The English-Russian World

-
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All things are difficult before they are easy.

THE ENGLISH-RUSSIAN NEWSPAPER

12 .

January 1, 2006 - 1 2006

Alcohols health benefits doubted

Any heart gains from drinking

[ alcohol in moderation are likely ] , outweighed by the harm, say [] [
researchers. The findings in The ], - .
Lancet suggest that
, [drinking a glass or
] [] (The
two of wine a day
Lancet), ,
may not be such a
[]
good idea.
, ,
Although past
[]
research suggests
[ ].
some heart benefits,

the New Zealand

team says the
[] ,
studies were flawed.
[ ]
Indeed, there is
,
more evidence that
T h e h a r m s a p p e a r t o
heavier drinking outweigh any heart benefits, .
provides the most the authors claim
,
heart protection , - ,
alcoholics have , relatively clean ,
arteries - they say.
[ - - However, in this ]

instance the other
- [].
health risks definitely outweigh the
, [ ]
benefits. Lead researcher Dr Rod
Jackson, from the University of . Auckland, and his team said: Any
coronary protection from light to [ ] : moderate drinking will be very small []
and unlikely to outweigh the harms. [] []
While moderate to heavy , drinking is probably coronary- , [] [ ].
protective, any benefit will be
, [] overwhelmed by the known harms. , [ ], , If so, the public health message , is clear. Do not assume there is a [].
window in which the health benefits
[] , [] of alcohol are greater than the harms . ,
- there is probably no free lunch. , []
Various studies published in the ,
1970s and 1980s suggested alcohol, - , [, ].
in moderation, could be good for
the heart.
[20 ] ,
Festive tipple is OK
,
These early observations were [] .
confirmed by pooling together of
-
findings from different studies,
,
which suggested a 20% to 25% [] reduction in heart disease risk , linked to light drinking.
, [] 20-25%
But Dr Jacksons team said that the way the studies were carried [ ].
out did not allow the researchers to
[ ] be able to say with certainty that [], , the findings could not due to other , factors rather than solely the amount of alcohol consumed.
, [] There is no evidence to suggest ,
that light to moderate alcohol .
consumption will actually harm the
, ,
heart, - Belinda Linden of the
British Heart Foundation
, - Belinda Linden, head of medical .
information at the British Heart
[ ]
Foundation said: This suggests
that light to moderate alcohol : []
consumption may only give a small , amount of protection against coronary heart disease, while the ,
benefits of moderate to heavy [drinking are likely to be outweighed ] , ,
by the overall harm that alcohol ,
can also cause.
.
The good news is that people
[ ]
can still enjoy alcohol in , moderation, especially during the ,
festive period.
.
0 1 0 0 6>

4 607092 240015

Enjoy ERW and save your time enlarging

your English vocabulary
in different fields of human activity.

,

.

Practice makes perfect.

1(50)

2006
Its never too late to start!
Happy New Year!
!

. 2

Nasa plans return to Moon by 2020

2020
. 2

Woman has first face transplant

. 4
. 4

Gifts and shopping

Vancouver is best place to live

. 5
. 6

Outsourcing of Jobs

Klondike and Alaska Gold Rush, Part 2

. 6

( 2)

There is no evidence to suggest

, that light to moderate alcohol , []
consumption will actually harm the heart. However over indulging can .
have an adverse effect on your [] [] health.
.
We should not encourage

people to start drinking specifically , [] ,
to protect their heart, as there are
much safer options.
[ ].
Our advice remains the same - the best way to reduce the risk of [heart disease is to quit smoking if ]: ,
you smoke, increase levels of , physical activity and eat a healthy [] balanced diet.
.
BBC, Friday,
2 December 2005, 10:24 GMT
1. benefit ['benIfIt] - ; ; ; .
2. doubt [daut] - , , ; , (about, of).
3. harm [daut] - ; , , (in; to); .
4. say [seI] - ; , ; , ;
; , .
5. findings ['faIndINs] - . , ; (); finding - ; , , ; ().
6. gain [geIn] - , ; , , ; , .
7. suggest [sq'Gest] - , ; , ;
(); ; ; , .
8. flaw [flL] - , , ( , . .), ( ); . , (), ; . , (
, . .); . , ; ;
; ; . , .
9. drinker ['drINkq] - , , ; ; ; hard drinker, heavy
drinker - .
10. occasional drinkers - ; occasional [q'keIZqnl] .
11. Low drinkers - ; low [lqu] - , , .
12. Moderate drinkers - ; moderate ['mOd(q)rIt] - ,
; , .
13. heavy drinkers - , ; heavy ['hevI] - ;
.
14. coronary ['kOrqnqrI] - . ; coronary artery - artery supplying blood
to the heart - , .
15. overwhelm ["quvq'welm] - . ; , , (, ); ; , ;
, (. . - , ,
; , ( . .).
16. diet ['daIqt] - , ; , ; ; , .

2 THE ENGLISH-RUSSIAN WORLD

January 1, 2006 - 1 2006

- 1(50)

Nasa plans return to Moon by 2020

2020

The mission is similar in concept to

Apollo

2020.
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Woman has first face transplant

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BBC, Monday,
19 September 2005,
15:50 GMT 16:50 UK
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BBC, Wednesday,
30 November 2005, 17:46 GMT

THE ENGLISH-RUSSIAN WORLD

January 1, 2006 - 1 2006

- 1(50) 3

Nasa plans return to Moon by 2020

2020
The US space agency Nasa has announced
plans to return to the Moon by 2020. Nasa
administrator Dr Michael Griffin said four
astronauts would be sent in a new space
vehicle, in a project that would cost $104bn
(f58bn).
We will return to the Moon no later than
2020 and extend human presence across the
Solar System and beyond, Dr Griffin said
on Monday.
Nasa sent several manned missions to the
Moon between 1968 and 1972. A total of 12
men walked on the lunar surface.
The concept borrows heavily from both
Apollo and the shuttle.
Different modules could be launched
separately into space then joined together
for the journey to lunar orbit. The new
missions would use rocket technology
already employed on the space shuttle to
cut the costs of development.
Apollo on steroids
Dr Griffin said the new rockets would be
very Apollo-like, with updated technology.
Think of it as Apollo on steroids.
The agency chief was keen to head off
criticism that the proposals amounted to a
re-tread of those missions: Much of it looks
the same, but thats because the physics of
atmospheric entry havent changed
recently, he said.
We really proved once again how much
of it all the Apollo guys got right.
Nasa is charged with implementing the
vision for space exploration, laid out in
January 2004 by President George W Bush.
This vision aims to return humans to the
Moon, and then to use it as a staging point
for a manned mission to Mars.
We believe this architecture... achieves
those goals in the most cost-effective,
efficient manner that we could do it, said Dr
Griffin in a news briefing at Nasa
headquarters in Washington DC.
The space shuttle is to be retired by 2010
in order to pay for its replacement, the Crew
Exploration Vehicle (CEV) - to be ready by
2012. This vehicle would be shaped like the
Apollo command and service modules, but
three times larger, and able to take four
astronauts to the Moon at a time.
Fly me to the Moon
Nasa would begin the first lunar expedition
by launching a lunar landing capsule and a
propulsion stage atop a new heavy-lift
rocket.
This will consist of a lengthened shuttle
external tank and a pair of solid rocket
boosters capable of putting up to 125 metric
tonnes in orbit - about one and a half times

the weight of a shuttle orbiter.

The cargo it carries could wait for up to 30
days in orbit for the astronauts to launch
aboard their CEV.
Carrying a crew of four, the CEV would
blast off atop a single solid-rocket booster
consisting of four segments - exactly like
those flown with the shuttle.
Once in orbit, the manned orbiter would
dock with the lunar lander and the propulsion
stage and begin the journey to the Moon.
After a three-day journey, the four
astronauts would climb into the lander craft,
leaving the CEV to wait for them in lunar
orbit.
After landing and exploring the surface
for seven days, the crew would then blast
off in a portion of the lander, dock with the
capsule and return to Earth, parachuting
through the atmosphere to dry land.
Nasa says it will be able to recover the
entry capsule, replace the heat shield and
re-launch the craft up to 10 times.
Reconstruction costs
Dr Griffin dismissed suggestions that
reconstruction of the Gulf Coast in the wake
of Hurricane Katrina could derail the
programme.
We must deal with our short-term
problems while not sacrificing our longterm investments in our future, the Nasa
chief said. When we have a hurricane, we
dont cancel the Air Force. We dont cancel
the Navy. And were not going to cancel
Nasa.
But Representative Bart Gordon, a
Tennessee Democrat on the US House
Science Committee, said in a statement:
This plan is coming out at a time when the
nation is facing significant budgetary
challenges.
Getting agreement to move forward on it
is going to be heavy lifting in the current
environment, and its clear that strong
presidential leadership will be needed.
Nasa also envisions the possibility of
building a semi-permanent lunar base, where
astronauts would make use of the Moons
natural resources for water and fuel.
(1) A heavy-lift rocket blasts off from
Earth carrying a lunar lander and a
departure stage
(2) Several days later, astronauts launch
on a separate rocket system with their Crew
Exploration Vehicle (CEV)
(3) The CEV docks with the lander and
departure stage in Earth orbit and then heads
to Moon
(4) Having done its job of boosting the
CEV and lunar lander on their way, the

departure stage is jettisoned

(5) At the Moon, the astronauts leave
their CEV and enter the lander for the trip to
the lunar surface
(6) After exploring the lunar landscape for
seven days, the crew blasts off in a portion
of the lander
(7) In Moon orbit, they re-join the waiting
CEV and begin the journey back to Earth
(8) On the way, the service component of
the CEV is jettisoned. This leaves just the
crew capsule to enter the atmosphere
(9) A heatshield protects the capsule;
parachutes bring it down on dry land,
probably in California
BBC, Monday,
19 September 2005,
15:50 GMT 16:50 UK
1. NASA ['nxsq] - National Aeronautics
and Space Administration -
c , ( ,
).
2. journey ['GWnI] - , ;
( ).
3. Apollo on steroids - - , , ; . - , , ; - -

Woman has first face transplant

The operation lasted several hours

Surgeons in France have carried out the first
face transplant, it has been reported. The woman
had lost her nose, lips and chin after being
savaged by a dog.
In the controversial operation, tissues,
muscles, arteries and veins were taken from a
brain-dead donor and attached to the patients
lower face.
Doctors stress the woman will not look like
her donor, but nor will she look like she did
before the attack - instead she will have a hybrid
face.
It has been technically possible to carry out
such a transplant for some years, with teams in
the US, the UK and France researching the
procedure.
Skin from another persons face is better for
transplants as it will be a better match than skin
from another part of the patients body, which

could have a different texture or colour.

But the ethical concerns of a face transplant,
and the psychological impact to the patient of
looking different has held teams back.
Concerns relating to immuno-suppression,
psychological impact and the consequence of
technical failure have so far prevented ethical
approval of the procedure in the UK, though
doctors here are fully able to perform
transplants.
Gravely disfigured
The 38-year-old French patient from the
northern French town of Valenciennes underwent
extensive counselling before her operation, which
is believed to have lasted at least five hours, and
which took place at the weekend at a hospital in
Amiens.
The French magazine Le Point reports that the
tissues, muscles, arteries and veins needed for
the transplant were taken from a multi-organ
donor in the northern city of Lille, who was
brain-dead.
The operations were carried out by a team led
by Professor Bernard Devauchelle and Professor
Jean Michel Dubernard.
In a statement, the hospital said the woman
had been gravely disfigured in the attack in May
this year.
She has been unable to speak or eat properly
since.
It added that the woman - who wishes to
remain anonymous - was in excellent general
health and said the graft looked normal
Live donors
Like any other transplant patient, the woman
will have to take immunosuppressant drugs to

help her body cope with the donated tissue.

Doctors working in the field say many could
benefit from the procedure, including 10,000
burns victims in the UK.
Iain Hutchison, an oral-facial surgeon at Barts
and the London Hospital, said: This is the first
face transplant using skin from another person.
But there are medical, and ethical, concerns of
facial transplants. Mr Hutchison, who is chief
executive of Saving Faces - the Facial Surgery
Research Foundation, warned blood vessels in
the donated tissue could clot, the
immunosuppressants could fail - and would
increase the patients risk of cancer.
Mr Hutchison added there were ethical and
moral issues around donating facial tissue.
Where donors would come from is one issue
that would have to be considered.
The transplant would have to come from a
beating heart donor. So, say your sister was in
intensive care, you would have to agree to
allow her face to be removed before the ventilator
was switched off.
And there is the possibility that the donor
would then carry on breathing.
Stephen Wigmore, chair of British
Transplantation Societys ethics committee,
said: The extent of facial expression which will
occur in the long term is unknown.
The skin tends to promote rejection by the
immune system very strongly and
immunosuppression is likely to need to be
kept at high levels for prolonged periods of time.
It is not clear whether an individual could be
left worse off in the event that a face transplant
failed.

,
, [].
4. head off [hed][Of] - ; ; (); ().
5. amount [q'maunt] - , ;
, ; (to).
6. cost-effective ['kOstI'fektIv] - ,
, .
7. news briefing [njHz]['brJfIN] -
-.
8. Washington DC ['wOSINtqn][dJ][sJ] , ,
(District Columbia - DC),
.
9. at a time [taIm] - .
10. lunar landing capsule ['lHnq]
['lxndIN]['kxpsjHl] -
.
11. propulsion stage [prq'pAlS(q)n][steIG]
- ,
.
12. heavy-lift rocket ['hevI][lIft]['rOkIt] , .
13. heat shield [hJt][SJld] - ; . - .
14. in the wake of - ; ;
-.
15. derail [dI'reIl] -
(. ); ;
; .

Mr Michael Earley, a member of the Royal

College of Surgeons facial transplantation
working party, said: If successful, this is a
major breakthrough in facial reconstruction.
It appears that this has been a partial face
transplant incorporating the nose and lips;
therefore issues relating to similarity in
appearance between donor and recipient are
unlikely to be a major problem.
We wish the patient and the team a successful
outcome and look forward to learning more
about the details of the procedure which could be
a major step forward for the facially disfigured.
BBC, Wednesday,
30 November 2005, 17:46 GMT
1. savage ['sxvIG] - ; , , , ; ,
( , . ).
2. immunosuppression [I'mjHnosq'preS(q)n] - . , .
3. relating to - .
4. fully ['fulI] - , , , , .
5. multi-organ donor [mAlti]['Lgqn]
['dqunq] - - ,
, .
6. She has been unable ... since -
...; . ...
.
7. graft [grRft] - (, ); (); . ; . .
8. Barts - . St Bartholomews
Hospital - .
9. intensive care - . .
10. look forward to - ; look forward
- ; .

4 THE ENGLISH-RUSSIAN WORLD

January 1, 2006 - 1 2006

Gifts and shopping

The early 20th century
20-
A little girl is given gifts in this
early 20th-century postcard
( )
Gifts have been exchanged at
Christmas and New Year for many
centuries. By the early 20th
century, the availability of a huge
range of gifts for both children
and adults had increased
dramatically. The streets of
London thronged with shoppers
in the days up to Christmas, and
the shops were open and ablaze with a riot of light and colour even on Christmas Eve.
Manufacturers and shopkeepers both large and small were keen to capitalise on the
commercial potential of Christmas. Gamages, a vast department store in Holborn, offered
nearly 500 pages of gifts in their Christmas Bazaar catalogue of 1913.
Childrens gifts proved a particularly lucrative market, and the sheer variety of games,
toys and other gifts thrilled Christmas shoppers. Some gifts were considered suitable for
both sexes. These included rocking horses, wooden farmyard animals, board games,
picture and adventure books, magic tricks, Noahs Arks and mechanical or stuffed
animals.
In 1911, Gamages filled its window with stuffed animals made by Steiff, including the
teddy bears which were hugely popular and became a symbol of the period. Other toys and
games were targeted specifically at one sex or the other. For girls, skipping ropes and, of
course, dolls were available in huge variety. Boys could expect toy soldiers and train sets.
Some of these gifts were left under the Christmas tree, but small treats could be left in
a stocking to be filled by Father Christmas. This custom was derived from a Dutch
tradition, whereby children fill their shoes with straw as a gift for Saint Nicholass horse,
in the hope that sweets will be left as a reward for their thoughtfulness. If they were deemed
to have been naughty, they received nothing.
Stockings were generally hung by the fireplace but were also left at the end of beds, as
one boy living in Shoreditch, in East London, described in 1881:
Woke up early in the morning ... found a crammed stocking hanging helplessly over
the side of my bed, for the next 10 minutes busily engaged in ransacking its contents which
were 2 bags of sweets, a pocket knife, oranges, almonds and raisins, packets of sweets
and 2 jockies caps ....
By Christine Lalumia, Society and Culture,
bbc.co.uk, 22 December 2005

Vancouver is best place to live

Vancouver is the worlds best place to live,
a survey by the Economist Intelligence Unit
(EIU) has found. The EIU ranked 127 cities in
terms of personal risk, infrastructure and the
availability of goods and services.
Most of the cities that fell into the top
liveability bracket were based in Western
Europe and North America.
The worst places were Algiers in Algeria,
and Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea
because many aspects of daily life present
challenges, the EIU said.
Safe havens?
Canadian cities scored well, as did Austrias
Canadians have a lot to toast in terms
Vienna and Switzerlands Geneva, because
of liveability, the EIU reckons
they are not seen as targets for terror attacks.
Top group - 1) Vancouver 2) Melbourne 3) Vienna 4) Geneva 5) Perth 6) Adelaide 7)
Sydney 8) Zurich 9) Toronto 10) Calgary. Source: EIU
The main uncertainty for people living in the those cities are climate-related, the EIU said.
In the current global political climate, it is no surprise that the most desirable destinations
are those with the lower perceived threat of terrorism, said Jon Copestake, editor of the
EIU report.
The survey has produced a mixed picture of the worlds cities. London was ranked in the
10th group, on a par with Dublin and Los Angeles, but one place below Manchester, four
behind Berlin, five lower than Tokyo, and six off Helsinki, Frankfurt and Stockholm.
Bottom 10 cities - 1) Tehran 2) Douala 3)Harare 4) Abidjan 5) Phnom Penh 6) Lagos
7) Karachi 8) Dhaka 9) Algiers 10) Port Moresby. Source: EIU
In Latin America, no city manages to present ideal living conditions, neither do any fall
into the category where extreme difficulties are faced, the EIU said.
Montevideo in Uruguay, Santiago in Chile and Buenos Aires in Argentina offer the
regions best conditions. Bogota in Columbia and Caracas in Venezuela score the least
favourably.
In Asia, cities in Japan, South Korea, Singapore, China and Taiwan all score well, as do
Australias main hubs.
Africa and the Middle East fare less well, with the EIU citing concerns about terror
attacks, and economic and political instability.
Some of the worst performing cities include Harare in Zimbabwe and Lagos in Nigeria.
BBC, Last Updated: Tuesday, 4 October 2005, 00:29 GMT 01:29 UK
1. toast [tqust] -
(-.) .
2. survey ['sWveI] - , ; .
3. reckon ['rek(q)n] - , , ; ; (. reckon up); ,
, ,
.
4. availability [q"veIlq'bIlItI] - , .

5. liveability - .
6. bracket ['brxkIt] - (
, . .).
7. challenge ['CxlInG] - ( , . .;
); . ,
.
8. haven ['heIvn] - ; , ; , , .

- 1(50)

1. gift [gIft] - , .
2. shopping ['SOpIN] - purchase of goods
etc.; goods purchased; (-.); , .
3. huge range of gifts - [] .
4. dramatically - , ; dramatic [drq'mxtIk] - , , , .
5. throng [TrON] - , ; ,
, ; , ; ; .
6. were keen to capitalise -
;
capitalise [kq'pItqlaIz] - ; .
7. department store [dI'pRtmqnt][stL]
- , .
8. proved [prHved] -; .
9. lucrative ['lHkrqtIv] - ,
, , .
10. market ['mRkIt] - , ;
(); ; .
11. sheer variety [SIq][vq'raIqtI] - ; sheer - , , , .
12. thrill [TrIl] - , ; , ;
, ; .
13. teddy bear ['tedI][bFq] -
.
14. rocking horses - .
15. wooden farmyard animals - .
16. adventure [qd'venCq] - .

17. board games [bLd][geIms] - .

18. Noahs Ark - .
19. stuffed animals [stAfed]
['xnIm(q)ls] -
.
20. skipping ropes - .
21. available [q'veIlqbl] - .
22. huge variety [hjHG][vq'raIqtI] .
23. toy soldiers [tOI]['squlGqs] - .
24. train sets [treIn][sets] -
.
25. stocking - .
26. Father Christmas ['fRDq]
['krIsmqs] - ; . .
27. treat [trJt] - .
28. Saint Nicholass horse -
(. ).
29. Dutch [dAC] - ; ( , ).
30. thoughtfulness [TLt'fulnIs] - .
31. deem [dJm] - , , , , .
32. naughty ['nLtI] - ,
, ; .
33. fireplace ['faIqpleIs] - , .
34. cram [krxm] - , ; ; ,
.
35. ransack ['rxnsxk] - ; , ; ;
, .
36. pocket knife ['pOkIt][naIf] - ; . .
37. oranges ['OrInGs] - .
38. almonds ['Rmqnds] - .
39. raisins ['reIzns] - . .
.
40. jockies caps - .

Maori welcomes tourist with head

The welcome ceremony is an important

part of Maori culture

A Maori performer taking part in a

traditional welcoming ceremony last month
has admitted head butting a tourist and
fracturing his nose.
Richard Minarapa Mitai-Ngatai told a
court in Rotorua, New Zealand, that he
thought the man was laughing at him.
Dutch tourist Johannes Scheffers and
others visiting Tamaki Maori Village had
been warned laughing was disrespectful.
A police sergeant said Mr Scheffers
accidentally gave a nervous grin.
Mr Scheffers had been chosen as one of
the tourist representatives at a welcome
ceremony held at Tamaki Maori Village in
Rotorua on North Island on 24 November.
He was told he would have to lift a peace

token placed at his feet.

During the final part of the ceremony, Mr Scheffers gave a nervous grin with no
intention to be disrespectful, said police sergeant Jim Broom, according to the New
Zealand Press Association.
Mr Mitai-Ngatai then stepped forward and head butted Mr Scheffers, causing him to
fall backwards with blood pouring from his nose.
His intention was to nudge him back into the line with the main group of visitors,
Mr Brooom told the court.
However, the force he used was well in excess of his intention.
Mr Mitai-Ngatai will be sentenced next month.
BBC, Last Updated: Friday, 9 December 2005, 11:16 GMT
6. disrespectful ["dIsrIs'pektful] - 1. Maori ['maurI] - . -s .
( , , , ); ( - (to).
7. grin [grIn] - .
).
8. representative ["reprI'zentqtIv] 2. butt [bAt] - ( ); , ; . - ; .
9. welcome ceremony - ; , ; .
.
10. peace token - .
3. token ['tquk(q)n] - , .
11. intention [In'tenS(q)n] - 4. nervous ['nWvqs] - , , , ; .
, .
12. nudge - , .
5. Dutch tourist [dAC]['tuqrIst] - 13. backwards ['bxkwqdz] - .
.
9. scored well - ; score [skL] -
, ( ).
10. target - , (. . ).
11. uncertainty [An'sWtntI] - , ; , , .
12. destination ["destI'neIS(q)n] -
, .
13. on a par - ;
(with).

14. perceive [pq'sJv] - ,

, ; ; , .
15. difficulties ['dIfIk(q)ltIs] - . ().
16. favourably - ; ; , ; ; .
17. hub [hAb] - . (,
, ).
18. fare [fFq] - , .

THE ENGLISH-RUSSIAN WORLD

January 1, 2006 - 1 2006

- 1(50) 5

Christmas Tree Farmers Ready for the Holiday

A festive evergreen, festooned with

garlands and sparkling decorations,
topped by a star or angel, is a cherished
symbol of the Christmas season. Fully a
third of the 27-million live Christmas trees
sold in the United States are grown on tree
farms in the Pacific Northwest. Thats where
we sent Correspondent Tom Banse to check
on the frenzied harvest.
Helicopters lift Christmas trees off of
hills where big trucks cant go. A lot of large
growers - like Mark Steelhammer - use
choppers to move trees fast. Yeah,
helicopters are around $600 an hour, plus,
he admits, but they move a lot of trees,
probably a thousand trees in an hour, at
least.

The heavy lifting is not the hardest part,

at least not this year.
Mr. Steelhammer notes that shipping
prices are higher than usual, and hes had a
hard time finding enough trucks to deliver
his lush greenery to customers around the
country. With the hurricanes back there
its good when it happened it probably
happened that early, not just a month ago.
But they are still using a lot of trucks of
course to bring supplies in for that, so were
competing with that.
Theres the daily battle to get fresh trees
to market, and then theres a larger war to
recapture market share from artificial
trees. Mark Steelhammer is President-elect
of the National Christmas Tree Association.
I have a real hard problem with thinking
about tradition with young kids especially
going to a store and getting the boxed up
plastic one from China. He shakes his head
as he looks across rows of his trees. To me,
thats not traditional. Or pulling it out of the
attic and dusting it off. I like real branches,
real needles and real smell, you know. He
says U.S. tree growers are stepping up the
offensive against fake trees by donating
money to a special marketing fund.
Artificial trees present a serious threat.
They now grace about one in three American
households. A fake tree doesnt cost much
more than a real one. It might even come with
lights built in.
Local growers have another challenge: a

Tree farmer Mark Steelhammer with

an airborne helper near Adna,
Washington

Harvesting noble firs near Mossyrock,

Washington

swelling inventory of Christmas trees. Mr.

Steelhammer says a surplus developed
because many tree farmers responded to
the recent decade of good prices by planting
more seedlings. Now wholesale prices are
sinking, anywhere from 5-30%. Prices have
come down a little and well still make good
money. Those who have watched their
operating expenses et cetera over the years
and not gone out and gone too crazy on big
new equipment will do fine, you know. But
the lower prices at wholesale are offset by
the increased cost of trucking.
Rochester, Washington tree grower John
Tilman figures hell still make money on his
harvest this year. Hes worked pretty much
non-stop from early November to the second
week in December cutting, baling, and
shipping Christmas trees. We cut them at
the last moment, he explains. As his
workers chainsaws whine, he adds, The
truck is coming tomorrow. That truck will
take these Noble Firs to Fresno, California.
Earlier, his crew filled a refrigerated container
destined for Hong Kong. In all, he sent
27,000 trees to market.
Now, like the nations 22,000 other
Christmas tree farmers, Mr. Tilman can
focus on setting up and decorating his own
holiday tree.
By Tom Banse, Lewis County,
Washington, VOA, 20 December 2005
1. farmer ['fRmq] - ; .
2. festive ['festIv] - , , .
3. evergreen ['evqgrJn] - ;
.
4. festooned with garlands -
; festoon [fes'tHn] - ;
; . , (with); garland ['gRlqnd] - , .
5. sparkling decorations ['spRklIN]
["dekq'reIS(q)n] - , .
6. angel ['eInG(q)l] - .
7. cherished symbol ['CerISed]
['sImb(q)l] - .
8. Christmas ['krIsmqs] - ;
Christmas trees - ;
tree [trJ] - .

9. check on [Cek][On] - . .
10. frenzied harvest - ;
frenzy ['frenzI] - , ; ; harvest - ; ;
; ( . .); ,
, , (.
harvest time); .
11. helicopter ['helIkOptq] - .
12. grower ['grquq] - . , .
13. chopper ['COpq] - .
14. shipping prices ['SIpIN][praIses] .
15. fake trees [feIk][trJs] - ; . - ;
artificial trees ["RtI'fIS(q)l][trJs] - .
16. boxed up [bOkst][Ap] -
.
17. attic ['xtIk] - ; .
18. lush greenery [lAS]['grJnqrI] - ; lush [lAS] - , ,
( );
.
19. customers ['kAstqmqs] - ,
.
20. truck [trAk] - ,
.
21. to recapture market share from
artificial trees -
.
22. offensive [q'fensIv] - ,
; ( -.).
23. threat [Tret] - , .
24. grace [greIs] - .
25. household ['haushquld] - ,
; , (
); , .
26. surplus ['sWplqs] - , , ; , ;
.
27. seedling ['sJdlIN] - ; ,
.
28. wholesale prices ['hqulseIl][praIses]
- .
29. baling [beIlIN] - ; .
30. operating expenses ['OpqreItIN]
[Iks'penses] - .
31. and not gone out -
.
32. and gone too crazy on big new
equipment -
[
].

. 2(27), 3(28), 4(29), 5(30), 6(31),

7(32), 8(33), 9(34), 10(35), 11(36), 12(37), 1(38), 2(39), 3(40), 4(41),
5(42), 6(43), 7(44), 8(45), 9(46), 10(47), 11(48), 12(49).

11

Perfect Form
1) ,
I
have
written
several
books,
,
become famous writer, but I have
.
not become happier.
2)
Several years have passed since Tom
, .
heard of him.
3) ?
Why havent you put the coat on?
4)
Will you have finished this article
?
by Monday?
5)
I
havent
seen
him
for
several
.
months.
6) - Have you bought something interesting
?
lately?
7) .
Ive never seen her in my life.
8) ?
Who hasnt eaten his/her breakfast yet?
9) ,
Please, be more attentive. Ive just
.
mentioned it.
.
10) .
Theyve been to America twice.
11) ,
I hope they will have finished their
1 .
work by the 1st of July.
12)
Had the typist typed the article
?
by 5 oclock?
13) ,
The whole family had gone to bed
.
when Tom returned home.
14) 11:30
What
will
Tom
have
done
?
by 11:30 on Saturday?
15)
Wont they have written the text
?
by teachers arriving?
16) ,
Jane was not hungry because she had

just had breakfast.
.
17)
By Christmas we had met almost
.
all our neighbours.
18)
I dont remember this man and
, .
dont think I have met him before.
19)
As
I
hadnt
got
an
answer
,
I sent him another letter.
.
20)
I
havent
seen
George
recently.
.

1 Perfect Form:

SIMPLE FORM

1) - -

PROGRESSIVE FORM

1) - , -

,

,
,

.

2)
-

2)
BE + V4

(4- ,
.. + -ing:
BE+V(-ing)).

PERFECT FORM

1) - ,

.
2)
HAVE + V 3

(3- )

PERFECT PROGRESSIVE FORM

1) - ,

(Perfect)
,

(Progressive).

2)
HAVE BEEN + V4 =
= HAVE BEEN + V(-ing).

, ,
Perfect Progressive Form.
, :
) ...

( )



- .

THE ENGLISH-RUSSIAN WORLD

January 1, 2006 - 1 2006

- 1(50)

Klondike and Alaska Gold Rush, Part 2

( 2)

Today we print the second part of our buy their supplies in Skagway. They had to
story about the discovery of gold in the area pay extremely high prices for everything
of Canada called the Yukon. We tell about they needed.
When they had gathered all the supplies,
the thousands of people who traveled to
Alaska and on to Canada hoping that they the gold seekers then faced the extremely
hard trip into Canada. Their first problem
would become rich.
Last week, we told how three men was crossing over a huge mountain. They
discovered huge amounts of gold near the could cross the mountain in one of two
Yukon River in northwestern Canada. Their places the White Pass and the Chilkoot
discovery started a rush of people traveling Pass. Each gold seeker began by moving
to the American territory of Alaska and his supplies to the bottom of the mountain.
across the border to Canada. History experts Their progress to the mountain was painfully
believe that between twenty and thirty- slow.
A man named Fred Dewey wrote to friends
thousand people traveled to the area.
back home that it took him two weeks just to
A publication about the Klondike.
move his supplies from
Newspapers
printed
Skagway to the
stories that said it was easy
mountain. His wrote
to become rich. All you had
that his body hurt
to do was pick up the gold
because of the
from the ground. Books and
extremely hard work.
magazines told how to travel
Then the gold
to the area and the best
seekers had to move
method of finding gold.
their supplies up the
However, most of this
mountain. Some men
information was false. It was
made as many as thirty
not easy to find gold. It was
trips before they had
extremely hard work under
all of their supplies at
very difficult conditions.
the top. But others
A hotel in Skagway,
looked
at
the
Alaska. (Photo - National
mountain and gave up.
Park Service)
A hotel in Skagway, Alaska.
They sold their
The first ship carrying the
(Photo - National Park Service) supplies and went
gold seekers arrived in the
, back to Skagway.
port town of Skagway,
.
( - At the top of the
Alaska, on July twenty-sixth,
mountain was the
e i g h t e e n - n i n e t y - s e v e n . )
United States border
These people were very
lucky. It was summer and the weather was with Canada. Canadian officials weighed
warm. However, they found few places to the supplies of each man. If the supplies did
live in Skagway. Most people had to make not weigh enough, the men were sent back.
temporary houses out of cloth. Skagway They were not permitted to cross into
was a very small port town. It had very few Canada.
A gold seeker who had successfully
stores. And everything was very costly.
Skagway also had a crime problem. One of traveled up the mountain still faced the most
the chief criminals was a man named difficult and dangerous part of the trip. Both
Jefferson Randolph Smith. He was better trails up the mountain ended near Lake
known as Soapy Smith. He did his best to Bennett in British Columbia. From there it
take money from men who were on their way was almost nine-hundred kilometers by boat
down the Yukon River to the town of Dawson
to seek gold.
One method he used seems funny, now. were gold had been discovered.
But there was no boat service. Each person
Soapy Smith had signs printed that said a
person could send a telegram for five dollars. or small group had to build their own boat.
Many people paid the money to send They cut down many trees to build the
telegrams to their families back home to say boats. Within a few months, some forests in
the area were gone.
they had arrived safely in Skagway.
The summer quickly passed and winter
But they did not know that the telegraph
office wires only went into the nearby forest. began. The gold seekers were still building
It was not a real telegraph office. It was a lie their boats. The Yukon River turned to ice.
Soapy Smith used to take money from people Winter in this area was extremely cold. The
temperature often dropped to sixty degrees
who passed through Skagway.
Most of the gold seekers wanted to quickly below zero Celsius. The cold could kill an
travel to the area where gold had been unprotected person in just a few minutes.
American writer Jack London was among
discovered. However, the Canadian
government required that each person had the gold seekers. He became famous for
to bring enough supplies to last for one year writing about his experiences in Alaska and
if they wanted to cross the border into Canada. He wrote a short story that perhaps
Canada. This was about nine-hundred best explains the terrible conditions gold
seekers faced. It is called The White
kilograms of supplies.
People who brought their supplies with Silence.
In the story, Mister London explained
them on the ship were lucky. Others had to

ECONOMICS

Companies often give work to an outside

business that can do the job for less money
than their own employees could. This is
called outsourcing. Outsourcing has become
a political issue in the campaign for the
American presidential election in November.
Many companies in the United States
have been moving jobs to countries where
costs are much lower. Factory production
jobs have moved away for years. But the
jobs now also involve computer
programming and other skills based on
knowledge.
Labor groups and workers are angry. They
point to reports that say the United States
has lost two-and-a-half million jobs since
two-thousand-one. Most were jobs in
manufacturing. Some states have lost more
jobs than others. But no one seems to know
for sure how many jobs left the country.
There was a recession. Jobs were cut.
Yet, so far, the economic recovery has
produced fewer jobs than expected. So

how the extreme cold made the world seem thousand-million dollars today.
The great Yukon gold rush was over by
dead. It caused strange thoughts. He said
the cold and silence of this frozen world the end of eighteen-ninety-nine. As many
seemed to increase a mans fear of death. of the gold seekers began to leave, news
This cruel cold could make a man afraid of spread of another huge discovery of gold.
Gold had been found in Nome, Alaska. Gold
his own voice.
The story also tells what could happen to was later discovered in another part of
a person who had an accident. There were Alaska in nineteen-oh-two.
Today, people visiting the area of the
not many doctors in the gold fields. A
seriously injured person could only expect great Klondike gold rush can still find very
to die. Jack Londons many stories truthfully small amounts of gold. The amount of gold
explained just how hard it was to be a gold is not much. But it is enough to feel the
excitement of those gold seekers more than
seeker in eighteen-ninety-seven.
By the end of winter, the area around Lake one-hundred years ago.
The Voice of America,
Bennett was a huge temporary town of more
Broadcast: October 8, 2003
than ten-thousand people. They were all
waiting for the ice to melt so they could
1. Klondike ['klOndaIk] - ,
continue on to the gold fields. On May
twenty-eighth, eighteen-ninety-eight, the - Yukon River could again hold boats. The ice
, was melting. That day,
1896 ,
more than seven .
thousand boats began
2. Gold Rush [gquld] [rAS]
the trip to Dawson.
- ;
Many of these gold
gold - ; rush - seekers did not
,
survive the trip on the
, , , Yukon River. All of the
; , boats had to pass
, .
through an area called
3. stories ['stLrIs] the White Horse
. Rapids. The water there
, ;
was
fast
and
Soapy Smith
dangerous.
Many (Photo - National Park Service) story ['stLrI] - ,
, ; boats turned over.

Many of the gold ( - ; .
4. cloth [klOT] -
seekers died.
)
(
At last, the remaining
gold seekers reached the city of Dawson. ;
Dawson had been a small village before the . ).
5. He did his best - ,
discovery of gold. It became a big city within
a short time. Stores and hotels were quickly ; . .
built. The price of everything increased.
6. gold seeker [gquld] ['sJkq] - One man named Miller brought a cow to
Dawson. He sold the milk for thirty dollars .
7. to cross into Canada - for a little less than four liters. For the rest of
his life he was known as Cow Miller. He ; . [did not get rich seeking gold. But he made a ] . But there was no boat
service - []
great deal of money selling milk.
Many people did the same thing. They ; boat [bqut] - ;
bought supplies in the United States and ; ; .
8. gone [gOn] - , (
moved them to Dawson. Then they sold
); , ; everything at extremely high prices.
The gold seekers quickly learned that ; . . . go.
9. experience [Iks'pIqrIqns] - (most of the valuable areas of land had already
been claimed by others. Many gave up and ) ; , ; went home. Some gold seekers searched in , .
10. gold fields [gquld] [fJlds] - other areas. Others went to work for people
; . - .
who had found gold.
11. rapids ['rxpId] - , -
Experts say about four-thousand people
became rich during the great Klondike gold rush. Groups of men formed large companies .
12. claim [kleIm] - ; and began buying land in the area. The large
companies used huge machines to dig for ;
gold. One of these companies continued to -. (for); . . . make a profit digging gold until nineteen- ,
sixty-six. History records say that in only ; .
13. one-thousand-million dollars -
four years the area around Dawson produced
more than fifty-one-million dollars in gold. = This would be worth more than one- .

Outsourcing of Jobs

outsourcing has created an emotional
debate.
Lou Dobbs has a business news program
on CNN television. He keeps a list of
companies that have sent jobs to foreign
countries. Almost every night, Mister Dobbs
talks about what he calls the exporting of
America.
Gregory Mankiw [man-CUE] is the
chairman of the Council of Economic
Advisers to President Bush. Recently Mister
Mankiw said outsourcing is probably good
for the economy in the long term. He said it
makes sense to import goods or services
produced at lower cost. He called it just a
new way of doing international trade.
Most economists would probably agree.
But Democrats and Republicans criticized
Mister Mankiw. He later apologized for
having appeared to praise the loss of United
States jobs.
Criticism of outsourcing has led some
people to condemn free trade. They argue

that if jobs are lost to foreign countries, then

America should seek protective measures.
The director general of the World Trade
Organization does not see it that way.
Supachai Panitchpakdi says one-third of all
economic growth in the United States since
nineteen-ninety resulted from international
trade.
Mister Supachai says training and
education can create new opportunities for
workers. He says exports have helped create
five-million new jobs in America in the last
ten years. He says those jobs pay ten-percent
above the average.
By Mario Ritter, The VOA Special
English Economics Report.
Broadcast: March 5, 2004.
1. outsourcing [aut'sLsIN] -
, , .

2. cost [kOst] - , (.
. ); cost, insurance and freight (.
. i. f.) . - , , ; prime cost - ;
(); ; sunk
costs - (, );
, ( , ).
3. job [GOb] - , (
); ; . , (, ), ; , .
4. for sure - ; .
5. how many jobs left the country - ; .
- .
6. recession [rI'seS(q)n] - , ; economic recession - .
7. CNN [sJ][en][en] - . Cable
News Network -
( ).
8. so far - .
9. average ['xv(q)rIG] - ;
; (
); ; , , , .

THE ENGLISH-RUSSIAN WORLD

January 1, 2006 - 1 2006

- 1(50) 7

Klondike and Alaska Gold Rush, Part 2

( 2)

- []. , -
, . , ,
, .

[] , , []
, . ,
.
( , - .) , , ,

[
] [ ]
,
- .
[
]
. []
, [ .
]
, []
. [], ,
- . , [
]
Skagway, Alaska
[] ,
.


[] .
. , .
[] [ [],
, ] ,
[] . , - [] [] . . - , [] . []
, - -
[ ] - [] [ . , ] . [] - []
. . . .
.

, [] ,
, , , [ 1897 . - ] .
. - [ ] ,
. -
. - .

. - [] .
-
. - [] ,
[ ]
. .
- [ ]. . - [
]. []
. .
.
[] - .
, []
.
[] [ ] .
, [ ,
[ ], - ], . - . , , .
, [] . - [] ,
- , [].
.
, - [ ]
[] - . []
. - []

ECONOMICS

, [ ] , [] . . [ ] []
. . .
[] . - . . .
[
]
.
[ ].
,
,
. [ ] [] .



[] .
.

, .
.
, .
.
[] .
[
.
] [] [ ] .
The Yukon River
.

[]

.
. ,
, -
. , - . , , [ ]
, . . - [] . ,
[ ].
, - , .
,
. [] [] . [- ] [], - [ [] ].
, , - [] . . [-
, [ ].
] .
[] [, , ] , 1966 .
. , [ ] -
. [
] .
. - , [ ].

1897 .
, - 1899 . [ ]

[ ] [ ], . [] - []
, - .
[] - [] , . . 1898 [] 1902 .
, ,
. . ,
[] [ , ] .
- [] .
[ ] , [ . ] . ,
, ,
. . [ ] .
The Voice of America,
.
Broadcast: October 8, 2003
[].

Outsourcing of Jobs

[] ,
[ ],
[ ] [ ]. .

[2004].
,
[ ]
. , [ ] [] , [ ]
[] .
[ ]
[]
[], .
[] []. -

[], [ ],
[] 2002 [
]. [] [ ].
, . , , ,
[ ].
[ ]
. []. , []
, . ,
[, ] .
[] [] [] -- (CNN).

,
[] . [
], [] , .
[
]
. - ,
, , . , [] ,
.

.
, ,
[ ]. [] -
.
, , ,

[] .
. , , [
] ,
.
[] [ ]. ,

1990
.
- ,
. ,
.
, [] [].
By Mario Ritter, The VOA Special
English Economics Report.
Broadcast: March 5, 2004.

8 THE ENGLISH-RUSSIAN WORLD

January 1, 2006 - 1 2006

In the newspaper, where it is possible, the structure of sentences in Russian translation keeps
the structure of the original ones in English. In the most cases there is word-for-word
correspondence between two texts to reduce the readers references to the dictionary. Alternative
variants of the translation and additional conjunction words are given in the square brackets.
The text, allocated by a bold font, is explained at the bottom of each article.

Killed sparrow to go on display

(. . ERW N49(12))
A sparrow which was shot dead
, [
for knocking over 23,000 , ] 23 []
dominoes in the Netherlands is , [] to go on display at Rotterdams [] .
Natural History Museum. The bird
almost

spoiled
a
[] televised world

record attempt
before it was killed
[]
with an air rifle.
.
The shooting
[]
caused a public
[]
outcry. Animal
rights
groups
. [condemned the
]
birds killing last

month and a
website
was
, [] erected in its
[] honour.
[ The museum is planning an exhibition ] .
On Friday, the
birds killer was on sparrows
,
fined for shooting
[] a
protected
, species.
[Prosecutors
said
the ] [] [
exterminator who killed it should ].
have known better and fined him
, [],
170 euros (f114; $200).
[], ,
Freezer
[ ], The organisers argued the 170 (114 ; 200
killing was justified, as more than ).
100 people had worked for a

month setting up the dominoes,

[ -]
but they held a TV memorial for [ ], ,
the bird.
100 They went on to topple about , [] , four million dominoes, claiming a
new record - which still has to be .
verified by Guinness World
[ ] Records.
[]
The bird was kept in a , ,
government freezer after its killing []
became a criminal matter.
.
It will be placed on top of a box
[ ]
of dominoes in an exhibition on ,
sparrows next year.
.
By Geraldine Coughlan,
[ ] []
BBC News, The Hague, , [] ,
Last Updated: Sunday, .
11 December 2005, 19:01
1. knock over [nOk]['quvq] - .
2. outcry ['autkraI] - ; , , ; . ; .
3. natural history ['nxCr(q)l]['hIst(q)rI] - .
4. animal rights groups - .
5. shooting ['SHtIN] - ; .
6. exterminator [Iks'tWmIneItq] - ; .
7. outrage ['autreIG] - , ; , .
8. domino-toppling ['dOmInqu]['tOplIN] - - ; the Dutch and Japanese have embraced
the sport of domino toppling like we have embraced football.

Italian truffle fetches top price

A truffle weighing 1.2kg (2.6 pounds)

, 1,2 (2,6 )
has gone under the
95
hammer for 95,000 euros
(112 . ; 64
($112,000; f64,000) at an
. )
international charity

auction in Italy. An

anonymous buyer .
reportedly from Hong Kong - purchased the
,
white truffle via satellite
,
link-up.

A white truffle is a
.
very rare type of
mushroom that grows
White truffles are prized by ,
underground.
gourmets
A 850g (1.9-pound)
.

white truffle bought for
f28,000 ($50,000; 42,000
850 (1,9
euros) last year was
), 28
then said to be the worlds most (50 . ; 42
expensive.
. ) ,
BBC, Monday, .
14 November 2005, 01:09 GMT
1. fetch [feC] - , ; , ( up); ,
, ( ).
2. gourmet ['guqmeI] - . . , .
3. prize [praIz] - . , ( ).
4. has gone under the hammer - ( ).
5. charity ['CxrItI] - , , ( ); ; .
6. via ['vaIq] - . . , ; -., -..

- 1(50)

, , .
, .
-.
, , .

Koizumi rides Segway to work

( - . ERW N2(39) 1 2005 1(3) 1 2001 )

Japans media-friendly Prime

- Minister Junichiro Koizumi turned , up to work on
,
Friday on a new

motorised
[]
Segway scooter.
It was the first
time Mr Koizumi
- . [
had been seen on
] -
the scooter since

he was given it
,
as a present by

US President
George W Bush.

Mr Koizumi
.
said he got to
- ,
grips with the
machine at his

home
on
.
Thursday.
He
steered
[]
around
his

courtyard and
reversed easily.
.
Its pretty
,
comfortable, he
- told reporters.
.
Mr Bush has
-
appeared less at
[
ease, falling off
],
his Segway in
2003
Mr Koizumi said he felt comfortable .
2003.
Mr Koizumi, on board
- , [- , with
his
t r a d e m a r k [] - ] [flowing hair, is []
] ,
not averse to a
photo opportunity. In June, in a bid . , to promote less air conditioning in [] offices, he appeared in an open- [ necked Okinawan shirt.
], [
BBC, Last Updated: Friday, ] .
16 December 2005, 11:10 GMT
1. scooter ['skHtq] - ; ; (
).
2. turned up [tWned][Ap] - .
3. he got to grips with the machine - ; machine
[mq'SJn] - , ; .
4. averse [q'vWs] - , ; , , (to - -.).
5. Okinawa ["OkI'nRwq] - , .
6. trademark ['treIdmRk]- , .
7. open-necked ["qupqn'nekt] - , .
8. shirt [SWt] - ; ;

"" (),
- 82016 (), - 31788,
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2002 - 2005 . - 15 . 84 .
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