per itted as m t hey are 35 years of age or m o and bel ong t o gover n ent or se ire m m gover n en i nstit uti ons. m t W ith regar d t o possessi on of ar swe pr opose t hat whos o ever is m found possessi ng ar she shoul d be i m ed m m iatel y struck off fr o t he m uni versit y. W h m o t han one or ganizati on w ll operat e i n uni versit y t here en re i w ll cert ai nl y be securit y probl e s In t his cont ext we propose t hat i m . uni versit y ad in m istrati on shoul d take responsi bilit y of securit y and no st udent or gani zati on shoul d be hel d responsi bl e for t hat as has been t he practice of past by the onl y do inant st udent organi zati on. m St udent s of ot her i nstit uti ons and vol unt eers of politicalp arti es ar e oft en found i n Punj ab Uni versit y. In event s of cl ashes the out si ders are m o t han t he uni versit y st udent s. To avoi d t his we suggest t hat re entry of such peopl e shoul d be co p y banned i n t heu ni versit y m letel and ot hers who co e for so e pur pose m u be issued vi siti ng m m st car ds; so t hat t he securit y of st udent s can be ensured.

4.12. KASHIF BUKHARI

W h asked, If you coul d go back i n ti ewoul d you joi n st udent en m politics agai n? Kashif Bukhari responds w t h an e phati c NO i m : Not at least t he w I w a part then. ay as Kashif a st udent leader i n hi s ca pus days is still very acti ve i n m trade uni on. Ho wever, he is a changed m an H s vi e ws on uni on . i acti vis , especi all y r egar di ng c a pus politics, have r a di call y m m altered. He is critical of t he st udent or gani zati ons and t he m anner by whi ch t hey are associ at ed w t h political parties. i He says such li nkage is i nherentl ym an pul ati ve and hi erarchi cal: i Political parties use st udents t o f urt her t heir o wn i nt erests. St udent s 'i s s ues ar e never hi ghli ght ed and t hey e nd u p b ei ng expl oited by the political parties and wast e t heir preci oust i e Thi s m . is a questi on of savi ng t he educati onal i nstit uti ons of Paki st an, even if w have t o take so eundem o e m cratic decisi ons. Recoll ecti ng hi s ti e says t hat bot h i n leftist and ri ghtist st udent m she or gani zati ons t here wer e vagabonds and Qa bza gr oupe l e ents. m They wer e adept at i nsti gating st udents 'e o m tions and often resort ed t o physi cal vi ol ence and aggr essi on. Dr. ugs and weapons beca e m co m o n ca puses as a result of st udent politics. St udent acti vists m ni m used t o extract Ghunda tax fro rest aurants and bus and van m o wners t o fi nanci all y support t heir politics. I m y have i ndirectl y partici pat ed i n all t hese m a self lpracti ces, he says. About hi s i nspirati on t o j oin st udent politics, he tells that duri ng t he 1977 el ecti ons, when I wa s i n ei ght h gr ade, I saw t he first political pr ocessi on of m ylife. I hear d Zulfi qar A i Bhut t o speak i n l Nasir B ( Lahor e). I w si p agh as m lytaken by his charis a m . hen I we nt t o Isla ia Coll ege I was pr o- Bhutt o and an antiW m Ja iat. Ja iat had a stronghol d i n t he coll ege. A c oaliti on of m m Nati onal St udent s Federati on ( NSF), Nati onalist St udent s Or gani zati on ( NSO and Peopl es 'S t udent s Federati on( PSF) was ) wor ki ng agai nst t he Ja iat. Ho wever, NSF was rel ativel y m o m re

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functi onal. I j oi ned NSF a nd was s oon n o inat ed i t s c hi ef m or gani zer. Q hat w t he i nitial challenges you had t o face? : W ere A hen m e b of NSFdi spl ayed post ers and shouted sl ogans : W m ers i n t he publi c Ja iat was enraged because t hey t ook Isl am iaColl ege m as their Jagir (est at e). A few NSF st udent s got i nt o a fi ght w t h a i large gr oup of 200- 300 Ja i t st udents. A friend of m inewa s taken m a t o t he host el and physi call yt ort ured. As a result of t his 5 seni or m e b of t he NSF i ncl uding m y wer e t hreat ened to leave t he m ers self coll ege or bear severe consequences. W edared t o standt hi s terr or and woul d vi sit t he c ollege f or t he next one ye ar, t hough sporadi call y. A last, we had t o leave. I and ot her seni or m e b of t m ers NSF t hen enr olled oursel ves i n G over n en Coll ege of Technol ogy. m t Because of t he s upport for t he Af ghan war a nd anti- Bhutt o senti en duri ng Zi a 's regim e I realized t hat it was not a good i dea m ts , t o conti nue under t he bannerof NSF or PSF. Ther ef ore Ij oi ned t he Azad ( L beral) gr oup whi chl at er ca et o be kno wn as t he Li beral i m St udent s 'C o uncil. I was el ect ed Joi nt Secret ary of t he Azad gr oup agai nst t he candi dat e of Ja i t. m a As for hi s m a achi eve e s as he i nfor swas t hat Ja iat r ul ed jor m nt m m over t he Gover n en Coll ege of Technol ogy and t heyu s ed ver y m t oppr essi ve m e asures t o scare off any of t heir pot enti al opponent s. So t o gat her support against t he and t hen def eating t he i n m m st udent uni on el ecti ons, not j ust once but t hrice, was undoubt edl y our bi ggest achi eve en Anot her i p m t. m ortant acco p m lishm en was t o t unit e and or gani ze t he st udent uni ons of t he gover n en coll eges of m t technol ogy i n different cities. W h reflecti ng back he says t he teachers pl ayed an i nfluenti al r ol e ile i n st udent politics. I n Isl a ia Coll ege t he teachers full y support ed the Jam iat and i n m Gover n en Coll ege of Technol ogy we had bl essi ngs of t he Chi ef m t Pr oct or who was a m e b f t he M u m League anda st aunch m ero sli anti-Ja iat. He rendered hi sf ull patronage and co- operati on t o t he m Azad gr oup. H defi nitel y got us a l ot of s w ngi ng vot es. e i

Q hat event s do you t hink led t o t he decli ne of st udent politics : W t hen? A I n 1981 when Sal a ullah Ti pu hij acked a pl ane, t heZi a regi e : m m used this as an excuse t o crack do wn on st udent acti vists.Ther e was rando pi cki ng and i p m ent and br ut al t ort ure infli ct ed on m m rison political acti vists. As a consequence of t his st udents wer e fearstricken and t his di scouraged t he fro taki ng part i n politics. Thi s m m was a huge set back t o t he whol e st udents 'm o m en ve t. In our case, t he anti-cli ax eached t o its hei ghts i n Gover n en m r m t Coll ege of Technol ogy Lahore when an anti-ad in m istrati on pr ot est t ur ned anti- Z a. A fi ght br oke out bet w i een st udent s and poli ce, i n whi ch a De put y Superi nt endent of Poli ce ( DSP) was acci dent all y killed. 70 peopl e wer e caught and 8 wer e i p m risoned and t he coll ege was cl osed down for about 8 m ot hs by t he gover n en n m t. M ilitary courts punishedm e b of t he A m ers zad group. These event s coll ecti vel y led t o t he de o m ralizati on of st udent politics i n our ca pus. m No w t hat Kashif Bukhari iso pposed t o hi s experi ence of st udent politics, w is his alternative? hat I t hi nk t hat st udent uni ons shoul d be confi ned t o i n-house politics, separat ed fro m a stream politics. St udent and teacher bodi es m in shoul d sit toget her i n di scussi on for u sand resol ve issues. St udent s m shoul d have no associ ati on wi t h nati onal or r egi onal political parties. They shoul d rat her strengt hen t heir depart en soci eti es m tal and wor k for educati onal and st udent issues.

4.13. MIR HASIL KHAN BIZENJO

M irHasil Khan Bi zenj o is t he son of M ir Ghous Baksh Bizenj o, t he legendar y nati onalist leader who was respect ed for hi s m o derati on and consensus buil di ng. H s el der br ot her B zen Bi zenj o was one of i i t he foundi ng m e b of t heBS O H self a for e M N and no w m ers . i m m r A senat or M ir Hasil got earl y educati on in hi s nati ve village Naat h i n D strict Khuzdar and has been i nvol ved w t h st udent politics si nce i i hi s hi gh school days.

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In 1980, he g ot a d issi ons t o t he BA Honours i n Kar achi m Uni versit y a nd b y t he tim e he l eft t he uni versit ya f t er postgraduati on i n Phil osophy hewa s chair an of t he Unit ed St udent s m Federati on ( USF) alliance of t he progressi ve st udent s i n KU . W h he ent ered t he uni versit y, t he Pr ogressi ve Fr ont ( KU) had en ceased to exist. Not l ong ago it had won t he uni versit y el ecti on under t he presi dency ofM u stafai n K m i. az These wer e t urbul ent ti e or de ocrati c forces i n general but m sf m i nvited risks of l oosi ng life when it ca et o ca puses. M ir says IJT m m was practicall y part of t he Zia m a la w regi eand wit h gr eat er rtial m br ut alit y. They beat opponent s a nd us ed guns t o sil ence t he pr ogressi ve voi ces. Accor di ng t o fact uall y debatabl e versi on of M ir, gun wa s first used i n t he ca puses i n 1981, when IJT wor kers shot and i nj ured Younas m Shad. Ja iat had also for ed its m ilitant squads undert he title of m m Thunder Squad. Saif ud Di n and Hafi z Sal an Butt led t his m m ilitant gr oup respecti vel y in KU ( K arachi) and PU ( Lahore). A l l t his done wi t h s upport fro t he gover n ent and i nt elli gence m m aganci es, he adds. Ja iat even banned entry ofpr ogressi ve st udent s in t he KU In t his m . conditi on it was har d t o confr ont IJT si ngl e handedl y. T he y had m o ar sand bl essi ngs of t he whol e gover n en and uni versit y ney, m m t m a nery. chi The pr ogr essi ve st udent s f or ed a Unit ed St udents Federati on m ( USF) i n 1982.M ir H asil w asm ade its first chair an m . IJT went so far i n its regressi ve dri ve t hat t hey spilled oi l on sitti ng pl aces; so t hat st udents coul d not i nt eract w h each ot her. it Si nce t here was no politicsi n t he larger soci et y, political parti es wer e banned and ca puses wer e bri m ed w t h action, peopl e m m i l ooked t ow ds st udent politics. ar

The USF m ade coaliti ons w t h part ners out si de t he ca puses. It i m m ade effecti ve bri dges w t hl abour uni ons t hat wer e t otall y was i n i hands of progressi ve and li beral el e en m ts. Politics revol ved ar ound i deol ogi es. Tends of different M a rxist and Isla ist school s wer e gr oom ed i n t he ca puses. St udents had t he m m tendency t o read books and discussm a turel y. Ca puses wer e t he onl y pl aces wher e m a m rtial law wasc hall enged i n a bi g way, says M ir Hasil: t hat li vel y politics was hi ndered and t he aut horities encouraged vi ol ence i n ca puses t o count er t he m de ocratic effects. W h m a m en rtial law gover n ent feltt hey coul d m not check st udent politics t hey pr o o vi ol ence. People on bot h m ted si des of IJT and t he pr ogressives wer e killed, but not a singl e person was e ver arr est ed nor a ny st udent r usti cat ed. M arti al La w Ad in m istrat ors had t he di screti on t o appoi nt t he uni versit y vi ce chancell ors. About girls rol e i n st udentp ol itics i n t he KU M ir em p , haticall y affir st hat t hey wer e quite acti ve rat her t hey wer e int ell ect uall y m stronger as c o pared wi t h p r ogr essi ve boys. They wer e e ven m present i n t he t op leadership. Sabira Bano (now i n Holland doi ng research on gender), Af shanJ a al (now dail y Da wn) and Sa ina m m Choonana (nowj our nalist and edit or) are so eexa p m m les. On soci al level, t here wasn o pur dah. You coul d see har dl y one percent girls, m ay be less, cl ad i n pur dah. There wer ep ol iti call y acti ve girl gr oups. Aff airs wer e not hi dden and publi call y o wned w t h responsi bilit y. There was lesser reli gi osit y. i Teachers used t o be bol d and acti ve. Phil osophy teacher D Zaf ar r. Arif was once sought expl anati on fro t he gover nor for i nfecti ng m st udent s w h his political vie w it s. He responded by sayi ng t hat I a a teacher. M yt hought s are t o m i nsti gat e t he st udents not t o m ake t he sleep m The uni versit y teachers had a stri ke agai nst IJT . There was so m u i nt eracti on and partici pati on t hat we k ne w ch addresses of all t he st udents. W ewer e quit e well versed even i n

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i nt er nati onal politics. I was arrest ed i n KU on t he questi on of Israeli attacks on Sabira and Shat ila ca p of t he Pal esti ni ans. On t he m s contrary, I was recentl y t ol db y a teacher friend of m inet hat t hese are strange ti e The boys are busy i n appl yi ng hi na on girls m s. hands. That is t he level of acti vit y no wadays. Zi al ul Ha qd estr oyed t he w e political cult ure. hol eare also i ncl usi ve. W eregul arl y or gani zed event s like sha -eW m ghari ban andM ilad, saysM ir. It is untr ue t hat st udent acti vists di d not care for st udent issues. One pet de and was t o wai ve fees. Ther e wer e al w pr obl e sof m ays m ad issi ons, cl ass r oo s or o t her i nfrastruct ure, and books and m m curri cul u that w addressed and agit at ed over. m e Bef ore 1980, no st udent kne w about sect ari anis .No one si p m m ly woul d pay heed t o t hese i dentities. There wer e no anti-stat e ele ents a ong t he pr ogressive st udent s. m m A l our ca pai gn was a nti-ar y m a l m m / rtial l a w So t hey wer e . m a ligned and Zi a i nvent edt he equati on of bei ng anti-ar yw t h m i t hose of bei ng a nti-pakist an a nd a nti- G od. Thi s im age i s constructi on of t he unde ocratic forces i n Paki st an. m M ir Hasil m a tai ns t hat IJT vi ol ence and t ort ure reached t o its in peak. Parents wer e scared and ri ghtfull y wer e concer ned over fut ure of t heir chil dren. Politicall ym o ed st udent s di d not u s e dr ugs. tivat They ca e i n t he pr esenceo f political vacuu .. Then AP SO m m M co peted w h t he IJTt hrough co p m it m arabl e use of vi ol ence I n 1984, when t he st udent uni ons wer e banned t he pr ogr essi ve st udent s had already wo e el ecti ons i n t he NED Engi neeri ng m n , Uni versit y and Ur du college. A w n i n KU was possi bl e. Ho wever i our coll eague Shaukat Chee a ori gi nall y fr o Sadi qabad, was m , m m u rdered by t he I J T El ecti ons wer e halt ed. The pr ogr essi ve . st udent s had t o bri efl y keep t he polli ng st aff i n cust ody for fears of o wn safet y and securit y. Then para ilitary forces i nvaded t he ca pus and t here was ban on m m uni ons. For t hree m ot hs we a git ated al ong w t h t he IJT agai nst t he n i ban. I a unsure if t hey w si ncere about t his agitati on. m ere

About BSO M ir Hasil says t hat NSF was t he onl y pr ogr essi ve , or gani zati on in t he 1960s. W h PPP e e en m rged on t hes cene NSF was already split and m o of its leadershi p j oi ned t he PPP. Thi s st caused t he for a m tion of BSO, PKSF, Jaye Si ndhM ahaz. BSO was a pocket or gani zati on of t he NAP. Ban on NAP, ousti ng its gover n en a nd m ilitar y a cti on i n Bal ochi st an i n 1 973 m t sti u m lated m a ve support for the BS O In t he literat ec l asses of ssi . 70s and 80s you w ll never fi nd a si ngl e person who has not been i affiliat ed w t h BS O i n so e capacit y. Even t he Punj abi st udent s i m resi di ng i n Bal ochist an w associ at ed w h t he organi zati on. ere it One of t he successes of t he BS O can be attri but ed t o its de ocrati c m post ure t hen and hol di ng ofa nnual el ecti ons. That heyday is over no w Nevert hel ess BS O still is t he bi ggest st udent or gani zati on i n . Bal ochi st an. It is split i nt o t hree gr oups na e Pijjar, Az a d and m ly A an and are affiliat ed w h t hree nati onalist parties. m it BSO has al so led nati onalc oaliti ons of t he pr ogressive st udent m o m en i n Paki st an t hr ough t he Paki st an Pr ogressive St udent s ve t A li ance ( PPSA l ). Razzaq Bhugti was its first chair an He was beat en i n KU duri ng a m . conventi on when Li aqat Bal och was t he IJT chi ef. In response, Li aqat Bal och m e w t h t he sa efate when he vi sited t he Uni versit y t i m of Bal ochist an, Q a. uett Thi s i ncorrect i p on has been creat ed si nce t he era of Ge n. m ressi Ayub Khan t hat Bal ochis wa nt i ndependence. T heir a ntiest ablish en politics is taken as anti- Punj ab. m t Even Bhutt o consoli dat ed t his i p on by t he m ilitarya cti on and m ressi tryi ng 300 peopl e i n Hyderabad Tri bunal Case. Thousands wer e arrest ed then. Ge n Zi a was m o effi ci ent i n putti ng Punj ab vs. t he re rest pr ovi nces. M ir Hasil concl udes by sayi ng t hat uni on politics is healt hy f or leadershi p devel op en Uni versit y st udent s have t he ri ght t o m t. choose t heir political l oyalties and affiliate t he sel ves w t h political m i parties. W ithout parti es, t here can be n o p olitics. Infact, t he

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R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

uni versit y ad in m istrati on that is part of the est ablish en nt their m twa unhi ndered r ul e over ca p m uses; so t hat no one can hol d t he m account abl e. A code of conduct was si gned by t he st udent or ganizati ons i n 1983. There are already barsa nd conditi ons for cont esti ng t he uni on el ecti ons. Accor di ng to M ir Hasil, student politics is neit her a probl e nor m li nkage w t h t he political parties is. Non-st udents and professi onal i leaders are a real pr obl e . .. H furt her says there is no need f or m e all ocati ng st udent uni on positi ons for t he girl st udent s.

t o pl ay whi ch has been explai ned i n t he earlier li nes. No w co es m t he real questi on t hat whet her st udent politics shoul d beal l owed or not. I thi nk t hat it shoul d be allo wed because i n pr esent circu stances m no person can escape t he effect of politics unl ess s/ he is insane! The first ar gu en i n t his connecti on is t hat politics is essenti al t o m t de ocratic trai ni ng of t he student s. Until and unl ess, those who ar e m goi ng t o l ead t he c ountry i n t he f ut ure ar e not trai ned f or de ocracy, it can not effectivel y w k. m or De ocracy is not j ust na eof hol di ng peri odi cal el ecti ons but it is m m a pr ocess through whi ch peopl e are trai ned t o respond t o gr oup sit uati ons. For exa p i n case of vi ct or y you have t o acco m o e m le m dat vari ous gr oups and t o aggregat e t heir i nt erests i n t he best of your capabilit y. In inst ance of defeat, you w ll have t o showr espect t o i t hem andat e of t he vi ct or and t o pursue t he peacef ul transiti on. It is also a pr ocess t hr ough whi ch peopl e are taught t o respect t he vi e w of ot hers and not t oi pose t heir opi ni ons in a dog a s m m tic m anner. W h co m u it y needs t hese basi c t hi ngsm o t han t he st udent s? ich m n re The regul ar chance t o st and in t he el ecti ons w ll aut o a i m ticall y bri ng above- en oned qualities out i n t he st udents. m ti M any great leaders are t he pr oducts of st udent politics.M o reover, st udent s have pl ayed si gnificant r ol e i n m a hi st ori cal jor devel op ents li ke t he Bol shevi k and Irani an revol uti ons.A di screet m readi ng wi ll reveal hi st ori cp art pl ayed by t he st udents i n over t hr ow ng t yranni cal r egi es of t heir st at es. Ther e wi l l be a i m negli gi bl e nu ber of peopl ewh o m ay di sagree, but why it is t hat m t he questi on of lifti ng bano n st udent s uni ons is being so hotl y debat ed i n our country? Thi s is because of t he vi ol ence and m ilitancy whi ch haveper eated m i n t he st udent politics of Pakist an.

4.14. MUHAMMAD YOUSAF

M u m m ad Yousaf a st udent of Gover n en Coll ege Uni versit y, ha m t Lahore. H s t hought s on st udent politics and uni ons reflect one of i t he best articul ati on and anal ysis even when you choose t o differ w t h hi . H says t hat: i m e

he T

recent decisi on of t hen e w y el ect ed head of gover n ent t o l m lift ban on st udents uni ons has pr o p furi ous debat ei nsi de and m ted out si de t he educati onal i nstit uti ons on t he costs and benefits of uni ons. Bef ore e b ng upon t hepl uses and m inuses of t his decisi on, m arki t here is a dire need t o resol ve t he conf usi on bet w st udent uni ons een and t he political or gani zations. W h ereas st udent uni ons are t hose whi ch wor k w t hi n the i nstituti ons w t hout any affiliati on w t h any i i i political part y, or gani zati ons l i ke Pe opl es St udent s F e der ati on ( P S F) or M u m St udents Federati on ( .S F) wor kf or t heir . . sli M . political parties i n t he i nstituti ons and t heir m a task is t o buil d in opi ni on i n favour of t heir respecti ve political parties. Ho wever, i n t he pr esent c ase b ot h t he u ni ons a nd political or gani zati ons have got per i si on t o w k. m s or The basi c charact er of a student uni on is t o facilitate st udent s i n ter sof ad in m m istrati on and t o beco ea li nk bet w m een student s and t he ca pus aut horities. Political or gani zati ons have a different r ol e m

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R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

M any peopl e have devel oped a m ispercepti on t hat the st udent politics is a breedi ng gr ound of vi ol ence. Thi s is not the case. As such, ca pus vi ol ence i s n ot t he pr oduct of a ny d e ocrati c m m gover n en it is t he artifact of a rut hl ess di ct at or, whou nder t he m t; gar b of Isl a isati on creat ed an or gani zati on whi ch was used f or m ot her pur poses. Gangs of funda entalist st udent s wer e used t o cur b any tendency m whi ch was opposed t o t he M a rtial law regi e In fact,t he ban on m . st udent uni ons i p m osed 24 years ago duri ng t hat bl ack era gave free hand t o a particul ar fanatic or gani zati on. The gover nm en itself t pr ovi ded t he or gani zati on wit h ar sand a m u itions to extract its m m n pur poses. In t hat peri od vi ol ence was virt uall y legali zed for t hat st udent organi zati on agai nst any ot her group. The per pet uati on of ban on st udent uni ons by t he s ubsequent gover n en was al so t he br ai nchil d of a fe w feudall or ds who m ts want ed t o conti nue t heir dom inance on politics. They still do not want t hat leadershi p shoul d em e fro the grassroots 'level. rge m V ol ence i n st udent politics is also so em e exaggerated by t hose i m ti s who wa nt t o di vert att enti on of t he peopl e fro t he real issues. m M o reover if t he fi nger of a person is i nfect ed it dose not m e t hat an hi s hand shoul d be cut down or he shoul d be killed. Spor adi c vi ol ence also takes pl ace duri ng t he nati onal el ecti onsb ut does it m e t hat el ecti ons shoul d be alt oget her banned or not hel d? Recent an m a instrea el ecti ons wer e lar gel y peacef ul because of the fact t hat m peopl e wer e consci ous aboutt hreats of vi ol ence. Si ilarly if st udent m politics is all ow at t he cam p w t hout any hi ndrance, t he l evel ed uses i of consci ousness a ong the st udent s w ll rise t o t hat ext ent t hat t hey m i t he sel ves wi ll not all owa ny vi ol ence t o t ake pl ace i n t he m educati onal i nstit uti ons and thi s pr obl e w di e its own deat h. m ill St udent s are t he pri a stake hol ders of any educational poli cy m ry adopt ed by t he gover n en It is onl y st udent politics t hrough whi ch m t. i nfl uence can be exert ed on t he gover n en for t he for a m t m tion of favorabl e poli ci es. For i nst ance, the bi ggest chall enge faced by t he st udent s of our c ountr y i s t he a ggressi ve pri vatizati on of t he educati onal i nstit uti ons over t he years. Aft er pri vatizati on i t beco es e xtre e di fficult f or a n a ver age f a ilyt o a f f or d m m ly m educati on f or its chil dren, especi all y i n a country li ke Paki st an

where peopl e have t o confront m u e chall enges and subsist ence ltipl has beco eenor ousl y difficult. It is onl y t hrough st udent politics m m t hat gover n en can be forced t o check t his tendency ofpri vati zi ng m t public i nstit uti ons. One m u not forget t hat itwa s t he acti ve rol e of st udent s i n t he st m o m en of 1968- 1969, whi ch ear ned t he a l ot of facilities ve t m i ncl udi ng fare of 25 paisa for traveli ng t hroughout Pakist an. In m yi nstit uti on st udent politics was al so pr ohi bited due t o t he offi ci al ban. But now it isb ei ng seri ousl y wor ked out t hat ho w st udent uni on shoul d be rei nvi gorat ed. Ho wever, the rol eof vari ous soci eties i n Gover n en Coll ege Uni versit y ( GCU offers a ver y m t ) good m o for t he st udentu ni ons. Ever y one is i nduct ed i n t he del soci eties on egalitarian bases and no speci al i dentit y pr eferences li ke pr ovi nce or cast e are taken i nt o consi derati on. A ongwi t h t hese l facilities t here is a rul e t hat anyone who resorts t o physical vi ol ence is subj ect t o i m ed m iate expul si on fro t he uni versit y. Thi s r ul e m undoubt edl y appli es t o everyone w t hout any di scri inati on. But it i m is also a fact t hat st udents have t o so em e m ti ssuffer at t heh a nds of a fe waut horitati ve i ndi vi dualsi n t he ad in m istrati on due t o absence of st udent politics. If t he st udent politics is all owe d at t he ca pus w t hout creati ng any m i hur dl e i n its wa y, t he l aw of i m ed e e xpul si onf r o t he m iat m uni versit y i n case of physi cal vi ol ence w ll be accept ed by ever yone i i n t he gr eat er i nt erest of bot h t he uni versit y and t he st udent s. Thi s w ll i ncul cat e t he real val ues of ci vil soci et y i n t he student s and i st udent uni ons w ll st art t o make t heir wa y for w d t o t he m o i deal i ar st rol e w ch t hey shoul d pl ay. hi The basi c rol e of t he st udent uni ons is t o serve t he st udents and t o facilitat e t he i n best possi bl e m anner. Ho wever t heir fore o m m st m ortant responsi bilit y is to realize t hat t he pri a pur pose of i p m ry anyone co ing to t he educati onal i nstit uti on is t o learn m o and m re m o re. St udent s m u be all ow t o take part i n t he political acti vities st ed w t hi n t he prescri bed li its.I n t he sa evei n, t hey have t o reali ze i m m t hat w t h t heir ri ght t o j oi n any political part y t hey m ut use t heir i s consci ence and not bli ndl y beco ea t ool i n t he hands of political m

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R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

parties. Ho wever, as I have ar gued earlier, t he basi cj ob of t he st udent uni on is t o realize t hat st udents co e t o t he educati onal m i nstit uti on t o learn. No political acti vit y shoul d be all ow whi ch i n ed any w i p ay m inge t he process of lear ni ng and st udy of t he st udent s. M enof letters i n t he leadershi p of political parties can be i nvit ed t o have i nt eracti ve tal ks w t h the st udents and gi ve t he lect ures on i m vari ous t opi cs of m u ei nt erests. Apart fr o t his, e inent ltipl m m schol ars m u be regul arl y invit ed t o t he uni versit y t o provi de t he st st udent s w t h food for t hought. It m u const antl y be i prt ed i n t he i st m a m inds of st udent s t hat st udent politics i s n ot t he n a e of m advent uris ; rat her it is a p r ocess of t heir l earni ng. B y g oi ng m t hr ough t hi s pr ocess t hey c a n s er ve t he c ountry i n vari ous capacities. A l t his w ll not onl y contri but e t o creati ng ad e ocrati c l i m st at e but also a de ocratic soci et y. m

Thi s gr oup i ncl uded M ian Abdul Qa doos, Farah, Far hat, Nabahat Sheereen,, et c. They est ablished a f or u called St udent s m A li ance. l Peopl e wer e scared and st udent s had no ri ght s. The u ni versit y facilities wer e bei ng us ed a t t he wi ll of one political gr oup. Or di nar y st udents coul d do not hi ng about it and had t o com pm ise: ro w also i nitiall y m e secretly so em e at a friends hom eor i n a e t m ti s hot el until we ca eout . T hey t ook part i n t he La w College uni on m el ecti ons and wer e defeat ed.Ho we ver t he m a uni versity el ecti ons in pr oved unpr ecedent ed. Their candi dat e f or Ge ner al Secret ar ys positi on Il yas Naveed Shahzad won agai nst Hafi z Sal m an Butt. It was an a azi ng result. Howe ver, the firi ng st art ed and t he IJ T m decl ared t hat Shahzad w ll not be all ow t o sit i n t he uni on offi ce. i ed That t hey proved after w ds! ar St udent s A li ance was politicall y non- ali gned. It was an eff ort t o l raise equal ri ghts and opport unit y for the PU st udents. El ecti on M an ifest o was also published by t he gr oup, whi ch was laden w t h i m o appeal for t he st udent ri ghts, sl ogans and agit at ed poetry. ral Nabahat Sheeren was t he m o focal represent ati ve and a great er st orat or fro t he gr oup. Sym p zers and opponent s ali ke woul d m athi co e t o listen t o her fierys peeches deli vered i n a standar di zed m Ur du. She was a j our nalism st udent. Aft er t he ca pus days wer e m over, she j oi ned radi o Paki stan and now a- days li ves i n U . K The el ecti ons wer e not a costl y affair. The expenses for pri nti ng post ers and stickers wer e bor ne m a l y by rich st udents li ke M ian in Qadoos and one who bel onged t o fa ily of t he o wners of Taj m Co pany. Ot her w se t here wer e hand w m i ritten pl ay c ar ds a nd dependence upon t he publi c speeches w ch cost not hi ng. hi Publi c m e ngs wer e hel di n f r ont of co pounds of t he La w eti m Coll ege a nd M a Ca nt een i n Ne w Ca pus a nd Fi ne Art s in m depart en i n t he ol d ca pus. m t m W h concedi ng t hat ever yone m ayhave affiliati on w t ha political ile i part y, she personall y f eel st hat st udent uni ons s hould perf or m welfare wor k. Ther e shoul d be political trai ni ng but not at t he cost

4.15. NAHEEDA MEHBOOB ELAHI

o en rol e in uni versity uni on politics was negli gi bl e rat her W m s al o t o none. The environm en was not conduci ve for t he ,says m st t m Naheeda M ehboob El ahi a practici ng lawyer and t he form e deput y r att orney general of Paki st an,wh o once cont est ed for t he positi on of Joi nt Secret ary i n t he La w College, Punj ab U versit y, i n 1983. ni Bef ore joi ni ng t he La w College, she was el ect ed Sports Pr esi dent i n t he Federal G over n en College,W ah C m t antt. IJT had a m o nopol y over t he PU ca pus, whi ch al so i ncl uded m physi cal control over all affairs of t he uni versit y and reput e f or creati ng terror. Pr ofessi onal st udent leaders li ke barra Ja wwad, Choht a Ja wwad, Hafi z Sal an and M eh Ishf aque et c. call ed t he shot st hen who m r wer e not ori ous for cl eari ng all hi ndrances i n t heir wa y and shifti ng m a ong different degree pr ogra m e m s. In a r epr essi ve e nvir on ent, a bout 15 l i ke- inded st udent s m m i ncl udi ng M sEl ahi deci ded to for a panel t o cont est t heu ni versit y m el ecti on: I t hi nk t hat gi ven the sit uati on, the for a of our panel m tion and t o cont est t he el ecti on was itself a great t hi ng and a dari ng act.

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R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

of st udi es, whi ch is t he pri ar y m andat e of st udents. Educati on and m lear ni ng shoul d not be dist urbed or co p m ised at any cost. m ro I n our days, t he m a issuer evol ved ar ound whi ch political gr oup in one was affiliat ed. It was t ot all y a bsur d. Thi ngs r elat ed wi t h educati on shoul d have beendi scussed and debat ed. You see t here wer e m any peopl e who could not aff or d educati on, but the acti vists kept on raisi ng sl ogans about t he green or red Asi a, asserts M s El ahi.

bot h t he trends subscri be t o extre is ,i nt ol erance of ot hers and t he m m di ssent, subst ance-l ess rhet oric and narrow indedness. m The m a rtial law have further contri but ed t o restrict ac ul t ure of s open debat es. He says t hat duri ng hi s acti vis ti e t he speeches m m , and i ages wer e full of ji ngoi s . For exa p t he NSF wor kers m m m le had a pet sl ogan of Sa raj ka Kabarist an: Paki st an. The opponent s m woul d also try t o beat i n l oudness and bl oodi ness of t heir ca pai gn m sl ogans. He t hi nks t hat political parties shoul d not ent er i nt o ca puses. They m have a rol e t o enhance political sensiti vit y and consci ousness of t he st udent s but beyond t hat it wo ul d negati vel y affect t he st udent s pursuit f or l ear ni ng. Ther es houl d be no bar upon s t udent s t o express t he sel ves. Ho wever t hose who la en over t hee nd of an m m t i deol ogi cal era, debat es and trade uni ons forget t hat t hi ngs change. It does not m e t hat t he process of soci al change hasc o e t o a an m halt. He concedes that t here wer e a fe w wo en leaders i n t he st udent m m o m en li ke A era El ahi and Ghazal a Reh an The teachers had ve t m m . great i nfl uence a nd woul dm ent or t heir st udent s by c har act er buil di ng and even i deol ogi cal trai ni ng. Pr of. Kha waj a M a sood was one such iconi c fi gure for pr ogressi ve yout h i n Ra wal pi ndi It is ho wever untr ue t hat t he NSF acti vists wer e lesser st udent s. Rat her t here wer e hi gh achi eversa ong t heir ranks who c oul d t hi nk, m co m u icat e and or gani ze and lead i n a for idabl e envir on en m n m m t for st udent politics. One is i ndebt ed t o Senat or Per vai z Rashi d for poi nti ng out a m u chunderst at ed vari abl e of t he act ual pr actice of st udent politics t he fundi ng resources. He attri but es t he rel ati vel y stronger acti vis of m NSF t han its ot her pr ogressive count er parts to t he fi nancial strengt h of its m o part y headed by Tuf ail Abbass whi ch because of l ongther st ay i n t he PI A t rade m oe ent coul d aff or d t o support m o vm re acti vities of t he affiliated or gani zati ons. M u m o ideol ogues have to speak on ot her m u ch re ndane issues of t he ever yday practice of st udent politics rat her t han j ustdi ssecti ng t he great ga e [of col d war] and gl obal conspiracies. Senat or m Rashi d cert ai nl y does t hat ver y neatl y!

4.16. PERVAIZ RASHID

Senat or Per vai z Rashi d ar gues t hat it was a perfect co bi nati on of m an aut horitarian st at e and soci et y faced by t he yout h of late 1960s: (i) fat her i n ho e (ii) m olvi i n m o m , u sque, and (iii) Ge n. Ayub Khan i n t he countr y. Fati aJi nnahs defeat had also angeredy o ut h and m t he m y thof Ayub Khans i nvi nci bilit y was br oken by t he 1965 war. Peopl e st art ed t hi nki ng can thi s m anbe our defender: Our nati on is brave, t he ar yis audaci ous but A m yub Khan is cow d. ar Senat or Ras hi d put s hi s wor ds li ke a l aborat or y scientist selfconsci ous of t he risks and prof undit y of hi s for u ons and i nvit es m lati reflecti on all t he ti ei n a soft-spoken deli ver y of speech. It was m pl easant sur prise for a m anwho was pr ovi nci al presi dent of t he NSF duri ng t ur bul ent m ove e of t he 1 968- 69 when y out hf ul m nt senti en rei gned hi gh and spoke l oud, and defi nitely reeked of m ts dog a m ;in his case t he M a m . m tis rxis He is also a rare exa p of an ol d M a ist guar d who ali gned m le rx hi self wi t h t he Sharif Br ot hers of P L generall y dee ed m M m conser vati ve a nd s y pat hized wi t h t he ri ghtists. Tw ce e xil ed m i abr oad d uri ng t he Ge n Zi as peri od a nd t hen G en Per vai z M u sharrafs era, he is a close advi sor of t he Sharif Brot hers and practicall y di rects political war- psyche oper ati ons and i age m buil di ng and m ed strat egi es for hi s leaders. [ A one-ti e associ at e ia m li ghtl y says t hat cl osed- door advi sor y and behi nd-t he-scene strat egy m ak ng co es so nat urall y for hi ;as it is what his ment ors fro i m m m Tuf ail A bbass (under gr ound) co m u ist part y w at best i n!] m n ere Senat or Ras hi d s uggests t o cl osel y wat chi ng t he wor ki ng of controlled soci eties whil e havi ng a l ook at t he st udent politics. I n

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4.17. PROF. AZIZ-UD-DIN AHMAD

Leftist i nt ellect ual and writer, Pr ofessor Azi zuddi n wa s acti vel y engaged i n politics as a student i n FC Coll ege Lahore i n 1952. Lat er, as a teacher at Isl a ia Coll ege, Lahore, i n 1959, and fro m m 1966 t o 1976 he taught Engl ish Lit erat ure at the Punj ab Uni versit y. A t he U versit y, he for edt he N onalist S udents or gani zati on. t ni m ati t He i s aut hor of m any books i ncl udi ng t he cel ebrat ed wor k on st udent politics, titled Pakist an M e Tal aba Tehr eek( 2000). It in still re a a reference book w t h t hor oughl y researched text on m ins i st udent politics fro h ori cal perspecti ve. m ist Pr ofessor Azi zuddi n is an avi d support er of political consci ousness m a ongst st udent s and believes t hat it is not politics but st at e support ed vi ol ence t hat is responsi bl e for destroyi ng t he acade ic m at o m sphere i n ca puses. m Q :W hat w st udent politics li ke i n your ti e as m s? A W h Pakist an was for ed, t here wer e t w est ablished political : en m o parties a nd t heir st udent wi ngs: J a aat-i-Isla i's st udent m m or gani zati on, Isl a i Ja iat-i- Tal aba (IJ T), and t he De ocrati c m m m St udent s Federati on ( DSF) affiliat ed w t h the Co m u ist Part y of i m n Paki st an. Initiall y, i n t he 50s, Ja a Isla i was not i nt o el ect oral politics m t-i- m and its st udent w ng was i nto acade ic acti vities and study circl es i m for i deol ogi cal trai ni ng. In 1956 M au lana M aududi deci ded t o ent er acti ve politics. That was a change i n li ne. The m a focus of t he in st udent w ng, t he IJT was t odef use t he i nfl uence of t he Left parti es i , and st e t he popul arit y of ne w i deas li ke Ar ab nati onalism t hat was m sl ow y gai ni ng ground all over t he w d. l orl As for t he Co m u ist Part y, its st udent w ng was politicall y acti ve m n i i n t he 50s i n Kar achi, Ra wal pi ndi, and Lahor e t o so eext ent. The m CP beli eved t hat i n t hird worl d countries st udents for ed t he m educat ed cl asses and had a r ol e t o pl ay i n t he struggl e agai nst

m erialis . In t he 50s, t here wer e still m any countries i n Ar ab i p m Af ri ca, East Eur ope, and t heFar East t hat wer e under col oni al rul e. The Port ugese till t he 60s col oni zed even Goa, i n Indi a. The British wer e f ar si ght ed and beli eved i n s o e refor and a peacef ul m m transfer t o ho erul e, whil et he Fr ench and t he Dut ch di dn 't all ow m political parties i n t heir col oni es. The str uggl e of t he col oni es agai nst f or ei gn ar ies was t hen c all ed nati onal l i berati on m m o m en and all of us w ver y i nspired by t he . ve ts ere m In t he t hird worl d, trade uni ons wer e weak and t he peasant was weak, so freedo m o m e t s ever ywhere wer e j oi nedi n by t he m ve n st udent s who had a hist ori cal responsi bilit y and wer e the educat ed and i nf or ed part of soci et y. Thi s was i n evi dence ever ywher e. m Indonesi a, V et na , A can countries i m fri Q :W hat w t he uni ons li ke? ere Azi zuddi n: I n Kar achi i n t he f i fties, because of t he r ef ugee settle en resources wer e strai ned and t hat was a pr obl e f or m t, m young peopl e st udyi ng i n c oll eges a nd t he uni versit y. The Co m u ist Part y was m o acti ve i n t hat cit y especi all y a ong t he m n st m st udent s, i n t he De ocratic St udent s Feder ati on, and r ai sed m acade ic issues li ke t he i nternati onal recogniti on of the m ed m ical degree of D w edical College. o M In Lahor e, coll ege uni ons wer e debati ng s oci eties and c ult ural acti vities. The m iddlecl ass coll eges li ke A t chi son and Gover n en i m t Coll ege never beca e politicised, it was onl y l ow mi ddl e cl ass m er coll eges li ke t he D yal Si ngh, M A, Isla ia and t he La w Coll ege. i O m , The st udent s 'a git ati on agai nst Ayub was m o about t he educati on stly poli cy. Onl y later di d it taket he turn of an anti m ilitary m o m en ve t i n 1962- '63. The uni versit y beca epolitici zed m u later, i n 1966m ch 67, w Ja iat w t he el ecti ons and for ed a uni on. hen m on m Onl y i n East Paki st an, t here was a st udent s 'm o m ent f or ve nati onalit y ri ghts, t he ri ght to a separat e language, and soo n. Shei kh M u was a st udent leader at t he ti e There st udent politics st art ed jib m . soon after partiti on, i n 1952- '53. Q Ho w di d st udent politics change i n Bhutt o's ti e? : m

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Azi zuddi n: In 1968, Bhutt o rose as a pheno enon. In Si ndh, a ong m m t he st udent s, DSF was c onsi dered a m o hajir-do inated part y. m Young peopl e wer e attract ed t ow ds t he nati onalist move ent of ar m G Syed and Rasul Bux Palij o. Thi s was t he sa ei n Bal ochist an. M m A ong t he Pakht uns, t he nati onalists wer e overt aken by Bhutt o 's m popul arit y. Q Ho w co eeven duri ng Bhutt o, t he ca puses w pr o R ght ? : m m ere i Azi zuddi n: Those i n t he oppositi on pr ett y evenl y m a tched Ja iat 's m i nfl uence. It was when t he A ericans put t heir m o int o t he I ER m ney depart en t he I nstit ut e of Educati on Research, t o support t he m t, Ja aat t hat 300 bl ock vot es woul d go i n favour of t he Jam iat uni on m and gai n a cl ear m a i n on t he ot hers. You m u re e b t hat at rg st m m er t he ti et here wer e a l ot of for ei gn st udents on our ca p a l ot m m uses of Bengali st udents, a large presence of Pal esti ni ans, antiS hah Irani st udent s, Sout h Af ri cans boys fro t he Gul f st at es and t hey m wer e all politicall y ver y sharp. A l of t his was anti Ja aat vot e, Left l m pl us t he Peopl e 's Part y. There was a unit ed front, not all anti Ja aat m el e en w Left. m t as A t he ti e Ja aat-i-Isl a i a s onl y i nt erest ed i n taking over t he t m , m m w Punj ab Uni versit y. It was ar esi denti al uni versit y, seven t housand st udent s of who t hree t housand wer e boar ders. They sent a l ot of m over age, t w y-fi ve year ol der boys who wer e t heir whol e ti e ent m rs, t o take part i n t he el ecti ons. They support ed t he fi nanci all y and m legall y i n case of troubl e and l ooked aft er t heir fa ilieswh e n t hey m went t o jail. Duri ng uni one l ecti ons, t he Ja aat was p r esent on m ca pus i n support of Ja iat candi dat es. m m Q W h about t he di fferences bet w : at een t he Peopl es St udent s Federati on and t he leftist st udent s? Azi zuddi n. Left st udent s al ways want ed unit ed front s whi le t he PSF want ed t o m ake leaders and cont est known peopl e. The Bhutt o gover n en never struck out a gai nst t he Ja iat. In fact, they pl ayed m t m on t he back f oot. W h the first st udent support er of t he Left en Bar kaat was m u rdered i n 1973, t he Leftist st udent s wa nt ed it i nvesti gat ed but Bhutt o covered it all up because he was in di al ogue w t h M au i lana M audoodi. He f elt t he PSF was cl oser t o t he Ja aatis m t han t he Left el e en In t he 1979 st udent body el ecti ons, t he m t.

Peopl e 's part y di sowned t heir o wn candi dat es becauset hey wer e getti ng t oo radi cal. Q :W hat rol es di d t he teachers pl ay i n ca pus politics? m Azi zuddi n: To break t he infl uence of t he Ri ght who di sall ow all ed free t hought, debat e, and am ix ng of peopl e on ca pus, it was i m m ortant for li beral teachers t o offer resistance. i p Q W h about t heir acade ic co m it en Do y o u s ee t hat : at m m m t? co p m ised? m ro Azi zuddi n: You see, unl esst here is debat e i n t he uni versities you cannot hope t o r aise t he consci ousness of st udent s or i p m rove acade icstandar ds. There can be di sagree en over ideas but t here m m t needs t o be debat e. The Ja aat al w opposed t his andM audoodi m ays even went so far as t o say t hat we woul d pull out t he t ongue of t hose who call t he sel ves soci alist. It is vi ol ence t hat st oppedal l debat e m on our ca puses and fr om bei ng a battlegr ound of i deas t hey m beca eliteral battlefiel ds w t h ar ed gangs killi ng opponent s. m i m Q W hat causes do y ou attri but e t o t he di si nt egrati on of t he acade ia? m Azi zuddi n: The issue is very si p There was no vi olence on t he m le. scal e bef ore Ge n. Zi aul Haq. Isol at ed i nci dents di d occur, yes, but not anyt hi ng li ke ar yacti on on ca pus. G Zi aul Ha q was ver y m m eb. consci ous of the rol e st udents pl ayed i n opposi ng and overt ur ni ng Ayub. A so, i n 1983, t he popul ar rural and ur ban m o l vem en agai nst t hi was pheno enal w t h agri cult ural wor kers courti ng arrests i n m m i support of for j our nalists. So e villages had t o be bo bed t o put m m t he fear of God i n ot hers who w shed t o resist t he General. So, i n i t he Punj ab it was the Ja aat-i-Isla i and lat er t he M St hat wer e m m F m o lded i n t he i age of t heg e neral and terror was unl eashed on m ca pus. In Kar achi, it was the M Q . Terr or had t o be i ntroduced m M m a ongst t he m iddl e cl asses.St at e sponsored vi ol ence ca et o t he m ca pus for t he first ti einthe hist or y of t he country. m m Q W h do you say about t he presence of st udent w ngs of political : at i parties on ca pus? Does t hat not bri ng t o ca pus t he vi ol ence of m m nati onal politics?

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Azi zuddi n: You cannot st op it. In any de ocratic soci et y, you m cannot st op peopl e fro havi ng political affiliati ons on and off m ca pus. It has not been done anywher e i n t he worl d, not even i n m Eur ope. For i nst ance, labouri s bi g a ongst t he uni versity st udents, m or a dozen M a ian gr oupsa l l vyi ng for i nfl uence. It wo ul d be rx cyni cal t o expect t hat t o be stopped. But vi ol ence has t o be cur bed. Q But political parties pour funds i nt o t heir st udent w ngs : i Azi zuddi n: It is for t he st udent s, t hen, t o resist it and m a ai n so e int m m e asure of aut ono y m . Q Does politics not rui n st udent s ' careers? : Azi zuddi n: I can speak for peopl e fro t he Left who di d not l ose m t heir careers. In fact, all t he peopl e we nt i nt o ot her pr ofessi ons and beca et he leadi ng li ghts. Look at t he doct ors i n Kar achi 's Paki st an m M ed ical Associ ati on; l ook at t he l eadi ng j our nalists, t he li beral el e en i n t he bureaucracy, and even i n m a m t instrea politics. Ther e m wer e a f e w whol e t i e t hat political parti es r etai ned f or m rs i deol ogi cal wor k or as parto f vi gilant e w ngs, but theL eft never i had t hat ki nd ofm oney t o keep full ti e m rs. Q Do you see yourself as an educati onist or as an acti vist? : Azi zuddi n: As an educati onist w t h a co m it en t o liberal i deas, i m m t where r esearch c an t ake u nco fortabl e i ssues a nd c hall enge m i ngrai ned i deas. I see t he uni versit y as a pl ace for the battle of i deas where ever yone has ri ght to questi on t hi ngs and t o preach it and di scuss it and tal k about it and spread it. As teachers we encouraged st udent s t o take up research t heses on t he st udent m o vem en on t he t labour m o m en and so on. To t his day, t hey re a t he best ve t m in references for t his ki nd of w k. or
What student unions must not do Excepts from an Article by Prof. Azizuddin Ahmad (Daily The Nation, 8 May 2008) As the student unions are revived the government needs to formulate a code of conduct to ensure that campuses do not turn into battlefields once again. Within days of the lifting of ban on the student unions, there was an exchange

of firing in a Lahore college between two rival factions of student organizations. The government has to take urgent measures to ensure that incidents of the sort do not take place. Use of force under any pretext has to be banned on the campuses. Any organisation resorting to strong arm tactics must be declared unfit to contest student union elections. Student unions are meant to encourage debate and discussion. No one therefore should be allowed to create hindrance in the way of the peaceful propagation of ideas. In order to ensure that campuses do not turn into strongholds of bigotry and intolerance, organizations spreading hatred on the basis of religion or sect have also to be debarred from the student union elections. No self-proclaimed defender of religion should be allowed to force his own interpretation of Islam on others and to stop others from expressing their views. It is understandable that political parties should have adherents among the students. These parties would however do well not to monopolise the campuses turning them into no-go-areas for their opponents. The treatment meted out to Imran Khan at Punjab University indicates that the trend still persists and has to be rooted out. Unions are meant for common students whose primary aim is to study and participation in the affairs of the student unions is only a part time activity. Professional student leaders who join an educational institution only to take part in union activities or provide muscle power to a particular student organization have therefore to be debarred from seeking admission. As long as they are there, common students will be at disadvantage. Unions must not interfere in the working of the administration either. They should not be allowed to use their clout to get students admitted in violation of rules or play a role in the appointment of the faculty. As is the case of the members of the assemblies, elected officials the student unions too start seeking what they consider their privileges. In both cases governance is the sufferer.

Q W h about t he el ecti ons when Fati aJi nnah wasc o nt esti ng : at m Ayub Khan, the Gener al ? W h sort of st udent i nvol ve ent was at m evi dent ? Azi zuddi n: I was t he teacher i nchar ge of t he Isla ia College uni on m and used t o go t o t he jailst o ask for t heir rel ease. It wa s quit e spont aneous. St udent s wer ea cti vel y i n favour of Fatim aJi nnah, especi all y i n Kar achi, where l ow m iddl e cl ass coll eges and t he er uni versit y wer e quit e vol atile. Ayub Khan had changed t he capit al fro Kar achi t o Isl a abad, Ga uhar Ayub opened doors t o Pakht un m m m ig on t o t he cit y, and ot her nati onalities st arted ent eri ng t he rati servi ces. Thi s br oke t he m oopol y of Kar achi and added so ef uel n m

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t o t he fire direct ed agai nst Ayub. In Lahor e, t he st udent 's agit ati on was not ver y strong. 'Pi ndi wa s m o acti ve and Gor don Coll ege re was t he st or cent er for t he anti A m yubm ove en m t. Q :W hat about uni on funds? Ho w w it generat ed and spent ? as Azi zuddi n: Funds wer e c ollect ed fr o t he st udents for publi c m debat es. It was a s a sum used t o hol d i nt ercoll egiat e debat es. m ll So e m e st udent s wer e invit ed t o ot her cities t o partici pat e i n m ti s, cont ests and t he coll ege paid for t heir travel t hr ough t hose funds. But it w a s a su for basi cm a as m ll m intenance.

I was i n t hird year when so est udent s of GC m e w th M au m t i lana M audoudi. He was an agi ng person and had physi call y weakened by t hen but got li vened up when I put hi a questi on: Sham sheer kay m bi nna Isl a nahi n aa sakt a m Ja iat peopl e tried t o convert us but havi ng failed in t hat t hey m resort ed to vi ol ence. That was t he st art of a strat egy of vi ol ence and i nti idati on of t he opponents. They st arted usi ng force, he adds. m Lahore i n t hose days was a dyna ic cit y w t h di scussi ons a pl ent y m i i n its different parts. Gr een Hot el ( D een Buil di ng) and Butt Hot el ( N sbet Road) wer e t he m a sitti ng pl aces f or t he l eft- w ng i in i st udent s. . Shuj a and M anzur Ej az spear headed NS O t hen. Nazi of GC IJ T m , Abdul Reh an Advocat e (Okar a) IJT Nazi GC was a m a m m rried m anand was fi nanci all y support ed by hi s or gani zati on; whil e i n t he nei ghbori ng La w Coll ege Raj a Zul qar nai n Zouq was Na zi . He m was also a pai d w ker. or Raj a An wer pr ovi ded physical force t o t he leftist st udent s. They woul d beat IJT st udent s in the ol d ca pus, whil e IJT di d the sa e m m i n t he ne w ca pus. Anot her st udent l eader Zaf ar yab wa s ver y m aggressi ve and had cont actswi t h l ocal goons. He had est ablished gr oups li ke The Vul gars and St udent s Own Po wer ( SOP) bef ore he j oi ned t he disci pli ne of N . SO M eh Butt, Saqi b N sar, Fai sal Sal eh Hayat ( Chair an), Babur tab i m Yaqoob, Shaukat Naj i and Nazi Hus nai n wer e wi t h t he GC m m NS O . There wer e 12 bookl ets of NS O on different i deol ogi cal issues f or political educati on of t he cadr e. W eused t o have st udy circl es and i deol ogi cal discussi ons. Ibne Hassan t hi nks t hat m any a st udent or gani zations ar e not political or i deol ogi cal, t hey are cri inals by t heir acti ons. m School teachers politics was do inat ed by t he Jam at-i-Isla i m a m affiliat ed peopl e, but practicall y it was i nt erest-based It was M u ar Chee aof Kot Nura, Ghakkar (district Guj ranwal a), who kht m

4.18. PROF. IBNE HASSAN

Pr of. I bne Hassan t eaches English i n a Guj ranw ala c oll ege. Ori gi nall y fro Kasur, he has ear ned w de respect for ac ar eer t hat m i is about t o end aft er decades l ong ser vi ce i n devel opi ng st udent s and t heir language skills and literar y tastes. W h you see hi i n en m person you are li kel y t o be di stract ed by hi s apparent qui et ness and obsessi on w t h di screet m oit ori ng of English gra m a You woul d i n m r. per haps never i ag ne t hat he was a vi brant st udent leader i n t he m i Gover n en Coll ege Lahor e; chi ef or gani zer of t he NS Oa nd one of m t t he foundi ng fat hers of t he Ravi ans Fr ont. The Ra vi ans Fr ont i s a m o st udent or gani zati on whi ch i s del showcased f or i t s c a pus b ased politics, i ndependence f r o m m political part y affiliati on a nd peacef ul non-agitational acti vis m m a idst t he serene environ e of GC hi gh achi evers. m nt s Ibne Hassan got ad issi ons i n t he Gover n en Co llege ( GC) m m t Lahore i n 1970. He was exposed t o t he M a rxist politics thr ough hi s associ ati on w t h acti vists li ke W ilayat A Khan and W ai d Asl a i li h m and readi ng of Peki ng Revi ew . He says pr o-chi na soci alistsa nd Pr of. Gr oup of t he leftd o inat ed m t hose days. Ja aat-e-Isla i y t hen had a li ited rol ei n Lahor e. m m b m They woul d open li brari es w t hi n M o i hallas under different na es, m m o Anj u an Fi dayeen-e-Isl a and di stri but ed t heir literat ure. stly m m They especi all y target ed sel ect ed acti vists and bri ght st udents.

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has been t he real force behind defeati ng JI-sy p hi zerswi t hi n t he m at lect ures/ professors. He says t hat t here wer e a v er y fe w wo en i n st udent politics. m W ith n its leadershi p, it w al o to none. i as m st Ibne Hassan founded t he Ravi ans Fr ont i n 1973- 4 w t hhi s fri end i acti vist Tauqeer.

4.19. SAEED SALEEMI

Today, M rSaeed Sal ee iis a m e b of t he Ja aat-i-Isla i. In hi s m m er m m st udent days, he was part oft he Isl a iJa iat Tal aba, al eader and m m uni on m e b at t he Punj ab Uni versit y, but despit e hi s abi di ng m er l oyalties, M rSal ee i is critical of part y poli ci es, particul arl y aft er m t he Af ghan Jehad m o poured i nt o its coffers. He has pl ayed a ney ref or ist rol e i n t he st udent w ng. m i Q Can you gi ve a bri ef hist ory of your acade ic career? : m SS: In 1971, aft er passi ng Matric in Sar godha, I t ook adm issi on i n I. Co . I went t o Fai sal abad for B Co . Then, fro 1981 t o '83, I m . m m was i n t he Punj ab Uni versit y forM BA . Q :W hen di d you get acti vely i nvol ved i n st udent politics? SS: I beca e associ at ed w t h t he I sl a i Ja iat-i- Tal aba fro m i m m m i nt er ed e on war ds and took part i n uni on el ecti ons i nS ar godha m iat t o beco e general s ecretar y of t he c oll ege u ni on. L at er, i n m Fai sal abad, t oo I was i nvol ved i n uni on acti vit y wher e Iwa s asked t o pl ay a r ol e i n t he Ja i t 's or gani zati on. A t he tim e Li aqat m a t , Bal och was the Punj ab Pr esi dent of IJT There was not t oo m u . ch wor k i n Fai sal abad but I wor ked har d t o buil d t he unit t here and t w o years lat er, by t he ti eI leftf or Lahore, t here wer e si x wor kers, 22 m support ers, an offi ce, and ac ycl e, whi ch was consi dered a l ot i n t hose days. Q Ho w was Lahor e different for t he ot her cities in t er s of : m m st udent acti vis ? m

SS: Those wer e har d ti e a ul Ha q was i n power and Bhutt o m s.Zi had not been hanged yet. There was a del ay i n t he ad issi ons, t hen m Bhutt o was hanged, educati onal i nstit uti ons re a m ined cl osed f or so e ti e I was m ade nazi of IJT Lahor e becausea ppar entl y m m . m t here had been an acci dent due t o whi ch several IJT m e b wer e m ers under i nquiry. A st udent leader of t he opposite ca p A inull ah, m , m had been m u rdered i n FC Coll ege apparentl y becauseo f en ity m w t h Ja iat boys. It coul d have been a personal t hi ng since he was i m fro a l andl or d f a ily of Ra hi yar Khan a nd was q ui t e an m m m aggressi ve sort of person. But Li aqat Bal och, i n hi s capacit y as Punj ab pr esi dent of Ja iat,s us pended t he m e b m m ership of Hafi z Sal an Butt, M ah o m m odur Rashi d, M aqsood Ah ed and ot hers m duri ng an i nquir y concer ni ng t hem u rder. Q :W ere i nternal i nquiries comm o ot he IJT? nt SS: I have been nazi of the uni versit y and I kno w ho w har d t he m task is. You barel y get enough sl eep. Ever y m ot h t here isa n ijlas, a n m e eting, i n whi ch m e b ay bare t heir criticis of the nazi . m ersl m m Li aqat Bal och had a cool te p m en but he resi gned t w ce, or m era t i tried t o, because of t he harsh criticis when he was i n t he Punj ab m Uni versit y uni on. I t hi nk t heor gani zati on of Ja iat continues t o be m successful because of t his syst e o self-appraisal. m f Q D d anyone i n t he Ja iat resent your appoi nt en as nazi si nce : i m m t m you w not fro the cit y cadre? ere m SS: They had no choi ce. No one chall enged t he decisions of t he Ja aat. Besi des, we won i n m o colleges i n Lahor e during m ym e m re ti t han ever bef ore. Q W a t his not due t o St ate support t o Ja iat at t he tim e Bhutt o : s m ? was dead but hi s i nfl uence had t o be cont ai ned and t hen t here was t he war i n Af ghani st an? Do you attri but e t hese f act ors t o t he pheno enal success of t he IJT i n t hose years? m SS: St at e support has its pl usses and its m inuses. Ti ll Ge ner al G l ani was Gover nor of t he Punj ab, Zi aul Ha q coul d feels af e about i hi s m a rtial regi ebecause G l ani had a past and he had st opped m i popul ar m o m en li ke the M R m taki ng off i n t he Punj ab. He ve ts Dfro

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was war y of t he power st udent s yi el ded and their anti state acti vis , m so he pr o o t he rise of anti Ja iat groups. m ted m Q Thi s is t he ti ewhen t he gr eat est a ount of ar s dr ugs ca e : m m m , m i nt o st udent politics acco pani ed by rando v ol ence? m m i SS: As for ar edvi ol ence, the credit for i ntroduci ng t hatt o st udent m politics goes t o so e of t he bi g landl or ds i n t he Peopl e 's Part y, m especi all y M u stafa Khar, who wor ked w t h t he Poli ce depart en t o i m t suppl y ar st o st udents of the PSF. The second reason for t his ne w m pheno enon was t he pr esence of non-st udent s on c a pus. I n m m Ja iat, t his was not t he case and we kne w t hat st udent politics m ended when you left t he i nstit uti on. The Peopl e 's Part y had several ar ed terrorists i n PSF whower e not st udents li ke Foka Terr or, m Ar shad Awa n, Ghul a Abbas, and ot hers. These peopl e woul d m co e on ca pus, spread terr or, and l eave. They di dn ot hi ng t o m m m rove t he ad in i p m istrati on of t he uni versit y. No one offered us t he Punj ab Uni versit y uni on on a pl atter. If you re e b i n 1969, when Ja iat candi dat e Us an Ghani won as m m er, m m presi dent of t he uni on, he was asked t o hand i n hi s resi gnati on aft er a gang of Left w ng st udent s trapped hi on O d Ca m p The i m l us. st udent s w fro the NSO I believe. ere m , Q Do you support t he i nvol ve en of nati onal politicalp arti es i n : m t st udent uni ons? SS: I don 't see t he har i n it. The parti es can train st udent s m i deol ogi call y but t hen regardi ng acti vis and fundi ng, they shoul d m be on t heir own. Q You don 't t hi nk t hat st udent s are used by t he parties t o s w t heir : ell rallies or t o force bhatt a on shopkeepers, transport ers et cet era? SS: As for bhatt a, t his was not t he wor k of eit her t he PSF or t he IJT but began w t h t he for a i m tion of t he M u m St udent 'sF e der ati on sli who wer e support ers of Zi aul Ha q. Several pr esi dents of t he M S F wer e not st udent s but ga ngst ers who began t hi s b usi ness of coll ecti ng bhatt a fro w m agon dri vers.

Q W e founders of t he M S not For e Ja iat me bers and : re F m r m m leaders? SS: Yes, t hey wer e peopl e wh o wer e t hrown out of Ja iat f or m breach of disci pli ne. Q W e ar snot br ought int o Ja iat i n t he na eof t he st udents : re m m m partici pati on i n t he A ghan W a f r? SS: Ar s wer e al w m ays present i n t his country. W h enI beca e m nazi of t he uni versit y, I cam p m aigned agai nst t he pr esence of ar s m on ca pus. I was attacked by a Left w ng gr oup one ni ght as I was m i st udyi ng f or a n M BA e xa inati on al ong w h a f ew st udent s. m it A t hough I begged t he t o let go of m yfell ow st udentsa nd settl e l m scores onl y w t h m e t heyb e at us up r eal bad. Then we wer e i , dragged t o anot her roo o the host el for displ ay. m f Q But ho w was t his possibl e when you had t he support of Ge n. : Zi aul H aq? SS: Thi s was t he wor k of A Zulfi kar. They used t o get on boar d t he l uni versit y bus fro Ichhra and tear off t he badges of any Ja iat m m support er and sl ap t he ar ound. W espoke t o t he ad in m m istrati on but t hey took no acti on agai nst the .St udent s wer e afrai d t ost and up t o m t he harass en So we t ook m a m t. tters i n our o wn hands but t he poli ce arrest ed t he . Then, i n t hePI A pl ane hij acki ng, all t hese peopl e m wer e r el eased fr o prison. S o e of t he ca e i nt op o wer i n m m m m Benazir Bhutt o's first govern ent. One of t he beca e m in er m m m a ist i n gover n en One day, as I was cr ossi ng m a road, a car st opped m t. ll near m eand t his m an st epped out who had co e i nt om yhost el m roo l ong ti e ago and beat en m eup. He sai d he wa nt ed t o m m apol ogi ze t o m efor t he wr ong he di d m ei n t he past. I kne w we woul d have gi ven hi a hi ding had we trapped hi at t het i e so it m m m , was t he sa e I tol d hi w coul d let it go. m . m e Q Do you t hi nk t he part y used t hese peopl e? : SS: W e bot h t hi ngs. They wer e such firebrands and t hen t here ar e ll, al w pow ays erful peopl e around who woul d use t he . m

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Q You have been associ at ed w t h st udent politics for al ong ti e : i m . W h sort of rul es and regul ati ons do you t hi nk are needed t o ensur e at healt hy st udent acti vis ? m SS: W e first st udent uni ons need t o be rest ored. Regul ati ons need ll, t o be m ade and adhered t o, and t he age li it of st udents needs t o be m det er ined. W esuggest ed t hat t he age li it be fi xed at 26 years and m m anyone pursui ng a second MA is not consi dered eli gi bl e to st and f or el ecti ons. This w suggest ed i n 1975- 76. as Q But ever yone know t his has not been t he case. : s SS: It is true, t he regul ati ons wer e rel axed t o acco m odat e poor m st udent s who had no where t o go. But t his has also been done f or friends and it is not ri ght, no m a w does it. tter ho Q The st andar ds of researcha nd educati on have gr adually decli ned : over t he years i n t he Punj ab Uni versit y. As a st udent s 'b o dy, di d you ever address such issues? SS: It is not st udent s but teachers who are responsi ble for t his. Ther e have been so eout standi ng teachers of bot h Ri ght and Left m leani ng. H gh Ener gy Physics had a Dr. Sali had Ri ght wi ng i m sy pat hi es and di d a l ot of wor k i n hi s depart en and at least m m t seven t o ei ght doct orat es wer e a war ded i n hi s ti e Hi s o wn m . research arti cl es wer e published i n j our nals a br oad. But n ot ever yone had t hat ki nd of m o tivati on. Ther e are depart en li ke m ts Punj abi, Isla ic St udi es, and I ER wher e Ph D are awar ded ver y m s easil y and l ow st andar ds arem a intai ned. So m u so, t hat st udent s ch of Isla ic St udi es can 't read Ar abi c. I t ook up t hese issues i n t he m budget speech as uni on president i nm yti e m . Q W h sort of i nfl uence di d teacher 's political leani ngs have on : at st udent politics? SS: A ver y danger ous effect. W h ether of Left or ri ght,a t eacher shoul d keep hi s o wn leani ngo ut of t he j ob of teachi ng. I have gi ven t he exa p of Dr. Sali , there was also M u m le m jeeb A Shei kh, who was Left leani ng i n hi s beli efs but a ver y good teacher who never let hi s i deas change hi s behavi our t ow ds st udents. A t eacher m ay ar

gi ve pr ofessi onal or even i deol ogi cal trai ni ng t o the st udent s, but he cannot beco e partisan. m Q W h about uni on funds? W h sort of access doest he uni on : at at have t o funds? SS: W ehad access t o t hree or four lakh and a wa gon, oner oo ,and m st aff. In m yti e we cel ebrat ed t he hundr edt h anni versar y of t he m , Punj ab Uni versit y for whi cha lar ge outl ay of funds wasm ade and we used it i n vari ous wa ys. ( Excer pts fro m agazine M ehvar m published on t he occasi on are i ncl uded i n t his issue of B argad). Q Di d t he Af ghan war also bri ng i n funds f or st udent s of t he : Ja iat? m SS: Yes t hey di d, but i n m y i e w t his had a l ot of bad effects t oo. v Bef ore so m u chm o ca e n, Ja iat was co m itted t osi p y ney m i m m m licit i n ever yt hi ng. W ewoul d hol d publi c m e etings i n t he m a aft er sjid prayers, and oft en go to sleep t here if it got late. W ecouldn 't drea m of t he l uxur y t hat ca ew t h t he Af ghan war, not t hat I kno w of m i pilferage but it di d spoil t he aust ere habits of i deol ogi cal peopl e. W e coul dn 't even dr ea of ent eri ng pl aces li ke Pearl Conti nent al Hot el m but when Gul badi n He k at yar was bei ng f et ed, we hel d t he m recepti on i n t he PC W h r s, cars, and m o poured i n, it . ena m ney affect ed all of us. Not everyone has a charact er as strong as Qazi Hussai n Ah ed And t he Af ghans wer e not si ncere, I feel. First m . t hey expl oited t he Sovi et Uni on, no w t hey use t he A ericans. They m carry sat ellite tel ephones and deal i n dollars. I oft en ask m y self, what we re our i nt ellect uals t hi nki ng when t hey opposed t he Sovi et Uni on? W e t hought we wer e f i ghti ng co m u is but because of t heir destructi on A ericah a s been m nm m m ade all-pow ul t o rul e t he worl d as it w shes. W ehave destroyed erf i t he bal ance. Q Do you t hi nk i deol ogi cal politics is possi bl e i n t hese conditi ons? : SS: I have t ol d you how I see the decli ne i n Ri ght pol itics, but I cannot underst and t he Le ft. Al l t heir i nt ellect uals j oi ned pr o A erica NGOs. m

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Q Ho w woul d you co m et on all t he pri vat e i nstit utions st arted : m n by Ja iat and Ja aat m e bers where t he issue of Isla and an m m m m east ern code of behavi our wer e not m ade t he issue. A so, t hese l pri vat e i nstit uti ons di d not all ow st udent uni ons or t he infl uence of Ja iat in t he least. It is beli eved t hat the Ja aat teachers had t o gai n m m by m ak ng t he st andar ds of educati on i n publi c i nstit uti ons di s a i m lly l ow ? SS: Let m eexpl ai n ho w t hish a ppened. A nu ber of st udent s coul d m not get ad issi on i n Hail ey Coll ege. I discussed t he m a w t h t he m tter i V ce Chancell or who t ol d m ethat t he teachers wer e not w lli ng t o i i take eveni ng cl asses, so t hef i rst pri vat e coll ege ca e int o bei ng. m The Ji nnah Isla ia Coll egeo f Co m e t hat was affiliat ed w t h m m rce i t he Uni versit y. Then t hree years lat er ca eSchol ars Col lege. Then m t he Punj ab Coll ege of Co m erce, t w years later. m o Q D d you t hi nk of regul ati ng t his w k t hrough byel a w : i or s? SS: W et hought pri vat e instit uti ons are self regul at ed by t he buyers of educati on who pay largef ees for it. If t he educati on st andar d falls, peopl e w head else where. ill

(IJT i n ever y possi bl e wayi ncl udi ng charact er assassinati on, she ) recoll ects. She says when she consent ed t o be on t he m a inpanel, a person m e t her fat her and advi sed t o w t hdra w her candi dat ure because t he i leftists ar e m o y c orr upt peopl e a nd t hey ki dnap gi rl s f or rall pl easure. Her fat her coul d not get t he poi nt and asked why shes houl d not cont est t he el ecti ons. He vi sited uni versit y ca pus and m e w t h m t i ad in m istrati on of her departm en ( Persian) t o convey to t he t he t m war ni ngs recei ved by ri val group. M sSofi a recalls t hat pr o in oppositi on m e b wer e harassed. m ent m ers Es peci all y t he fe a acti vists wer e subj ect t o differentp r essures. m le For exa p opponent s woul d writ e false letters t o parent s of t hose m le, girls who wer e acti ve against t heir politics. In t hese lett ers, t hey wer e portrayed as t hreat enedb y m o st andar ds. A fe wcoul d st and ral such i nti idati on. m Ther e wer e so e m e peopl e cl ad i n chaddars and woul d reveal m ti s ar s w you passed by t he ,M sSofi a adds. m hen m She m a tai ns t hat t here wa s no di scri inati on agai nst girls i n her in m ca p Nor t hey wer e attached t o any political part y as a gr oup, m . unli ke t he opponent s who were pl ayi ng i n t he hands of their m o ther part y out si de t he ca pus. m Per se, M sSofi a t oday is not opposed t o the i dea of st udent politics but its li nks w t h political parties is a vi ce accor di ng t o her. She i woul d rat her la en over lack of political trai ni ng of the pr esentm t day st udents. She still pr actices her P U p ol itical trai ni ng and r epresent s t he Paki st an Lect urers and Pr ofessors Associ ati on ( PLA i n AP A ) W Coll ege w here she teaches Persi an as an A ssist ant Professor. "I a curi ous about t he upsi de of st udent politics, " says M sSofi a m Sabir. " But such politics have t o be deli nked w t h political parti es i and vi ol ence and shoul d trum p educati on and soci alc auses t hat out i ncl ude girls i n leadershi p roles as w ell.

4.20. SOFIA SABIR

The gover n en 's recent decisi on t o lift ban on st udent uni ons m t m ight be due, but has beent aken w t hout gi vi ng enough t hi nki ng i whi ch t he i ssue r eall y deser ves. These bodi es have pr acti call y beco e t ools t o part y politics and are badl y used by politici ans. m That 's t he core m e ssage of av et eran st udent leader, M sSofi a Sabir whose land ark rise t o st udent politics i n 1977 still baffles m any i n m t he political sphere. M sSabir cont est ed as candi dat e for the Joi nt Secret ary's sl ot i n Punj ab Uni versit y ( PU and was defeat ed by onl y one vote. ) M o i nspiri ng part of her stor y was a consci ous decisi ont o j oi n t he re oppositi on St udent A li ance in PU a coaliti on of t he t hen leftists l , and m a ligned by t he do in st udent gr oup Isla i Jam iat Tul ba m ant m

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4.21. ZAFAR IQBAL MIRZA (ZIM)

W itha l ong career i n English j our nalis ,Zafar Iqbal M i za, or ZI m r M t he acr ony he is kno wn by, st udi ed at Gover n en College fro m m t m 1952 t o 1958. He t hen wor ked at t he C vil & M ilitary Gazett e, The i Paki st an Ti es, The M u ,V e wpoi nt, till 1984 when he j oi ned m slim i Da wn wher e he retired as a Resi dent Edit or. He still wr i t es hi s weekl y col u n m . Accor di ng t o Z : M I I st udi ed i n Gover n en Coll ege fro 1952 t o 1958. In m y m e m t m ti s, t he at o m sphere i n t he college was ver y pl easant, t here was no questi on of st udents creati ng a ruckus. St udent s used t os t udy har d and pl ay har d and t here was a dr a a soci et y t oo. Ir e e b m tic m m er t here was a pl ay i n m yti e Ar seni c and O d Lace. They pl ayed it m , l agai n t his year. See sli ke the Gover n en Coll ege hasr un out of m m t i deas. Then, Ra vi, t he c ollege m agazi ne was of a v er y hi gh st andar d. Our t eachers n ot onl y hel ped us l ear n f r o m our environ en but also concentrated on charact er buil di ng. They gave m t us t hi ngs t o t hi nk about and pr ovocati ve debat e t opi csl i ke The skirt is am o practical dress t han t he Sari . re I was neit her ver y good ats t udi es, nor was I i nt erested i n extra curri cul ar acti vities. One reason for not wa nti ng to st udy was m y teachers. For i nst ance, Bh atti Sahi b who t hen t aught English Lit erat ure. He tri ed hi s best f or us never t o read Shakespeare, M ilton and ot hers, and if it had not been for m yo wn i nterest i n t he subj ect and t he fact of m yfat her 's super b li brar y, I woul d cert ai nl y have succu bed t o Bhatti 's teachi ng. m Ther e wer e uni on el ecti ons in m y m e but I shi ed a w r o such ti s ayf m acti vit y. M any st udent s weer eall y taken up by it but t here was no li nk bet w uni on el ecti onsa nd political parties. I used to go r ound een t o ot her i nstit uti ons as well,l i ke t he Punj ab Uni versit y,a nd t here t oo t here was a pl easant enough at o m sphere wi t h r espect f or teachers and strict m a t enance of di sci pli ne. It was a di fferent age. in By 1960, it was evi dent t hatp olitical parties had st arted i nt erferi ng i n st udent s 'p olitics. Thr ee years si nce Gen. Ayub was i nof fi ce, and t he at o m sphere had st arted det eri orati ng whi ch was duee ntirel y t o t he ri se of t he I sl a i Ja iat-i- Tal aba whose l eaders st art ed m m

i nfl uenci ng ad issi ons. Ha dt hey been st opped t hen, t hings woul d m not have gone ver y f ar. St udent s wi t h Left s y pathi es never m behaved i n t his way. They wer e generall y t he best student s and m a tai ned acade ic m o y. Onl y t he best a ong t hem beca e in m ralit m m st udent leaders. Thi s was the ti ewhen Fai z Sahi b was gr eatl y m popul ar and anyone who had the pri vilege of kno w ng hi and was i m i nfl uenced by hi s politics, coul d not be ill m annered or uncult ured. Even i n t heir acti vis , st udents never let go of t he m ot cult ured m s traditi on and t hem o polite m anners. st W ehad so eforei gn teachers, t oo, a lady who taught French and a m gentl e anfro N w Zeal and w t aughtM a . m m e ho th The best t hi ng about t he Gover n en Coll ege was its grounds, The m t Oval. Oft en, I woul d checko ut a good book fro t he li brar y and m carry it t o t he Oval t o read.I t was fashi onabl e t hen t o read about soci alis and M a is . To pr ove your m e m rx m ttle, you h a d t o be fa iliar w t h t he na es of so eof M a s wor ks. Everyone spoke m i m m rx' about hi but ver y fe w people had read hi .I tried m y m m hand at Das Kapit al and sur vi ved the first 26 pages. It was all t oo techni cal f or m ebut I underst ood t he central i dea revol ved ar ound surpl us val ue. You coul d not underst and Mar x w t hout foll ow ng so eecono ics. i i m m Ther e wer e l ots of ne w i deas i n t he di sci pli ne of econom ics but t he M a ists woul d stick t o t heir set of i deas. So e of teachers wer e rx m M a ist t oo. M yfat her was a hafi z of Das Ka pit al but I never tried rx t o e u hi . m late m I w ll never for get t he day i n1 972 when Bhutt o Sahi b, t he Pr esi dent i of t he country, ca et o t he Ne w Ca pus t o address a se inar on m m m m erialis . I re e b Hussai n Naqi st ood up and asked hi a i p m m m er m per ky questi on about his own i nvol ve en i n i p m t m erialist poli cy. Peopl e fro t he securit y ran t ow ds hi , i ncl udi ng t he DSP, but m ar m Bhutt o called out for hi toleft al one, t hat he w a friend. m as They wer e char ged ti e and all over t he worl d, st udent s wer e m s, engaged i n political expressi on. In Paki st an t oo, st udent leaders coul d easil y coll ect t w yt housand peopl e. Left st udent s wer e ent generall y Peopl e 's Part y s upport ers or part of i ndependent pr ogressi ve gr oups. They wer e generall y a spirited lot, gi ven t o reciti ng poetry and breaki ng i nt o song, or j ust li ght bant er. Ther e wer e puns for ever yone. Not t he sort of peopl e who t hought about

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beati ng anyone up for hi s i deas. No doubt, Bhutt o had so eIsla i m m Ja iate Tal aba acti vists arrest ed, but t hey i nsti gat ed it. m Fr o Neel a Gu bad t o all over The M a t he Ja iat put u p post ers m m ll, m agai nst hi .W h he dr ovep ast t he M a Road, t hey t ook off t heir m en ll sli ppers and hel d t he up i nt heir hands. They pr odded hi t o take m m acti on a gai nst t he . You k n o w I have never been a Bhutt o m , support er but t his is w I sa w happeni ng. hat The ki nd of vi ol ence t hat e ns ued on ca pus i n t he m id 80s m per petrat ed by t he Isla iJam iat-i- Tal aba and t he M u m slim St udent s Federati on coul d not have been i ag ned earlier. In m yti e Left m i m s, and Ri ght sy p hi zers talked t o each ot her and di sagr eed wi t h m at each ot her, but t here was no questi on of it t ur ni ng vi ol ent and i nsulti ng a teacher coul d not even be i ag ned. m i In m y e w political partiess houl d not st udent w ngs, whet her it is vi , i t he Peopl e 's Part y or the Jam a at-i-Isl a i. Thi s was t he case bef or e m partiti on, but it w not ri ght t hen and it is not correct now. as Thi s does n ot m ean t hat s t udent s s houl d have n o political consci ousness, a nd t hat t hey s houl d k no w n ot hi ng about t he experi en i n st at ehood in ot her parts of t he worl d. Onl y t hat m ts political parties, whet her ruli ng or i n oppositi on, shoul d not be all ow t o i nfl uence st udent uni ons. I f st udents pr acti ce ed oppositi onal politics, t he state w co e down har d on t he . ill m m About t he Gover n ent College, I m a tai n, if I a any good t oday m in m it is not because of Gover n ent Coll ege but despit e it. Even if I had m not st udi ed t here I woul d have pursued t he sa ecareer. The peopl e m t he coll ege pr oduced i n t he 50s are i n t he ad in m istrati on no w and , you are w t ness t o t he st at e of t he country. So you can gauge what i sort of brilliance t he coll ege pr oduced. I t hi nk t hereh a s t o be so e ng w hi n you t o take t o an educati onal i nstit uti on. m thi it (Translated from an interview in Urdu by Samina Choonara)

4.22. ZAHID ISLAM

Lahore- based Zahi d Isla currentl y runs an NGO He st arted hi s m . st udent acti vis i n1967 from Ji nnah Isla ia Coll ege Sial kot. H s m m i t w r el ati ves wer e affiliated wi t h I J T a nd r espectivel y wer e o presi dents of t he La w C oll ege ( Punj ab Uni versit y) a n d Ki ng Ed war dsM ed ical Coll ege uni ons. He used t o travel dail y fro hi s t own Daska t o Si al kot where i n hi s m coll ege t here was no i deol ogical politics a ong t he st udent s, rat her m t he st udent s w di vi ded on ur ban and rural li nes. ere Zahi d cont est ed t he uni on electi ons and won as its j oi nt secret ary. Though he had est ablished hi self as a leader but it t ook hi s f ocus m fro t he st udi es. Des pit e havi ng first cl ass i n t he previ ous acade ic m m hi st or y, he failed i n t he FSC exa si n t he subj ect of Physi cs. That m i nf uri at ed hi s parents. He ret ur ned to Lahor e. He got adm issi ons t o t he M A OColl ege, wher e failed candi dat es w t h one suppl e entar y i m exa coul d also enr oll. m Thi s is peri od of t he 1968m ove en agai nst Gen. Ayub Khan. m t Ifti khar Ah ed (currentl y Geo TV and Javed Nos hahi wer e hi s m ), cl ass fell ow Zaf ar yab Ahm ed di d not st udy but frequentl y was s. present ar ound. He was ver ycl ose t o Ifti khar and general secret ar y of hi s or gani zati on I ndependent St udent s League whi ch was practicall y a circl e of notm oe t han 4/ 5 friends. r Zahi d says t heir friend Iftikhar cont est ed for t he pr esident shi p i n uni on el ecti ons agai nst Tariq Banaday of t he IJT In t hose days t he . candi dat es st ood i ndependentl y. They had no coll ecti ve panel i n M A Coll ege. O Duri ng hi s i nvol ve en w t h t he el ecti on ca pai gn and st udent m t i m politics, he was appr oached by Pr of. A l a aKhali d M eh o who l m m od bel onged t o t he J a iat Ul a m m -e-Isla and was a f oll ow of m er M au lana Ubai d U l ah Si ndhi a pr ogressi ve reli gi ous schol ar fro l m Deoband school of t hought. Aft er a coll ege stri ke, he was arrest ed w t h hi s friends I fti khar i Ah ed Javed Nos hahi andEj az Saifi. He says it was no political m , issue t hat i gnit ed t he st udents. M A Ocoll ege st udent s hada traditi on

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of stri kes, agit ati on and r oad bl ocki ng on t he m e excuse of a re reason! Onl y Saifi was aligned wi t h a political gr oup and was presi dent of t he st udent organi zati on, Na w e- Tal aba. Thi s gr oup was support ed by so ecollege teachers. Ar sal an M ir also for ed m m Punj ab St udent Uni on i n MAO Coll ege. So Zahi d was a idst t he m co pany of i deol ogi call y di verse peopl e. He j oi nedJ TI under m i nfl uence of Pr of. Khali d M eh o and was m ade its Central m od Infor a m tion Secret ary. Aft er so eti e hi s m en s ked hi t o leave t he oul vi s and m m , tora m M j oi n PPP. He est ablished a P PP offi ce i n hi s nei ghbour hood as Gener al Secret ar y and t hen was m ade Secret ar y of t he PPPs first labour bureau. Gul zar Chaudhr y was its presi dent but he was not a political person. Za hi d wast hen also pr o o as m e ber of PPP m ted m Executi ve Council of Lahore. H s first real encount er w t h t he har dcore left ca et hr ough m e i i m eting w t h Pr of. Khali d M eh o d, a core m e b of t he Prof. Gr oup i m o m er whi ch was led by Pr of. Azi z-ud- di n Ah ad. O her m e bers of t he m t m gr oup i ncl uded Pr of. Ijaz ul Ha ssan, Dr. Ha id HassanKa zil bash, m Per vai z V andal, Fareeha Zafar, D N w etc. r. a az, Zahi d got ad issi ons t o BA Honours ( Econo ics) i nt he P U i n m m 1971. He j oi ned t he NS O whi ch was open front and st udent w ng , i of t he Pr of. G oup. r He says duri ng t he first el ecti ons of Jehangir Badr (now PPP) i n t he PU I tiaz A a (now journalist) t he NS O chi ef ki cked t he Ball ot , m lm boxes and t ook t he a w He was arrest ed for 9 m oths. Fayyaz m ay. n Baqir persuaded M anzur Ej az t o wor k for t he M a zoor K ssan Part y i i nst ead of t heir m en tors t he Pr of. Gr oup. Thi s honey oon was soon m over. M anzur Ej az pr epared a char ge sheet agai nst Baqir and i nst ead was hi self oust ed. Baqir w m asm ade Convener of t he NSO . Zahi d cl ai sPr of. Gr oup gai ned m a recogniti on especiall y a ong m ss m t he labour uni ons because of hi and t hat he for ed u dda m m M tahi M a zdoor M ahaz al ong w h m any trade uni ons i n Lahore. Peopl e it li ke Tari q Latif, Za anKhan and Kha waj a Tari q M a m sood j oi ned t he Pr of. G oup on his per usal, he adds. r

Pr of. Gr oup had for edt hree gover ni ng bodi es, (i) Labour Bur eau, m (ii) St udent Bur eau, and (iii)Peasant Bur eau t o oversee the wor ki ng of t hree front or gani zati ons incl udi ng t he NSO Zahi d alleges t hat t he Pr of. Gr oup wor ked i n cl andesti newa y. They wer e not de ocratic and wer e runni ng t hree front organi zati ons m w t h secret set-ups. Ther e was a difference i n t he struct ures of front i politics and act ual i nt ernal operati on. The leaders of t he fronts di d not call t he shots. They wer ep uppet s i n t he hands of t he cor e gr oup of pr ofessors. Zahi d hi self was part of t he st udent and l abour m bureaus. On front level, Fayyaz Baqirwa s pr esi dent of NS O and M u nana wer Hayat its general secret ary.T he n t he tenure of M u nana w Ha yat er and Per vai z Enayat M a lika nd aft er w ds As ghar A i Shi razi ar l beca ethe NSO chi ef. m Zahi d says t hat unde ocratic environ ent in Pr of. Gr oup led first m m t o splitti ng of t he gr oup and t hen gr aduall y its di s e ber en m m m t. Tari q Latif, Za an Khan, Tari q M a m sood, M a Abdul Qayyu , lik m Ifti khar Shahi d andM ian Jehangir left t he gr oup. W eran t he NS O for one and half years aft er t he first split i n NS O . The Pr of. Gr oup had effectivel y m ade its pr esence i n student s and labour of Punj ab. But t he i deol ogues and t hose act uall y runni ng its affairs wer e narrow indeda ccor di ng to Zahi d. Ther e wer e good m pr ospects t hat l eftist st udent s of m any s hades c oul dm ake an alliance. They coll ecti vel y hel d a public rall y i n favour of V et na i m aft er t hor ough consult ati on on ho w t o joi ntl y or gani ze the event. It pr oved di sastrous because ap r o- Chi nese acti vist Hassan Baqir on behest of seni or leaders (ofPr of. Gr oup) st arted hurling sl ogans agai nst Sovi et Russi a t o whom t hey popul arl y regar ded as a Soci al m erialist country. Basit M ir struck t his agit at or w t hst i ck of t he I p i banner and t hen t here was a scuffle bet w een Pr o- Chi na and Pr oRussi a st udents. Evan whent here was no i deol ogi cal di visi on on t hese li nes w t h ot her gr oups t he seni or m en ors of Pr of. Gr oup i t woul d hi nder gr eat er alliances a ong left m inded acti vists, accuses m Zahi d. He at tri but es s uch narr owness a nd s ect ari an a ppr oach of t he i deol ogues t o t he under gr ound and unde ocratic cultur e of t he m

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leftist or gani zati ons. Such was t he secrecy t hat it was reveal ed lat er t he Pr of. Gr oup had a ni ne- e b central co m itteet o r un t he m m er m front or gani zati ons. These thi ngs hurt t hose who wer e on t he fi el d and suddenl y realized t hey were controlled by a secret societ y of ol d guar ds. Zahi d Isla particul arl y carries sense of betrayal over handli ng of m t he Bar akat m u rder case. Bar akat t he NS O convener o f Isl a ia m Coll ege Ci vil li nes was killed duri ng ni ght of t he PU el ecti ons i n t he ol d ca pus. The m a m inaccused wer e Javed Hash i(currentl y P L m M N), Rana Nazar-ur- Reh an Noa an Butt and Haf eez Khan t he IJT m , m leaders. Zahi d was m ade co p nant by t he Pr of. Gr oup and m lai present ed bef ore t he court. A ti zaz Ahsen regist ered t he FI R He i . was very j uni or la wyer t hen. Zahi d says he di d not know what woul d foll ow aft erwar ds. The accused wer e po werf ul. H sh o e was attacked and JI del egati ons i m pressuri zed hi s fa ily t o w thdra w t he case. He si ngl ehandedl y had m i t o go t hr ough regul ar and lengt hy pr oceedi ngs i n t he poli ce st at e. H s gr oup di d not support him he la en i m ts. Zahi d says t hat m u of popul ar labour leader Abdul Reh anal so rder m reflect ed sect ari an m indset of t he leftist leaders and t hei deol ogi cal i nfi ghti ng. Accor di ng to Zahi d, t he NSO acti vel y persisted fro 1970 t o 1974. m He j oi ned t he second revolt and left t he Pr of. Gr oup. Lat er he j oi ned M a zdoor K ssan Part y ( K whi ch he says shared many t hi ngs i M P), w t h t he Pr of. gr oup i ncl udi ng t he under gr ound politics. i

i n t he ci vil li nes coll ege. But t hen t here was a split and the coll ege or gani zati on was di vi ded i nt o Ar shed Butt and M ia J ahangir n gr oups. Bot h cont est ed fro di fferent panels in t he coll ege i n 1978. m They wer e defeat ed and woul d never recover agai n. That was a great fall! IJT di sr upt ed one of t he NSO m e etings hel d i n t he coll ege. Pr esi ded by Ar shed Butt, it was also att ended by chi ef or gani zer of NS O M a m Abi di (later j our nalist). Abi di was beat en, says Zubair Jan: soo He hi self was t hrashed. Ar shed Butt t ook out hi s pi st ol,whi ch was m t he onl y w eapon availabl e w h NSOi n t he college. it Isla ia Coll ege Rail w Road was also i n gri p of t heNS O Thi s m ay . revol uti onar y fervour re a m ined till 1975, tells Jan. Zubair Jan e phaticall y says that teachers had a strong i nfl uence m upon st udent politics. He vi e w it was onl y because of the teachers s t hat pr ogressi ve leftist politics had begun. Saf dar M ira nd Pr of. A in M u m ghal had i m ensely affect ed st udent s. They also pai d t he m pri ce and wer e puni shed byt he m a rtial law gover n ent for t heir m leftist leani ngs. In Isl a ia Coll ege Ci vil Li nes, i deol ogi cal l oyalties of teachers m wer e no secret. Teachers li ke Pr of. M inhaj, An wer Adeeb pr o o m ted pr ogressi ve t hought s, whil eS hei kh Rafi q led t he Ja a m at-ori ent ed facult y. There wer e open i deol ogical debat es and l ect ures by schol ars. Ah ed Bashir and Pr of. Am in M u m ghal also partici pated i n a fe w public debat es i n t he coll ege NS O used t o publish a regul ar ne w etter as well .. anyo f t he st udent leaders of the 1968- 69 sl M m o m en had been di sill usioned w t h t he PPP regi eand resort ed ve t i m t o dr ugs Jan adds. hen Ge n. Zi a- ul- H c a e i nt o po wer, Af r asi a am agazi ne W aq m edit ed and o wned by Abdul Qa di r Hassan published a list of 139 teachers of Punj ab who we re repri anded for t heir co m u ist m m n t hought s and acti vities. The gover n en had a crackdo wn upon m t t hese teachers. They wer e transferred t o far off pl aces. So e of m t he wer e i p m m risoned as we ll, whil e a fe wphysi call y beat en by IJ T i n t he P U T r epr essi on badl y r eversed t eacher-st udent his

4.23. ZUBAIR JAN

Zubair Jan writ es short st ories i n Punj abi and teaches English i n Lahore. Once a pr ogressi ve st udent acti vist i n Isla iaColl ege Ci vil m Li nes, he event uall y turned t o cult ural politics and wor ks no w f or t he pr o o m tion of Punj abi language and literat ure. Accordi ng t o hi s versi on, t he leftist leaders of hi s ti e w not i ntellect uall y strong. m s ere The NS O was ver y popul ari n hi s coll ege. Ar s hed Butt was t he el ect ed pr esi dent t here. The NS O won el ecti ons fro 1972 t o 1977 m

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i nt eracti ons of t he 1970s. Fears of bei ng puni shed and manhandl ed prevail ed i n whol e t his era. It was t he dar kest peri od of our nati onal life. Zubair says st udent politicsh a d not hi ngs t o do w t h educati onal i issues. The acti vis revol ved ar ound revol uti on and ideol ogi cal m issues. Ho wever t he ca p m uses bri m ed w t h st udent a cti vities: m i debat es, rallies,m eeti ngs, pam plets and discussi ons et c. h

Cherishi ng t he acti vist days, he says t hat t here was n o s oci al isol ati on. There was vol unteeris i n yout h and personal drea s m m wer em o dest. This ism issi ng t oday. By 1986- 76, t he DSF had for ed its gr oups i n Lahor ei n t he PU m , UET, GC, Dyal Si ngh Col lege, M A Coll ege, Isla i Coll ege O m a Rail w Road and Isla ia Coll ege Ci vil Li nes. Ho we ver t he split ay m i n t he m o ther part y CPP c aused a devast ati ng i p u p on t he m act reor gani zed gr oups. They had t o hi de t heir i dentities under different open or gani zati ons i n vari ous ca puses. m In t he resu ed st udent uni on el ecti ons i n 1989, vi ce pr esi denti al m candi dat e of t he anti-IJT alliance Nael a Qadri ca efr om t he DSF m and m any ot hers i n UET cont est ed el ecti ons under t heb a nner of Quai d-i- A m S udents Federati on ( QSF). za t

4.24. ZUBAIR YOUSAF

Zubair Yousaf is a phot ogr apher and audi o- visual recor di st by pr ofessi on. He was i nf orm a tion s ecret ar y of t he De ocrati c m St udent s Federati on ( DSF) in Punj ab when it resurfaced i n 1980s i n Gen. Zi a peri od aft er pr evi ous ban on t he or gani zation and its m o part y t he Co m u ist Part y of Pakist an ( CPP) i n 1954. ther m n He st art ed hi s acti vis from t he foru of Federati ono f Punj ab m m St udent s ( FPS), w ch w a tiny pr ogressi ve group. hi as Zubair particul arl y charact erizes t he Ge n. Zi a peri od asb e gi nni ng of t he end of st udent pl uralis and di versit y i n ca puses. He says: m m it isol at ed t he yout h and di vi ded t he . Today no student fro m m Beacon House syst e can i nteract w t h so eone who hasst udi ed i n m i m a publi c school i n Bhaati gate. Est ablish en has al w been stronger t han t he political el e en m t ays m ts. The l eft w a response t o its stronghol d. as He says t hat t he pr ogressi ve st udent m o m en was non- vi ol ent: ve t eused to rel at e oursel veswi t h M a W rxist literat ure, screened fil s m and had discussi ons w hout fi ght s. it As f or t he cl osed and under gr ound nat ure of DSF a cti vities i n Punj ab, he says we had no choi ce. The regi e was b e nt upon m suppressi ng peopl e. The choice was onl y t o save oneself fr o bei ng m physi call y eli inated. m

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CONCLUSION
Revi siti ng st udent politics not onl y ent ails l ooki ng at political and de ocratic hi st or y of Paki stan, but it shoul d also be ani portant m m part of rel ocati ng gover nance poli ci es of hi gher education. Thi s is especi all y r el evant aft er co petiti on i n s oci al s ervi ces l i ke m educati on has taken pl ace. A t ot al publi c contr ol has gi ven wa y t o t he gr o w h of pri vat e e ducati onal i nstit uti ons. I n t he c urrent t scenari o, it is i p ve t hat t he educati on pl anners m ak r oo f or m erati e m m u lti-stakehol der invol ve e w t h t he syst e .Thi s can be done by m nt i m ref or ing t he st ri ctl y hi erarchi cal bodi es a nd by i nstit uti ng m i ncl usi ve regul at or ym echanis int he educati on sect or. m St udent politics is an arenat hat has t he pr o ise t o make hi gher m educati on gover nance wor k for m o de ocracy, transpar ency and re m account abilit y. St udent politics and represent ati on have i ncreased resources f or m any young peopl e who coul d not have t hri ved on the basi s of ki nshi p, cast e or creed. Thi sr ol e m aynow be shared byot her skill devel op ent pr ogra m e and associ ati onal wor k i n t he educati on m m s i nstit uti ons, but t he need t oo r gani zed st udent foru s political, m soci al or skill-based - w ll re a t he sa e Thi s w llp ositi vel y i m in m . i affect t he effi ci ent wor ki ng of t he uni versities i n a co petiti ve m educati onal w d. orl H st ori call y, st udent politics i n Paki st an was consoli dat ed due t o i weaker political parties andf r agil e de ocratic syst e s i ke m any m m l count er parts i n t he devel opi ng worl d. That conditi ons o ew m hat re a so. Thats why m an anal ysts beli eve t hat political parti es m ins y have an excessi ve desire for a revi val of t he st udent politics a id m fears of bur ni ng out of recruit en base. Thi s m ight be true but not m t so far for t he key m a instrea political parties, whi ch have been m rel uct ant t o o wn t he revi valist agenda apparentl y due t o securit y reasons, heat ed st udent pol ari zati on and appr ehensi ono f st udent m ilitancy. N one can affordm o battle zones. o re Even when a worst securit y scenari o is neutralized, t herei s so m u ch acti vit y goi ng on for t he ordi nar y st udents w t hi n ti ght schedul e, i de andi ng exa syst e and heavy eduati on costs. On sect oral m m m

level, t he gr ow h has beenim m ense, enr oll en m an f ol d and t m t y l ocati ons of t he i nstit uti ons di versified as co pared t o 1984 when m st udent uni ons wer e banned. It is har d t o i ag ne t hat struct ures and m i net wor ks of t he current st udent or gani zati ons can m a he si ze of tcht t he sect or on a nati onal scal e. Gone are ti e when less t han a m s hundr ed st udents i n sel ect ed bi gger cities li ke Kar achi,L a hor e or Ra wal pi ndi coul d creat e national scenes. In t he current scenari o, t he st udent s have t o be m oilizedo n l ocal b ca pus basis. In t hat sense, paranoi a w t hi n educati oni sts about m i t he stri ki ng po wer of st udent politics gai n little gr ounds a nd subscri be t o t he political suspi ci ons t hat t he uni versit y offici als seek unhi ndered ad in m istrati ve c ont r ols r at her t han pl anned a nd i ncl usi ve gover nance struct ures. The ban on st udent uni ons or its lifti ng is not t he questi on. Ho w t o ensure s oo h represent ati on of st udents and t heir pot ential t o hol d m t uni versities account abl e and transparent is at t he coreo f pr esent ti e For t hat larger consultati on and pr eparati on is due. W ehave m s. seen t hat t he ent huist de ocratic gover n ent i n 1989 had t o reverse m m its hast y decisi on t o lift ban on st udent uni ons because t hey wer e not w ell-prepared. Rhet ori c on bot h si des of the di vi de and w nni ng appaulse fro i m audi ence i s one t hi ng but a ct uall y pr oposi ng vi abl es t r uct ures, syst e sand nor sfor st udent represent ati on w hi n t he gover nance m m it struct ures is anot her scenario t hat de ands w lli ngnesst o t al k t o m i each ot her a nd s eri ousl y! To t hat e nd a m u lti-st akehol der enageg en is needed t o t hrash out det ails of ho w st udent politics m t have t om ove for w d i n a changi ng ti e ar m . The I ndi an case i n regul ati ng t he st udent represent ation can be exe p m lary. It is also easily readabl e by our education pl anners because of pr oxi ity of si ilar legacy i n gover nance struct ures of m m hi gher educati on. The Indi an st udent politicsh as been faci ng t he sa e l l egati ons m a w t h m a ng severit y as it is w t nessed i n Paki st an. One of t he i tchi i m o i deol ogi cal st at es Ker al a was t he st aunchest opponent s of t he st st udent politics and had i posed a ban on uni ons. Th e st al e a m m te persisted until t he Lyngdoh Co m ittee Report (2006) ca e out m m

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aft er a t hor ough consult ati vepr ocess w t h di verse st akehol ders. The i m ortant l essons ar e t hat (i ) undert ake S CI ENTI FI C AND i p I NFOR ED REV E of sit uati on, (ii) have CONS ULTATI ONS M IW W ITH ALL S T AKEHOLDERS a nd pr epare t he for possi bl e m scenari os for fut ure o wnershi p of t he poli ci es, and (iii) pr opose TANG BLE RECO M EN I M DATI ONS. Our experi ence has sho wn that vague codes of conducth a ve been adopt ed and i n t he absenceo f political w ll and o wnershi p t hese i coul d not be i pm en m le ted. A l st akehol ders st udents, st udent or gani zati ons, political parties, l researchers, ci vil soci et y practiti oners and publi c i nt erest leaders, uni versit y ad in m istrat ors, educati on pl anners, poli cy m ak and t he ers gover n en f uncti onari es - wi ll have t o c ar ef ull y v i e w t he m t funda en t r ansiti on t hat i s i n pr ocess i n t he a c ade ic m tal m environ en and have i p m t m licati ons for fut ure st udent politics. Tangi bilit y of poli cies on t w key issues - (i) peace and (ii) wo en o m partici pati on i n ca pusesc a n pr ovi de due leverage for s oot h m m represent ati on of st udent s. T he f or er calls f or zero t ol erance m agai nst vi ol ence and t he latter de ands co m it en o hu an m m m tt m devel op ent i n Paki st an. But t his has t o have m inut el y det ail ed out m rul es of busi ness i n ca puses, not j ust br oader poli cy fra ew ks m m or or vaguel y put nor a m tive asserti ons whi ch can be conveni entl y i nt er pret ed, especi all y w faci ng gr oup pressures or black a hen m iling. A t hough t he pr esent st udyh as been particul arl y concer ned w t h l i st udent politics, but it has also exa ined different cont exts i n whi ch m politics i n general is consolidat ed, weakened or changesi t s for s m . W ehave used ca puses t o si gnify a politics whi ch is i n search of its m specific l ocati on, sect oral int erests and speci alized m a dat e. It is n envi saged t hat transiti on t o a n i ndependent and c am p us-based politics c an be r eali zed wi t h due pl anni ng, publi c-pri vat e part nershi p a nd i nstit uting a n i ncl usi ve m u lti-st akehol der m e chanis w hi n t he structures of hi gher educati on. m it

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Ber gan, Sur. St udent Partici pati on i n Hi gher E d ucati on Gover nance i n Report 2003. Bologna Follow-upSeminar on Student Participation in Governance in Higher Education Osl o, , June 12- 14, 1003. Osl o: M in istry of Educati on and Research, 2003, pp. 51- 66. Bhutt o, Benazir. RECONCI L ATI ON Isla , De ocracy and t he I : m m W e London: S on Schust er, 2008. st, m & i Butt, Iqbal Hai der. N onal Sur vey on St udent Politics, 2008, ati BARGAD Gujranw a, 2008. : al Butt, Iqbal Hai der and Shaheen Sabi ha. The Paki st ani Yout h and t he Chall enges of Soci al Tr ansf or a m tion i n Paki st an: A Case St udy i n t he E pow ng St rat egi es fr o D strict Guj ranwal a, 1998m eri m i 2003, Pr esent ed at Nati onal Conf erence on E hi cs, Val ues and t Soci al Tr ansf or a m tion: P erspecti ves f r o m Paki st an, 2 2- 23 Sept e b 2005, Uni versit yof Kar achi, Kar achi. A so is part of a m er l vol u e t itled Et hi cs, Val ues a nd Soci al Tr ansf or a m m tion: Perspecti ves fro Pakist an m Centre for Ci vi c Educati on (CCE) Political Partici pati on of Yout h i n Paki st an, Isla abad: U m ndat ed. Cohen, St ephen Phili p. The Idea of Paki st an, W a ngt on, D C : shi . . Br ooki ngs Instit uti on Press, 2004. Cr ossl ey, N ck. Soci al Net wor ks and St udent Acti vism : On t he i Politicisi ng Effect of Ca p Connecti ons, Soci ol ogi cal Revi e w m us 56( 1), 2008, pp 18- 38. Ej az, Dr. M anzur. A I NGTON DI ARY Ca pus fiefdo s. W SH : m m Dail y T es: Lahore, 5 D m i ecem b 2007. er Haqqani, Hussai n. Paki stan: Bet w een M o sque AndM ilitary, Lahore: V anguar d Books, 2005. Harri ngt on, M o rgan. You Ar e n o w Vi rt uall y De onstrati ng, m Tehl ka 30 Januar y 2008 [ O ne] A nli vailabl e at:

htt p:// www t ehel ka. co /story_ a . m m in36. asp?filena e= s m W 011207 Yo u_are. asp Hash i, J aved. Haan M e Ba ghi Hoon, Lahore: Sa gar m in Publishers, Feb 2005. H gher Educati on Co m i si on. edi u Ter i m s M m m Devel op en m t Fr a ew k 2005- 10, Isla a m or m bad: 2005. www hec. gov. pk/ a downl oad/ HEC_ ed_dev. pdf . m in/ m ______. St atistical Bookl et, Isla abad. m www hec. gov. pk/ downl oad/St atistical _Bookl et _on_HEC(2001. 02t o2003- 04). pdf Int er nati onal Cri sis Gr oup Asi a The St at e of Sect ari ani s i n m Paki st an, R eport N 95, 18 April 2005. Isla i Ja iat Tal aba. D oor-e-Ja iat ( U du) m m ast m r Jal al, Ayesha. Self and Soverei gnt y: Indi vi dual and comm uit y i n n Sout h Asi an Isl a si nce 1850 Lahor e, Paki st an : Sang- E- eel m M Publi cati ons, 2001. Khali d, Sal ee M ansoor. Tal ba Tehreekai n ( V 1, 2) Lahor e: m ol A badar Publi cati ons. l Khan, Gen ( R Rao Far a A i. Ho w Paki st an Got D vi ded?, .) m n l i Lahore: Jang Publishers. Khan, Lal. Paki st ans Ot her St or y: The 1968- 69 R evol uti on, Lahore: The Struggl e Publi cati ons. 2008. Khan, Shaukat Hyat. A Nati on t hat Lost its Soul Lahore: Jang Publishers, 1995. Koeni gsber g, Ri char d. HY DO I DEOLOG ES E XI ST: The W I Psychol ogi cal Functi on of Cult ure, Onl i ne Publi cation Dat e: 5Jul-2005. A abl e at vail htt p:// www psych-cult ure. com /docs/rk- whydo. ht l . m

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R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

Kr ast ev, I van. Ne w Thr eats t o Fr eedo DE OCRACY S m : M DOUBLES, J our nal of De ocracy Vol u e 17, Nu ber 2: m m m Nati onal Endo w ent f or De ocracy a nd The J ohns Hopki ns m m Uni versit y Press, A pril 2006, pp. 52- 62. Kr ast ev, I van. Populis T o day, As pen I nstit ute, 2007. m www aspeni nstit ut e.it/icons/im gA . spen/ pdf/ A speni a/ A sp35_kr ast ev _e. pdf Kri pal ani, M an jeet. E- Resist ance Bl oo s i n Paki st an, Busi ness m W e , 12 N m ber 2007[ Onli ne] A abl e at: ek ove vail htt p:// www busi ness w . eek. com /g obal bi z/ cont ent/ nov2007/ gb20071 l 112_430063. ht m Long, Sar ah E. The Ne w St udent Politics: The W ingspread St at e en on St udent Ci vi c Engage en Pr ovi dence, R. I.: m t m t, Ca pus Co pact, 2002 m m Longo a nd M eyer. Coll ege St udent s and Politics: A Li t erat ure Revi e w C RCLEW O I NG PAPER 46.M ay 2006 . I RK Lyngdoh Co m ittee Re port: Gui deli nes on St udent s Uni on m El ecti ons i n Coll eges/ U versities N w D hi, Indi a:M a 23, 2006 ni e el y educati on. ni c.i n/ hi gheredu/ Lyngdohco m itteereport. pdf m M u d, Sharif al. CHAPTERS FRO HI STORY St udent s r ol e jahi M : i n t he Pakist anM ove en Dail y D wn, June 30, 2002 m t. a M u sharraf, Per vez. I n t he Li ne of Fi re: A M e o London: m ir, Si on Schust er, 2006. m & M y ers, Da ni el J. Co m uicati on Technol ogy a nd Soci al m n M o m en Contri buti ons of Co put er Net wor ks t o Acti vis i n ve ts: m m Soci al Sci ence Co puter R e w V 12, 1994, pp. 250-260. m evi , ol. Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza. The Vanguar d of t he Isla icRevol uti on: m The J a a'at-i I sl a i of P a ki st an, Ber kel ey: Uni versit y of m m Californi a Press, 1994.

Norris, Pi ppa. Theori es of Political Acti vis Chapt er 2 i n m De ocratic Phoeni x, Ne w Yor k: 2002. Ca b dge Uni versit y m m ri Pr ess. ____. Young Peopl e & Political Acti vis : Fr o t hep ol iti cs of m m l oyalties t o t he politics of choi ce? Pr esent ati on at t he conference on C vi c Engage ent i n the 21st Cent ur y, Uni versit y of Sout her n i m Californi a, Oct ober 1- 2, 2004. Thi s present ati on was devel oped i nt o a paper published i n Public Ad in m istrati on Revi e w Vol u e 65, , m Issue 5 ( Sept e b O ober 2005. m er/ ct ____. Political Acti vis :n e w c hall enges, ne w o p port uniti es, m Chapt er 26 i n Boi x & St okes: The Oxf or d Handbook of Co parati ve Politics, 2007. m Oxl und, Bj ar ke. asculinities i n st udent politics: Ge nder ed M di scourses of struggl e andl i berati on at Uni versit y of Li popo, m Sout h A ca, U versit y of Copenhagen fri ni www r uc. dk/isg/forskni ng/skol er/ velfaerdsst at ogf orskellighed/ se i . m narer- kurser/ asculi nities/ papers/ O und/ m xl Persson, Anni ka. St udent P arti ci pati on i n t he Gover nance of H gher Educati on i n Eur ope, Council of Eur ope: St rasbour g i Sweden, 7 A pril 2003. PI LDAT, Pr oposed Re vi val of St udent s Uni ons i n P a ki st an: D scussi on Paper, Isla abad, Revi sed: Sept e b 2008. i m m er Piracha, Na dee F. St udent politics i n Paki st an: A c el ebrati on, m la en m t& h ory, U ist nabri dged. A abl e at: vail htt p:// www spot bit. co / a m agazi ne. php? p . m m in/ & rod=3984 Punj ab Uni versit y. ehvar, Speci al C uri on N ber. 1979. M ent m u Put na , Robert. ak ng De ocracy W o : Ci vi c Traditi ons i n m M i m rk M o dern Ital y, Pri ncet on Universit y Press, Pri ncet on: 1993. Rai s, Rasul Bakhsh. Yout h of t he Nati on, Dail y Ti es,No ve ber m m 13, 2007. htt p:// www boell. de/ alt/en/ 05_worl d/ 5383. ht l . m

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Ra m e Bi ll. St udent Uni ons, Oxf or d Br ookes Uni versit y m ll, lect ure - 07 Febr uar y 2008 htt p:// www di us. gov. uk/speeches/ra m e udent uni ons_070208. h . m ll_st m t l Saeed, Saqi b & M a rkus Rohde, Vol ker W u I CTs, An A er nati ve lf lt Sphere for Soci al M o m en in Paki st an-a Research Fr a ew k. ve ts m or 2008. Paper Present ed at I A S i nt ernati onal DI conference on E- Soci et y. April 9- 12, 2008. Al gar ve, Port ugal. Avail abl e at: ht t p:// w . uniww si egen. de/fb5/ w irtschaftsi nf or a paper/ 2008/ saeed-r ohde- wulf-m tik/ ict--2008. pdf Ibi d. An E p m irical St udyo f I T use i n Paki st ani Ci vil Soci et y Or gani zati ons. In: Spri nger Post Conf erence pr oceedings of 1st W o Su m it on Kno w edge Soci et y, Sept e b 24-28, 2008, rld m l m er A hens t Gr eece. Avail abl e at: ht t p:// www uni. si egen. de/fb5/ w irtschaftsi nf or a paper/ 2008/ w m tik/ sks199. pdf Sal an A i. A er nati ve Yout h Poli cy i n Paki st an, B ARGAD m , l lt : Guj ranw a, 2005. al Sch itter, Phili ppe C A exander H Tr echsel (eds.) Green Paper m & l . . on t he Fut ure of De ocracy i n Eur ope Dr. aft, by a W o ng Gr oup m rki of H gh Level Experts, The Council of Eur ope. 2004. A i vailabl e at: www i ue.it/ SPS/ Peopl e/ Facult y/ Current Pr ofessors/ PDFFi les/ Sch it . m ter PDFfiles/ G reenPaper. pdf Tal bot, I an. Fr eedo s Cry: The Popul ar Di ensi ons i n t he m m Paki st an M o m en and Partiti on Experi ence i n Nort h- est Indi a, ve t W Kar achi: O or d U versit y Pr ess: 1996. xf ni Tareekh Ja iat Co m ittee. Jab W o Nazi -e- A a Thay ( Vol 1, m m h m l 2, 3, 4) Lahore: IdaraM a tbooaat e- Tal aba. The W o Bank, Report No. 37247 H GHER E DUCATI ON rld I POLI CY NOTE Paki st an: An Assess en of t he M ei u -T m m t d m er Devel op en Fra ew k, June 28, 2006. m t m or

Uni versit y of t he Punj ab. Pr ess Rel ease: D scussi on on Educati onal i Instit uti ons and W ings of Political Parties? i n PU No v 17, 2008 , htt p:// www pu. edu. pk/ press/pr ess_rel ease- 17- nov- 08. asp . Yus uf, Hu a St at e of Em e m . rgency i n Paki st an: An Anal ysis of LocalM ed 9 N m ber 2007 [ O ne] A abl e at: ia ove nli vail htt p://ci vi c. it.edu/ bl og/ hum ayusuf/stat e- of-e e m m rgency-i npaki st an-an-anal ysis-of-l ocal- ed m ia Desertations Chaudhr y, Al ee m Iqbal. Pr obl e s and Pr ospects o f Hi gher m Educati on i n Paki st an, Ph DDi ssert ati on (unpublished), Uni versit y Instit ut e of Educati on and Research, Uni versit y of Ari d Agri cult ure: Ra wal pi ndi, 2004. Deeba, Farah. St udent Un rest at Uni versit y Ca puses, M Pil m h Thesis (unpublished), Q d-i- A m U versit y: Isla abad, 1993. uai za ni m Ghous, Ghul a . The Ja aat-e-Isla i of Paki st an i n Ay ub Er a m m m (1958- 69), M Pil Thesis (unpublished), Quai d-i- A m Uni versit y: h za Isla abad, 2001. m Isani, Us an A i. H gher E d ucati on i n Pakist an: A Hi st ori calm l i Fut uristic Perspecti ve, P h D Di ssert ati on ( unpublished). The Nati onal U versit y ofM odern Languages: Isla abad, June 2001. ni m M a lik, Ni sar Ah ad. A St udy of Uni versit y Pr obl e s at m m Uni versit y Level , M P il T hesis ( unpublished), Quai d-i- A m h za Uni versit y: Isla abad, 1995. m M irza, Sarfaraz H The Punj ab M u m St udent s Federati on 1937. sli 47: A St udy of t he For a on, Gr o w h and Partici pati on i n t he m ti t Paki st an M o m en Ph D Di ssert ati on ( unpublished). De pt. of ve t, Political Sci ence, U versit y of t he Punj ab: Lahore, 1988. ni Rozi na, M rs. Par veen. H st or y of Ja iat-ul- U e a H nd (1919i m l m -i- i 1949) , M P il Thesis ( unpublished), Quai d-i- A m Uni versit y: h za Isla abad, 1987. m

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Sirnat e, Vas undhara. Pr ospect us: I ndependent St udent Political Or gani zati ons i n Nort heast I ndi a ( Unpublished): Un i versit y of Californi a, B kel ey. er

ANNEX 1: MATRIX OF STUDENT POLITICS IN PAKISTAN 44

1.1. C HRONOLOGY OF E VENTS : T HE P ROGRESSIVE P ERSPECTIVE 1.1.1. INCEPTION OF STUDENT POLITICS IN SOUTH ASIA
Item M o m en ve t agai nst partiti on Bengal Ibi d. Event Date(s) Peopl es m eeti ngs i n 1905t he Bengal a nd v oi ce of 1911 of ant he s l i ke Ba nd-em M am tra H ndust ani i st udent s 1905 m ade a st ri ke i n Ki ng Ed war dM ed ical College A Indi a M u m For a on ll sli m ti 1905 League Ibi d. Year of Q al-i- A at m 1906 Land Requi siti on Sl ogans of Khal sa Bill coll ege st udents agai nst the Lt. Gover nor Si r Charl es Revazs vi sit t o A ratsar m Tehri k-I- H ijrat M ig on of st udent s t o rati Ka bul Ro w ett A l ct Firi ng at t he pr ocessi on of st udent s i n Lahore H ndust an i For a on at Tashkant m ti Co m u ist Part y m n Nuj w an Bhar at For a on m ti Sabha M a rch 1907 Category Pr ot est a nd agit ati on

Ibi d.

O gani zati on r Pr ot est a nd agit ati on Ibi d.

1914 1919 1920 1926

Pr ot est V ol ence i O gani zati on r Ibi d.

44

Compiled from Ahmad, Aziz-uddin. Pakistan Mein Talaba Tehreek, Lahore: Mashal, 2000 & Tareekh Jamiat Committee. Jab Woh Nazim-e-Ala Thay (Vol 1, 2, 3, 4) Lahore: Idara Matbooaate-Talaba.

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Ibi d. Nuj w an Bhar at Sabha w t h kairti i K san Part y i Si on m Co m issi on m

Lahor e conference Uni fi cati on

st udent s

1927 1928

O gani zati on r Ibi d.

Punj ab M usli m St udent s Federati on

Annual M eeti ng Lahor e

i n 1944

Ibi d.

Int er-collegi at e M um sli Br ot her hood Lahore conspiracy case

K lli ng of Poli ce offi cer i Mr .Sandras by wor kers of Soci alist Re publi can A y m r For a on m ti

1928

V ol ence i

1.1.2. INCEPTION OF STUDENT POLITICS IN PAKISTAN

Item M um L sli eague Event For a m tion i n Gopal Ga nj area East Pa ki st an For a m tion M u m St udent s sli League S udents League Voi ce t a gai nst t he language issue East Be ngal For a m tion M u m Awa i sli m League Speech of Kh waj a Nazi ud di n i n favour m of nati onal language Pr ot est of Dhakka st udent s agai nst Ur du as nati onal language Yout h League Agai nst t he l anguage issue, Ki lli ng of t hr ee st udent s ( cel ebr ati on of M a day) rtyr Date(s) 1939 Januar y 1948 M a rch 1948 J une 1949 27 Januar y 1952 30 Januar y 1952 21 Febr uar y 1952 Category O gani zati on r O gani zati on r

1930

O rganization

Al l St udent s Federati on A Indi a M u m ll sli St udent s Federati on M u m St udent s sli Federati on Si ndh St udent s Conf erence Second A l Indi a l St udent s Conf erence W o en st udent m Co m ittee m Al l I ndi a St udent s Federati on M u m St udent s sli Federati on M u m St udent s sli Federati on Bal uchi st an M u m St udent s sli Federati on

Deat h s ent ence t o Oct 1930 Bhagat Si ngh, Raj Gur u and Si kh D ev I ndi a For a on at Lucknow m ti 1936

V ol ence i

Pr ot est Or gani zati on

O rganization

Conventi on at C cutt a al

Dec 1937

Ibi d.

Ibi d.

For a on at Lucknow m ti For a on m ti Conf erence i n Lahore

Jan 1937 April 1938 Nov 1938

Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d.

Pr ot est a nd agit ati on Ibi d.

For a on m ti M e ng at Pat na eti

1940 1941

Ibi d. Ibi d.

1.1.3. EARLIER PERIOD OF STUDENT POLITICS IN SINDH

Item Si ndh M usli m st udent s Federati on Ibi d. Event Si ndhi st udent s woul d oppose t he separati on of Kar achi fro S ndh m i Kar achi D ay Agai nst t he use of Si ndhi language i n Kar achi educati onal i nstit uti ons Date(s) Category 30 J a n Pr ot est 1948 2 0 Fe b Ibi d. 1948 1949 Ibi d.

Pakist an Conf er ence i n 2 M arch Lahor e 1941 Conf erence i n Lyll pur 5 J ul y 1941 For a on m ti M ay 1943

Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d.

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R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

De ocratic m St udent s Federati on Ibi d.

For a m tion a nd pr ot est call i n DO W M ed ical Coll ege 2 day DSF Council M e ng eti Ibi d. Inaugur ati on of St udent Her al d Int er Coll egi at e For a m tion Body Ibi d. M u bat D tali ay Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d.

1952

O gani zati on r

11- 12 Oct 1952

Qualit y educati on Ibi d. O gani zati on r

Ibi d. Ibi d. Nati onal St udent s Federati on Ibi d.

7 J ul y Pr ot est a nd 1953 agit ati on K lli ng of 7 st udent s and 8 January V ol ence i i 112 wounded Stri ke call 9 January Pr ot est Cel ebrati on of M a yrs 10 rt Ibi d. day by EPS U EPSL and Januar y , M S F Restricti ons wer e 1954 Ibi d. m osed upon t he PSO i p Agai nst One u nit a n 1954 Pr ot est cel ebrati on of S ndh D i ay For a m tion 1956 O gani zati on r

Punj ab St udent s For a m tion Fr ont Ibi d. Pr ocessi on of La hor e st udent s agai nst t he Food poli cy of Pri e in m M ister Ibi d. Pr ocessi on of La hor e st udent s a gai nst t he British s ei zure of Suez canal Ibi d. Agai nst t he i perialist m po wers a nd ki lli ng of Congo P. . Petras Lu M La ba m Ibi d. Agai nst t he 3 y ear degree c ourse a nd uni versit y or di nance and killi ng of st udent ( Abdul M a jid)

1952 1952

O gani zati on r Pr ot est

1956

Pr ot est a nd agit ati on

1961

Pr ot est

1968

Pr ot est, agit ati on and vi ol ence

1.1.5. STUDENT MOVEMENT IN GEN. AYUB ERA

Item Govt. O der r Event Restricti ons u pon t he st udent or gani zati ons due t oM a rtial law For a m tion at D hakka Pr ot est a gai nst t he educati on p oli cy i n Dhakka To t ur n t he m e ng of eti Federal M in isters Fazalul- Q adir by t he st udents To oppose t he report of Educati on co m issi on m Stri ke i n e ducati onal i nstit uti ons of East Paki st an Date(s) Jan 1959 Category

Pr ot est by NSF a gai nst t he British s ei zure of Suez canal

Oct 1956

Pr ot est a nd agit ati on NSF

1960 June 1961 1 August 1961 17 August 1961 21 August 1961

O gani zati on r Pr ot est

1.1.4. EARLIER PERIOD OF STUDENT POLITICS IN PUNJAB

Item Isla i m Tul ba DSF Ibi d. Ja iat m Event For a m tion Date(s) Category O gani zati on r Ibi d. Pr ot est

Pr ot est a nd agit ati on Pr ot est

De c 1947 For a m tion 1949 Publi cati on of post er by 1951 DSF agai nst t he Shah of Iran

Qualit y educati on and pr ot est

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R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

M o m en ve t agai nst uni versit y or di nance

Agai nst t he i perialist m po wers a nd ki lli ng of Congo P. . Petras Lu M La ba m Excl usi on of 12 st udent s fro m t he Kar achi uni versit y d ue to oppositi on t o 3 y ear pr ogra m e m Arr est of Hus ai n Shaheed Shur w di ar Stri ke by t he st udent s of Dhakka u ni versit y agai nst t he pr esi denti al syst e , arr est of 2 00 m st udent s Poli ce f i ri ng i n J ai sur and killi ng of dri ver M o rni ng pr ocessi on by u t he st udent s agai nst t he poli ce firi ng i n Jaisur Jabal pur i nci dent i n Indi a a nd ki lli ng of M um s sli Fe a st udent s t ook a m le pr ocessi on t he M artial law s ent ences t o t he st udent l eaders a nd poli ce wounded 5 5 st udent s Annul en of uni versit y m t or di nance and arr est of st udent s and att ack upon t he offi ce of Vi ce chancell or As a r esult of f iri ng, about 12 st udent s and 4 poli ce offi ci als wer e wounded

1961

Pr ot est

1962

Jan 1962 15 M a rch Pr ot est a nd 1962 agit ati on

17 Se p Pr ot est, 1962 vi ol ence 18 Se p Pr ot est a nd 1962 agit ati on Feb 1962 Pr ot est

Al l Acti on Co m ittee m

Int ercollegi at e body i n Lyall pur and one poli ce offi ci al wounded a s a result of conflict St udent pr ocessi on i n Ra wal pi ndi a nd m ositi i p on of 1 44 a nd arrest of 20 st udents Cl osure of Punj ab uni versit y t ill 7 Nove ber and its li nked m coll eges till 20 Cl osure of Govt. Pol y Techni cal i nstit ut e Rusti cati on of st udent s fro t he Ki ng Ed war d m M ed ical Coll ege due of Uni versit y ordi nance Parti es For a m tion

6 No v Ibi d. 1963

5 No v Pr ot est 1963

9 No v Ibi d. 1963

10 No v Ibi d. 1963 1964 Ibi d.

6 Oct 1964

Pr ot est

April 1962

V ol ence i

4 No v Pr ot est, 1963 vi ol ence

5 No v V ol ence i 1963

Pr ocessi on of AP AC st udent s and killi ng of a st udent as a r es ult of poli ce firi ng Stri ke i n Paki st an due t o killi ng of Nasi shaheed m and ki lli ng of a not her st udent i n Pesha w ar St udent s pr ot est agai nst Tashkant Decl arati on, poli ce f i ri ng u pon st udent pr ocessi on a nd killi ng of 4 st udent s Anti Ayub m ove en m t and killi ng of a st udent i n Ra wal pi ndi Anti Ayub m ove en m t and killi ng of 2 st udent s i n Ra wal pi ndi

8 De c V ol ence i 1964

11 De c Ibi d. 1964

13 J a n Ibi d. 1966

7 No v Ibi d. 1968 9 No v Ibi d. 1968

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R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

Anti Ayub m ove en m t and killi ng of a st udent in N oshera Al l Pa ki st an For a m tion St udent s Acti on Co m ittee m Bl ack day

10 No v Ibi d. 1968 Dec 1968 O gani zati on r

1 J an 1969 Conflict bet w een poli ce 8 J an and st udent s, wounded 1969 100 a nd arr est ed 3 4 st udent s K lli ng of one st udent i n 20 J a n i Dhakka 1969 Poli ce wounded t wo 20 J a n st udent s i n Ra wal pi ndi 1969 Perf or ing of f uner al 21 J a n m pr ayer of killed person i n 1969 Dhakka i n whi ch for e m r chi ef j ustice of Dhakka also partici pat ed. Poli ce opened fire and wounded m any st udents

Pr ot est V ol ence i

Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d.

1.1.6. STUDENT MOVEMENT IN GEN. YAHYA KHAN ERA

Item EPSL Swadhi n m jtantri k S a Bangl adesh Confli ct of Hyderabad Co m issi oner m w t h t he V C of i . Si ndh U versit y ni Tr ansfer of teachers Event For a m tion M an ifest o Independence of Date(s) 6 J une 1969 Category O gani zati on r

Baha wal pur For a m tion M u i daM ahaz th Tul ba M ajlis To de and f or t he m A al m pr ovi nci al st at us t o Baha wal pur M u hajir Punj abi D s issal im of Vi ce Pat han M ahaz chancell or, b ur ni ng of leader i ssued a ci ne ahalls, 3 hot els, 6 m st at e en agai nst vehi cl es a nd of fi ce of m t V C of Si ndh APP . uni versit y Est ablish en of For a m t m tion A - Badr l Soci alist For a m tion Nati onalist Part y Cl osure of Sl ogans of Jai B angl a educati onal i nstit uti ons in Dhakka M ilitary a cti on K lli ng of m any st udent s i agai nst t he and teachers st udent s of Dhakka uni versit y El ecti on issue K lli ng of st udent by i firi ng in Punj ab uni versit y

7 Fe b Or gani zati on 1970 27 Fe b Agit ati on 1970 19 J a n Pr ot est a nd 1971 agit ati on, vi ol ence

23 M ay O gani zati on r 1971 1972 Ibi d. 1 M arch Pr ot est 1973

25 M a rch V ol ence i 1973

1973

Ibi d.

1.1.7. THE BHUTTO PERIOD

Item Event Si ndh St udent s For a m tion Cult ural Or gani zati on Date(s) 1967 Category O gani zati on r

Arr est of 2 07 st udent s 6 m arch Pr ot est and use of tear gas 1969

Pr ocessi on of st udent s i n 8- 11 Nov Pr ot est a nd Hyderabad, hunger strike 1969 agit ati on

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R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

Bangl adesh Na- Dec 1972 m anzoor Te hri k (B angl adesh) by t he Isla i Ja iat St udent s m m and killi ng of a st udent by police firi ng Peopl es St udent s For a m tion 1973 Federation (PSF) K lli ng of Bar kat A i i n 1972 i l Lahor e K lli ng of Ha nif Bar kat 1973 i i n Lahore K lli ng of Abdul Sa ad 3 i m De c Khan Ac hakzai a nd 1973 char ges a gai nst t he st udent s Anti Ah adi m o m en M ay m ve t by t he I sl a i J a iat 1974 m m St udent s A l Si ndh conventi on of 8 April l SAP AF at Nos her o 1974 Fer oz Al l Pa ki st an For a m tion 1974 M u hajir St udent s or gani zati on AP SO M Ki lli ng of Sher Pao i n 3 Fe b Pesha w uni versit y ar 1975 m ositi I p on u pon 1 1 Fe b Nati onal Awa i Part y 1975 m ( NAP) A t ack upon t he vehi cl e t of f ederal m inister, Abdul Hafi z Peerzada i n Si ndh uni versit y Si ndhi Shagir d For a m tion 1977 Tehri k

Pr ot est a nd vi ol ence

1.1.8. THE GEN. ZIA ERA

Event Tr ansfer of 1 39 pr ogressi ve teachers i n Punj ab Firi ng by Ja iat upon t he el ect ed m offi ci als of uni on i n t he Kar achi uni versit y and wounded 16m a le and 2 fe a st udent s m le K lli ng of QSF wor ker by Ja iat i m st udent s H ghj acki ng of PI A pl ane i K lli ng of t wo s t udents i n i Agri cult ural uni versit y Faisalabad To agitat e for t he est ablishm en of t wo en uni versit y by Ja iat m m To put restricti ons upon t he uni ons i n t he educati onal i nstit uti ons K lli ng of 2 J a iat st udent s i n i m Lahore Poli ce f i ri ng upon t he ja iat m st udent s and ja iat st udent s tried m t o bur n t he Punj ab asse b y and m l bur nt t he ad in m istrati ve bl ock of uni versit y Contr ol of Bl ack Eagl es over t he Superi or Coll ege i n La hor e a nd killi ng of one st udent Cl ashes i n DO M ed W ical coll ege, Si ndh M edi cal Col l ege a n d Kar achi uni versit y K lli ng of Ja iat and PSF student s i m in K arachi uni versit y To st op r estricti ons upon t he st udent uni ons K dnap of a dri ver byM SF i wor kers To arrest t he PSF Pr esi dent on t he char ges of poli ce encount er K lli ng of Abi d Chaudar yaM SF i leader Date(s) 1978 12 Aug 1979 Category

V ol ence i

O gani zati on r V ol ence i V ol ence i V ol ence i

1980 1981 1982 1982 1984 1985 1985

V ol ence i

V ol ence i

Agit ati on

V ol ence i Ibi d.

O gani zati on r

O gani zati on r

Ibi d.

V ol ence i

1986

Ibi d.

1986 1988 M a 1988 rch M a 1988 rch June 1991

Ibi d. Peace V ol ence i Ibi d. Ibi d.

Or gani zati on

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R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

Publishi ng of S udent s V ce t oi

5.1.9. RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS

Item Isla i m Tal ba ATI Ja iat m Event For a m tion Date(s) Category 21 De c 1947 Or gani zati on, i deol ogy For a m tion 19 J a n Ideol ogy 1968 Annualm eeti ng 1968 O gani zati on r For a m tion 1972 Or gani zati on, i deol ogy K dnap of a dri ver by M a i rch V ol ence i M S w kers F or 1988 To ar r est t he P SF M a rch Ibi d. Pr esi dent on t he char ges 1988 of poli ce encount er K lli ng i of Abi d June Ibi d. Chaudar y aM SFleader 1991 Coll ecti on of Funds f or 1998 O gani zati on r t he wel fare of Shi a co m u it y m n

O gani zati on r Ibi d.

Publi cati on of Cycl ost yl e n e wsl ett er ( St udent s Voi ce) fr o Ki ng Ed war d m M ed ical Coll ege IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Dr. Muhammad Nasim (1950-51) Event Date(s) Category For a m tion of Ja iat m W e ym eeti ngs ekl Pr ot est agai nst t he forced j ob of doct ors i n t he hospitals Publishi ng of S udent s V ce t oi Publi cati on of Cycl o st yl e ne w s fro m K ng Ed war d M edical i Coll ege IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Khurram Jah Murad (1951-52) Event Date(s) Pl anni ng t hr ough questi onnaire at Gandhi gar den W e y gat heri ngs ekl Est ablish en of offi ces at 23 Al f m t Astri chon Road Kar achi, B ait-ul kara m and K ausar H ouse at D hakka Annualm eeti ng i n K arachi 1950 Annual M e ng of Ja iat i nKar achi i n Nov 1952 eti m whi ch c hanges wer e m a i n t he d prea b of Ja iat constit ution m le m Annualm eeti ng i n K arachi 1953 1945 21- 23 1947 De c Or gani zati on Ibi d. Educati on Or gani zati on Ibi d.

I SO

Category Or gani zati on Ibi d. Ibi d.

1.2. C HRONOLOGY OF E VENTS : T HE IJT P ERSPECTIVE

IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Zafar Ullah Khan Event For a m tion of Ta ir-i- A kar-i-Isla i m f m 3 daysM eeti ng Tehri k agai nst Co pulsor y Gover n en m m t servi ce i n t he hospit als for t he m ed ical doct ors Date(s) 1945 21- 23 Dec 1947 Category O gani zati on r Ibi d. Educati on

Ibi d. Ibi d.

Ibi d.

IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Dr. Israr Ahmad (Nov 1952- March 1953) Event Date(s) Category V sits t o Guj ranw a, Si al kot, Fai sal abad, Feb 1952 i al Or gani zati on Sar godha, Sahi w al,M u etc. ltan Pr ovi nci al gat heri ng at B kat A ar li Feb 1952 Ibi d. Tehri k-I-khat a -N m abuvat 1953 Pr ot est

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R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

Qadi ani issue: D stri buti ono f M au ana 1953 i l M adudis pa phlet m Tr ai ni ng conferences at M ar essah H gh d i School Ichrra conferences wer e hel d a t M ultan, Fai sal abad and Lahor e t oc ount er t he penetrati on of Soci alist propaganda

Ibi d. Or gani zati on Ideol ogy

IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Ibsar-i-Alam (Dec1956 Oct 1958,Oct 1958-Dec 1962) Event Def eat of Ja iat i n t he uni on el ecti on of m Ur du college due t o opposition of fe a m le st udent s Appr oval of t he 1956 constit uti on and publishi ng t he pi ct ures of J a iat m st udent s i n t he ne w spapers Sei zure of Suez canal by Br itish, Fr ance and Israel and Ja iat prot est m Date(s) 1952 Category Or gani zati on

29 Feb 1956

Ibi d.

IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Murad Ali Shah (1953-54) Event Date(s) First A nnual gat heri ng at K arachi 1952 Of fi ce at 88M acload Road Lahore Tehri k kht a -I- N m abuvat IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Prof Khurshid Ahmad (1953-55) Event Date(s) Cycl ost yl e bull eti n 1951 Est ablish en of Ja iatm ed m t m ia 1952 Co pulsor y Bangl a language m 1952 An open l etter t o t he Pri eM in m ister 1953 Introducti on of st udy circl e 1954 Int er nati onal Asse b of Musli Yout h m ly m 1954 i naugurat ed by P. M B ogra Publi cati on of articl e na ed as hy m W oppr essi on onM u m B her hood sli rot Publi cati on of Co m u is Def eat ed i n m nm 1955 M o scow V sit t o East Pakist an i 1956- 57 IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Hussain Khan (Oct 1955- Dec 1956) Event Date(s) V sit t o East Paki st an. lect ure at Barisal i 1956 Coll ege t o pr opagat e t he I sl a ic m i deol ogy a nd c ount er t he l i ber al tendenci es, Resi gnati on due t o perfor ance of m 1957 Ja iat duties i n East Pakist an m A host el for t he poor st udents

Category Or gani zati on Ibi d. Pr ot est

1956

pr ot est

Category Or gani zati on Ibi d. Or gani zati on Ibi d. Ibi d Ideol ogy

Ideol ogy Or gani zati on Category i deol ogy

IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Sheikh Mehboob Ali (Dec 1962-64) Event Date(s) For a m tion of I nt er-coll egi ate Body 1957 11 Annual gat heri ng of Ja i t m a 10- 13 Oct 1958 Publi cati on of hat is t o be done? W Sep 1958 For a m tion of Pi yasi i n PIA 962 W e y t rai ni ng ca p of J a iat at 3- 8 ekl m m J ul y M u ltan 1963 Tr ai ni ng c a p of J a iat a t Ta ndo 3- 5 m m Aug M u m m ad K ha han 1963 Tr ai ni ng ca pof Ja iat at Quett a m m 9- 11 Aug 1963 Tr ai ni ng ca pof Ja iat at Abbot abad 22 Jul y 1963 m m and conflict w h SP it Conde nati on m of Uni versit y Jul y 1963 Or di nance Co m ittee m Regi onal Conf erence i n East Paki st an Dec 1963 De ands of I sl a ic uni versit y by 1 Jan 1964 m m Ja iat Tal ba A a m rabi Publi cati on of c ycl ost yle Hu m 16 Jul y 1964 Qada m Cel ebrati on of BooksW eek

Category Or gani zati on Ibi d. i deol ogy Or gani zati on Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d. Pr ot est Or gani zati on Pr ot est Or gani zati on St udentW e lfare

Pr ot est

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R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Syed Munnawar Hasan (1964-67) Event Date(s) For a m tion of NSF 1958 For a m tion of S udent s circl e t 1960 Publi cati on of St udent s Pr obl e s of m Paki st an Ar rest of Ja iat leader at D m hacca 3 Jan 1963 Cel ebrati on of eekl y I sl a ic 1965 W m educati onal Syst e m M o m en a gai nst t he m usi cal Dec 1966 ve t festi vals i n educati onal i nstituti ons Struggl er agai nst Tashkant decl arati on M eh fil-i- Q arat at Nas ht ar P ar k i n Kar achi Pr oposals t o Nati onal Bur eau of Curri cul ar and Syll abus K lli ng of Ja iat w ker i m or Jan 1966 3 Jan 1967 1967 M a 1967 rch

Category or gani zati on or gani zati on Peace Pr ot est Qualit y educati on Agit ati on Pr ot est Pr ot est Qualit y educati on V ol ence i Category Or gani zati on Pr ot est Or gani zati on Ibi d.

IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Mati-ul-Rehman Nizami (1969-71) Event Date(s) m I positi on ofM a rtial la wi n Paki st an 1969 NI PA i nvited st udents t o discuss t he 2 Aug 1969 issues of t eachers a nd st udent s i n Paki st an V ct or y of J a iat i n t he u ni on 1970 i m el ecti ons of Punj ab uni versity Destructi on of t he f ur nit ure, m irrors 31 Jan 1970 and vans i n t he house o f vi ce chancell ors house i n P u nj ab uni versit y For a m tion ofM u m C sli hatri Sanghi a 1970 20 th Annualm eeti ng of i nM ult an 1- 4 Oct 1971

Category Pr ot est St udent s w elfare

V ol ence i

Or gani zati on Ibi d.

IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Dr. Muhammad Kamal (1967-69) Event Date(s) W e y T ni ng ca pin Lahore ekl rai m Agai nst Uni versit y Or di nance, arrest ed st udent s Annualm eeti ng of Ja iat m A end en for t he generalS e cr et ar y m m t of J a iat and i ntroducedt he t er m m A in-ul- A m m a Round t abl e Conf erence in Ra wal pi ndi and decl arati on of Tehri k Bedari Tal ba agai nst A yub K lli ng of well known wor ker Abdul i M a lik For a m tion of Isl a iJa iat Tali bat i n m m M u ltan K lli ng of well kno wn wo r ker Abu i M u m m adJahangir ha June 1962 1964 Nov 1967 Jul y 1968

IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Tasnim Alam Manzar (3 Oct 1971- 15 Sep 1972) Event Date(s) Category Last N m -i- A a of U ed Paki st an azi l nit Publi cati on of report in annual m e ng O 1971 eti ct vi ol ence of Ja iat at M u m ltan. accordi ng t o it, about 1 t housand wor kers w killed ere K lli ng of Ja iat wor kers in t he Indo 22 i m No v PakW ar of 1971 1971 De and of Ya hya resi gnati on i n t he 17 D m ec1971 Central cabi netm eeti ng of Ja iat m IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Zafar Jamal Baloch (8 Oct 1972 1975) Event Date(s) 21 annualm eeti ng of Ja iat i n K m arachi 5- 7 Oct 1972 K dnap of ladi es of Syed fa ily and i m tries t o bri ng t he t o t he Go ver nor m House of Punj ab Anti B angl adeshm ove en m t 10 ec 1972 Def eat of Ja a i n t he uni on el ecti on 1974 m it i n Pesha w ar Khat a -i- N m abuwatm ove e m nt 1974 20 Oct Category Or gani zati on Pr ot est

1969

Pr ot est

15 A 1969 ug 21 Sep 1961 1971

V ol ence i Or gani zati on V ol ence i

Ibi d.

Pr ot est

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R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

M e ng wi t h t he Chi ef M in eti ister of Punj ab Publi cati on of Ja iat Ne ws and V e w m i s at O C su m it in Lahore I m

June 1974 1974

Or gani zati on

IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Abdul Malik Mujahid (20 Oct 1975-26 Oct 1977) Event Date(s) Category Inaugurati on of Industrial M e la Screeni ng dra aTali -i_Bal gan m m Invit ed Neil Ar strong i n t he m Eur opean functi on Introducti on of St udent sW eek Excl usi on of I srael f r om A an si St udent s A ssoci ati on Ja iat person as Chair ano f Asi an m m St udent s A ssoci ati on Tel ephoni c tal ks w t h Col. Far uq, t he i killer of Shi ekhM u ur R m an jib eh Appoi nt en i n t he fil censor boar d m t m Ar rest of the offi ce bearers of Punj ab uni versit y st udent s uni on St udent s welfare Educati on Ibi d. St udentW e lfare 1975 1975 Nov 1975 Or gani zati on

De and t o get educati on i nt he nati ve m languages W e m e to I a lco m m Kho e m inis confi dant e t o Punj ab U versit y ni Bur ni ng of st udent bus servi ce depot as a result of deat h sent ence t o M r . Bhutt o

1M ay 1978 Jan 1979

Qualit y educati on

24 M arch V ol ence i 1979

IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Shabir Ahmad Khan (29 Oct 1979-15 Oct 1982) Event Date(s) Category St art of Tehri k Khat am -i- N wat abu m o m en fro N .F P ve t m . W . . M e ng w h G Z a eti it en. i St udent s rall y by Ja iat i n NW .F P m . . Pr ovi nci al gat heri ng i n whi ch i p rt ant m o persons exchanged t he visits t o K abul Jehad-e- A ghan f Conf erence in Engi neeri ng U versit y of K ni arachi An I nt ernati onal Conf erence na ed as m Sol uti on of Kash ir Pr obl em Isla ic m m revol uti on i n Sri N agar. Ar rest of Nazi s and Ge neral Sect. of m Ja iat m K lli ng of D sh G i ani hani K lli ng of Kar achi uni versit y St udent s i uni ons speaker H zM . A m afi sla A gr oup of 2 0- 25 wor kers we nt t o Af ghani st an t o partici pat e inJ ahad fro m NW .F P . . . St art of Tehri k Bedari M illat f or t he cause of A ghan Jehad f A t ack on t he office of D t aily Jang K lli ng of J a iat m e ber Akr a i m m m Gor aya Destructi on of t he Ja iat office m A l Paki st an Ja iat Nazi s ca p i n l m m m Punj ab Uni versit y H ghj acki ng of t he PI A pl ane i 1974 Pr ot est

Jul y 1969

Jul y 1977 2 1- 23 J ul y Pr ot est 1979 1980 Ideol ogy 1980 1980 V ol ence i Ideol ogy

Oct 1076

IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Liaqat Baloch (24 Oct 1977-11 Oct 1979) Event Date(s) Category Ar rest of p arti ci pants a nd J a iat m leaders i n t he cere ony of Q d Sal m ui Unopposed s uccess i n t he u ni on el ecti on of Punj ab uni versit y K lli ng of 42 st udent s on s t r eet s of i Lahore Tal ba conventi on i n Lahore m I positi on of M a law by Bhutt o i n rtial Lahore, K arachi and Hyderabad m I positi on ofM a rtial la wi n Paki st an 25 annualm eeti ng of Ja iat m 1976 D 1976 ec 9 April 1977 21 April 1977 5 Jul y 1977 Oct 1977 Agit ati on Or gani zati on V ol ence i Or gani zati on

1980 1980 1980

Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d.

1980 1981 23 Se p 1981 Feb 1984 3- 5 Fe b 1985

Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d. Or gani zati on

Or gani zati on

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R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

Destructi on of t he Ja iat office by PSF m Feb 1989 Us e of p oi sonous gas by Sadda m Hussai n i n Iraqi Kur di st an and reacti on of Ja iat m

V ol ence i Pr ot est

IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Merajud-din (15 Oct 1982-20 Aug 1984) Event Date(s) Category Cel ebrati on of Yu -i- Shaukat-ulm Isla m Partici pat ed i n t he el ecti onso f St udent s Uni on For a m tion of J A iat i n R wla K m a ot K lli ng of N i azir S irhandi i n Hyderabad Success of Ja iat i n the Uni versities of m Punj ab K lli ng of st udent and restricti ons wer e i m osed upon t he uni ons i n NW .F P i p . . . Def eat of Ja iat i n t he Uni versities of m Punj ab Success of J a iat i n t he Kar achi m Uni versit y Restricti ons wer e i posed u pon t he m uni ons i n Punj ab b y M a rtial l a w Ad in m istrat or G eneral G a G hul m ilani. 31 M ay 1980 Or gani zati on Or gani zati on V ol ence i 1983 April 1983 1984 Jan 1984 9 Feb 1984 V ol ence i

Beati ng of A ab- ud- di n Q ft uraishi 1981 Hol di ng of Jahad Conference K lli ng of H zM . A a i afi sl m 26 Feb 81 Annual m e eting of Ja iat( t r ansferred m fro H m yderabad t o Lahore) Introducti on of extra-curricular acti vities 1985- 86 li ke debat es, j udi ci al tea s m M a ssM ed depart en ia m t Tr ai ni ng ca pat K m hanas Pur( u M rree) Ki lli ng of t w st udents i n Engi neeri ng o Uni versit y of Lahore Publi cati on of a book nam ed as A l Badr Cel ebrati on of H a Ta ir-i- A aq aft m khl Introducti on of erit Scholarshi p M 1985- 86

V ol ence i Ideol ogy V ol ence i

St udent W e lfare Or gani zati on V ol ence i i deol ogy

St udent s welfare

IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhary ( A ed for 28 days afterM e ud di n) ct raj Event Date(s) Ar rest of 28 persons, hot exchange of wor ds w h t he SSP it IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Rashid Nasim (1984-86) Event Date(s) Restricti ons upon t he st udent s uni ons i n NW .F P and i n Punj ab . . . Ar rest of M a raj-ud- di n ands e nt ence of beati ng by whi p t o hi m Feb 1984

Category Agit ati on

Category

Pr ot est

IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Ameer-ul-Azeem Event K lli ng of t w Ja iat wor kers by t he i o m firi ng of Shaheen For ce i n Engi neeri ng Uni versit y of Lahore Announce en of Long M a fr o m t rch m Lahore t o I sl a abad a nd a r r est of m wor kers Launchi ng of ca pai gns on Educati on m Syst e Ref or s Anti- ester n Cult ure m m , W ca pai gn, 4- Poi nt Educati on Ca pai gn, m m E p m en Ca pai gn, Ca pai gn f or m loy t m m Peace and St udent R ghts Cam p i aign Benazir Bhutt o all ow f uncti oni ng t he s st udent s uni ons K lli ng of Asl a Fati ana i n Punj ab i m M ed ical Coll ege Faisal abad K lli ng of M . Zubair Kh an i n Ki ng i Ed war dM ed ical Coll ege Lahore K lli ng of Tari q J avai d i n Nas ht ar i M ed ical Coll egeM u ltan K lli ng of A ir Saeed i n K i m arachi

Date(s) 28 Oct 1986

Category V ol ence i

3 M arch Pr ot est 1987 Or gani zati on

D 1988 ec V ol ence i Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d.

BARGAD
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BARGAD
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R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

IJT Nazim-e-Ala: Siraj-ul-Haq (22 Oct 1988-19 Oct 1991) Event Date(s) Category Cel ebrati on of H a Ta ir Akhl aq aft m Instit ut e of Career P anni ng l K lli ng of Ja a offi ci al Sohail Ha nif i m it i n Lahore Cel ebrati on of Fr ee e ducati on a nd pr ovi di ng e p m en year m loy t Cel ebrati on of Haft a Islah-i- N za i m Tali m Introducti on of art yrs Jam iat M e M rit Schol arshi p St art of A erica m M u radabad M o m en ve t Ar rest of Ja iat wor kers att he arri val m of Raji v G andhi t o Isla abad , Pakist an m A -Inql ab Rall y m z K ng ofM u Ja iat N m illi ltan m azi To s ho w t he f il m i n Engi neeri ng Uni versit y Taxil a and K ng of Ja iat illi m Rafi queM . Iqbal K lli ng of Sohail H i anif i n Lahore K lli ng of Ta hir J avai d in Sci ence i Coll egeW ahahdat Road Lahore K lli ng ofM . A i yub Khan i n Kohi st an K lli ng of Shei kh M . Naee i m in Fai sal abad K lli ng of A jad Al i Do gar i n i m Bha wal pur K lli ng of Shei kh N m i adee K lli ng of A i hsan U ah i n K ll arachi K lli ng of Shaukat ali i n Govt. Coll ege i of Technol ogy K achi ar K lli ng of Saad bi n Saha i n Kar achi i Uni versit y K lli ng of A ir A i m bbas i n K arachi K lli ng of Faisal bi n N a i aj m Ideol ogy St udents welfare V ol ence i 1989 Educati on Ideol ogy Ibi d. Pr ot est Pr ot est Pr ot est V ol ence i Ibi d.

K lli ng of A a U i n K i m z t llah arachi 24 Feb. 91 K lli ng of Al ee ud- di n Qur ai shi i n 1 A i m pril 91 Kar achi K ng ofM . N ani n K illi m u arachi 1 April 91

Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d.

17 Aug 89

16 Sep 1989

Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d. Ibi d.

24 D ec 89 6M arch 90 10 Ra azan m 1990 June 1990 5 Aug 1991 6 Ra azan m 1989 23 Feb 1991 23 Feb. 91 24 Feb. 91

BARGAD
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BARGAD
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R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

R evi sit i ng St ud en t Pol it i cs i n Paki st an

ANNEX 2: REVIEWS AND COMMENTS ON REVISITING STUDENT POLIITICS IN PAKISTAN

I have gl anced t hr ough contents of Revi siti ng St udent Politics i n Paki st an and fi nd t he effort obj ecti vel y ori ent ed wi t h l audabl e i nput of rel evant reference and keen anal ysis of pri a m rydat a. W ecert ai nl y need t o bal ance bet w een t he nobl e obj ectives behi nd t he st udent uni ons by obt aini ng best practices fro Paki st ani and m forei gn uni versities and t hep er ni ci ous aspects of st udent politics arisi ng m a l y fro m an pulated conditi on on the ca p in m i m uses by t he hi dden hands d uri ng l ong peri ods of i ll egitim a a nd te unconstit uti onal rul e. ---- Mazharul Haq Siddiqui S.I., Vice Chancellor University of Sindh Jamshoro

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Keepi ng in vi e w our experi ence w t h t he st udent at pri vate and i publi c sect or levels, we don ot feel any necessit y of gi vi ng opport unit y t o t he st udent uni ons. Decl arati on of lifti ng of ban on st udent uni on w ultim a y ill tel creat e pr obl e sfor teachersa nd taught i nsi de and out si de t he m ca puses. Pr esent experi ence show t hat t hose i nstit uti ons wer e m s successf ul i n pr ovi di ng excellent educati on t o t he st udent s whi ch wer e successful i n keepi ng t heir ca puses calm and m qui et. St udent uni ons, if all ow wi ll i nt erfere i n t he wor ki ng of ed, ad in m istrati on as t hey usuall y try t o do. They ad it t heir so m called or gani zati onal / cri i nal f ell ow i n t heir do ai n. I n m s m Paki st ani soci et y, t he st udent or gani zati ons are neit her political nor i deol ogi cal but t hey are for po wer & cl out m ak ing. A l l st udent gr oup for a m tions areo n political / i deol ogi cal basis and all of us have seen t he negatives repercussi ons of such acti vities i n educati onal pre ises. m ---- Prof. Dr. M. Latif Mirza, Acting Vice Chancellor The Islamia University (IUB) Bahawalpur

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The present st udy is a fut ureori ent ed qualitati ve anal ysi sb ased on i nt ensi ve literat ure andi nt er vi e w of m o t han t w y s re ent pr o inent st udent leaders and acti vists. Thi s st udy also gi ves a m co p m rehensi ve m a on student politics i n Paki stan. St udent trix politics i n Paki st an has extensi vel y been dependent upon t he m o tivati onal acti vities i n ter s of i deol ogi cal, r aci al, and m sect arian bif urcati ons or mut ual gr oup gri evances leadi ng t o t ort ure and sheer vi ol ence. It is co m endabl e on t he part of BARGAD who has or gani zed m nu erous publi c event s, group di scussi on, di al ogues, s t udy m circl es a nd s e inars a o t he st udent s, t he pr om inent m m ng educati onist and vari ous vi ce chancell ors of t he publ ic and pri vat e sect or uni versities. The consult ati on of BARGAD wi t h nu erous f i gures on st udent politics has cr eated a n m envir on en t o di scuss t hei ssue w t hi n t he uni versities and m t i hi gher educati on co m issi on. m

I we nt t hr ough dr aft st udy Revi siti ng St udent Politics in Paki st an written by Iqbal Hai der Butt. It is a good pi ece of work t o lear n about t he case of st udent politics i n Pakist an. Chapt er four is ver y especiall y i nt eresti ng. The t estim o ies and n i nt er vi e w of st udent leaders open eyes t o t he effect as t o ho w s st udent s have been used by political and reli gi ous forces. The realit y m u be published. It reveals t hat ever ybody wor ks and st wor ked on forei gn agendas. Ho we ver, if we depend ono ur sel ves and be abl e t o fi nd ri ght peopl e and beco eri ght as wella nd try t o m get ri d of hypocrisy, we c oul d have obt ai ned be st political leadershi p fro our educati onal i nstit uti ons. m Fi nall y, I woul d say t hat educati onal i nstit uti ons m u be pr ot ect ed st fro all political i nt erferences particul arl y fr o t he p olitical / m m Isla ist parties; so t hat no m o extre ists li ke Tali ban br and ar e m re m pr oduced. ---- Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ehsan Malik, Director General University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus

I UB assess en m t

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Fil ena e m : Revi siti ng St udent Politics i n Paki st an D rect ory: i C:\ +C 1 Te p m late: C:\ U sers\Iqbal H der ai Butt\ A D a\ Roa ing\ icrosoft\ Te p pp at m M m lates\ N m a dot or l. Titl e: Revi siti ng St udent Poli cti cs in Paki st an Subj ect: Aut hor: Iqbal H der Butt ai Key wor ds: Co m en m ts: Cr eati on D e: at 02-Jul-09 06: 43: 00 A M Change Nu ber: m 11 Last Saved O n: 16-Jul-09 07: 36: 00 A M Last Saved By: Iqbal H der Butt ai Tot al Editi ng T e m i : 18M inut es Last Pri nt ed O n: 16-Jul-09 07: 42: 00 A M As of Last Co p m lete Pri nti ng Nu ber of Pages: 178 m Nu ber ofW o m rds: 47, 652 (appr ox.) Nu ber of Charact ers: m 271, 618 (appr ox.)