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Contents
1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 TCH occupation signaling & relevant counters ...................................................................................... 3 2.1 TCH occupation signaling................................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Definition of TCH congestion indicator............................................................................................ 3 3 Causes of radio network congestion ......................................................................................................... 5 4 Problem handling procedures ................................................................................................................... 7 5 Common solutions to TCH congestion ..................................................................................................... 9 5.1 Common methods for controlling traffic volume.............................................................................. 9 5.1.1 Cell selection parameters ....................................................................................................... 9 5.1.2 Cell reselection parameters .................................................................................................. 11 5.1.3 Handover based on layers .................................................................................................... 11 5.1.4 Control of cell coverage ....................................................................................................... 13 5.2 Open HR ......................................................................................................................................... 14 5.2.1 Dynamic HR switching threshold ........................................................................................ 14 5.2.2 Suggestions on HR application ............................................................................................ 15 5.2.3 Some matters to be noted in HR application ........................................................................ 16 5.3 Network expansion ......................................................................................................................... 17 5.3.1 Flow of network expansion .................................................................................................. 17 5.3.2 Principles of network expansion .......................................................................................... 18 6 Typical cases ............................................................................................................................................. 21 6.1 High TCH congestion rate at an overseas BTS after site swap ....................................................... 21 6.2 Congestion due to traffic burst ........................................................................................................ 23
i
1 Overview
Along with the development in telecommunication industry and introduction of competitive mechanism, subscribers' demand for high network quality is increasing, which has put the service quality of radio network at a more prominent position. Network quality is usually reflected in the indicators like congestion rate, call drop rate and call quality, etc.. Congestion often brings inconvenience to subscribers, thus it is the most complained problem. Besides, network congestion rate is also one important indicator to evaluate network operation situation. High congestion rate will affect indicators like call drop rate, handover success rate and call establishment rate, etc.. Therefore, currently its of great importance to reduce system congestion and improve network operation quality.
Upon receiving Assignment Request from MSC, BSC will search for suitable TCHs. If no usable TCHs are available, BSC will send a Assignment Failure message to MSC with the cause of no radio resource available. Refer to Fig 2-1 for details.
formula V3 (6.20)
(C900060020+C900060031+C900060043+C900060047)*100% /(C900060019+C900060030+C900060042+C900060046)
Low
Yes
Yes
Unreasonab le
s
Yes
Yes
Complete
Fig 5-1
Cell selection
Usually, priority of all cells should be set Normal, i.e. CBQ=0. In some cases, like microcell application, dual-band network, multi-layer network, etc., operators may favorably want MS to access into certain type of cells, we can set priority of these cells as Normal and that of other cells as Low, or in some high traffic areas we can set cells priority as Low to reduce their load. CBQ has no influence on selection but cell reselection. CBQ and C2 should be used coordinately in optimization. In order to make dual-band cell phones access into 1800M system, we can set CBQ and CBA values to make a difference in priority of DCS1800 and GSM900 networks, so that 1800M network will be chosen preferably (cells priority wont affect cell reselection). The relations among CBQ, CBA, cell selection priority and cell reselection condition are shown bellow:
Table 5-1
Relations among CBQ, CBA, cell selection priority and cell reselection condition CellBarAccess 0 1 0 1 Cell selection priority Normal Barred Low Low Cell reselection condition Normal Barred Normal Normal
CellBarQualify 0 0 1 1
In order to make MS choose 1800M network, we can set 1800M cell with Normal priority, its CBQ=0, CBA=0; set 900M cell with Low priority, its CBQ = 1, CBA = 0.
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when PT=31;
CRO = CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET; TO = TEMPORARY_OFFSET; PT = PENALTY_TIME. According to C2 standard, in order to reduce cell reselection in dual-band network, we can set CRO of DCS1800 cell a large value to make C2 in DCS1800 larger than that in GSM 900, so as to keep MS residing in DCS1800 cells. During cell reselection, if we need some idle cells to share some traffic load with those with high traffic volume, we can increase their CRO; conversely, when some cells suffer from high congestion rate, we can set PT=31, reduce value of C2 in the serving cell, thus push away some traffic volume and reduce TCH load. We must note that CRO can not be set over 20dB. Example: Suppose an area is covered by two cells simultaneously (GSM900 cell and DCS1800 cell), and the two cells access priority is the same, CRO of DCS1800 cell=20, CRO of GSM900 cell=0, PT and TO of the two cells are 0, strength of MS receiving signal from GSM900 cell is -68dBm, that from DCS1800 is -78dBm, and their minimum access level is the same, -104dBm. Then C1900=-68-(-104)=36, C11800 =-78-(-104)=26. MS selects GSM900 cell when its powered on. After a while, in cell reselection, MS will resides in DCS1800 cell, because C2900=-68-(-104)+0-0=36, C21800=-78-(-104)+20-0=46.
most commonly used handover algorithms comprise PBGT handover, traffic handover, macro-micro handover. Traffic control in dual-band network can be reached through these handover algorithms, which are simply described as follows: PBGT handover Through setting PBGTHoLayer and NCellLayer, we can control whether the handover can be carried out among undefined layer, same layer different frequency band, upper layer, and lower layer, thus we can reach flexible control over traffic distribution. For specific parameters, please refer to relevant technical guidebooks. Traffic handover Through setting parameters: layer priority-TrafficHoLayrCtl (same layer, upper layer, lower layer), frequency band TrafficHoFreqCtl and NCellLayer, we can contol the layer and frequency band for target cell of traffic handover, and traffic distribution can be controlled flexibly as well. Settings for relevant parameters: Open traffic handover Traffic handover threshold can be set70; Level threshold for traffic handover TrafficLevThscan be set 0dB; Frequency control value TrafficHoFreqCtl can be set 0. Macro-micro handover Macro-micro handover is to handover the MS moving with slow speed from macro cell layer to micro cell layer. The micro cell mentioned here is just a concept in logic. In this example, DCS1800 cell can be regarded as micro cell, and the macro-micro handover can only be carried out to adjacent cells on lower layer. Relevant parameters: Set layer relations and set DCS1800 cell layer Lower; Open macro-micro handover function; Macro-micro handover threshold MacroMicroHoThs can be: -90-80dBm
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Table 5-2 13
Actual maximum output power Pn Maximum output power Maximum output power 2dB Maximum output power 4dB Maximum output power 6dB Maximum output power 8dB Maximum output power 10dB Maximum output power 12dB
5.2 Open HR
As for TCH/FS Full rate Speech or TCH/EFSEnhanced Full rate Speech, 24 frames among the 26 are used to carry speech data, 1 frame (the 13th frame) used for transmitting channel associated signaling SACCH (Slow Associated Control Channel), and another 1 frame (the 26th frame) is idle frame. When the system adopts TCH/HSHalf rate Speech, the multi-frame structure of air interface wont change. The odd frame is assigned to a MS and the even frame is assigned to another one, the original 13th frame is the first MS SACCH, the original 26th frame (idle frame) is the second MS SACCH. In this way, the channel, which could carry one TCH/FS or TCH/EFS channel before, can carry two TCH/HS channels now, thus the channel capacity is doubled. The relation between frame structures of FR channel and HR channel is shown bellow:
Fig 5-3
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switching process will be triggered if conditions are fulfilled. In this way, the percentage of HR channel in the system is in a dynamic status. Switching threshold is used in cells. The parameter represents the percentage of TCH in the cell, whose calculation formula is shown bellow: According to actual network operation, default threshold recommended by ZTE is 70%. In the process of dynamic HR application, actual traffic volume can be obtained from performance statistics, and number of TCH needed can be obtained from ERLB. HR switching threshold can be obtained from calculation.
HR is also a network expansion scheme, when frequency resource is limited in dense urban area and the BTS type doesnt allow expansion. Under this circumstance, please note that percentage of open HR shall not exceed 30%, and try to keep the drop of speech quality within the range acceptable to subscribers. HR application at areas with lower-end subscribers Considering network completion and their brand competitiveness on market, operators are willing to provide coverage at some areas with lower-end subscribers, like remote villages. While in most cases number of subscribers in these areas is very thin, and the ARPU is rather low, thus operators input-and-output ratio is very low. Since the lower-end subscribers' demand for speech quality is not high, only getting through is acceptable to them, so combining with some techniques for larger coverage, HR can be adopted to satisfy calling demand at large areas, so as to realize low-cost coverage. Both static and dynamic HR can be adopted. Besides, traffic burst can happen to lower-end areas too, under the circumstances like assemblies, migration of people, etc.. HR can be adopted to solve the problem.
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speech quality. Generally, the use of HR shall not exceed 30%. Terminal(MS) ability to support Use of HR depends on terminal (MS) ability to support; currently, a certain percent of terminals dont support HR services; according to statistical result, above 75% terminals (MS) in China support HR. It's suggested that the ratio of FR to HR channel assignment be controlled at 6:4 in commercial systems. Adjustment can be made in other countries and areas according to actual situations.
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Each cells busy hour traffic Total of traffic overflowed Average call time TRX available in the cell
Export each cells traffic (busy hour) report of the most recent week Filter out each cells max traffic volume to be the base of expansion calculation.
After certain percent of HR is open, look up in Erl B and obtain the cells theoretical busy hour traffic, marked as Erl (theoretical, incl. HR)
No
Busy hour overflowed traffic=total of traffic overflowed* average call time/ 3600
Calculate each Calculate number of cells overflowed TRX needed for traffic of busy expansion (actual hour (traffic lost need) due to congestion) Yes
Look up in Erl B, get number of TRX needed when GOS=2% and Erl (actual) is fulfilled.
Actual busy hour traffic=busy hour traffic + busy hour overflowed traffic
Obtain the cells actual busy hour traffic volume Erl (actual)
TRX(actual need)>max number of TRX allowed Yes No make TRX expansion (GSM900/1800),
Look up in Erl B, obtain the cells theoretical busy hour traffic Erl (theoretical) Erl(actual )> Erl(theoretical) No
First make TRX expansion (GSM900/1800), total number of TRX shall not exceed the max allowed. Is capacity need fulfilled?
Yes
No expansion need
Cell split
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Conditions for cell split Cell-split is aimed at macro-cells; Macro-cells of single frequency band; In the BTS, which the macro-cell belongs to, there is only one busy cell; the cell can be split; Pay attention to adjustment of antenna parameters during cell-split. Conditions for setting up new GSM900 BTS If the traffic need still can not be satisfied when the TRX is expanded to the max allowed, new BTSs need to be set up; The average distance between the BTS and those around >400m, and number of TRX configured in the BTSs around doesnt reach the max allowed for GSM900, in this case, new GSM900 BTSs can be set up. Conditions for setting up GSM1800 BTS If the traffic need still can not be satisfied when the TRX is expanded to the max allowed, new BTSs need to be set up; The average distance between the BTS and those around >400m; and number of TRX configured in the BTSs around has reached the max allowed for GSM900, new GSM900 BTSs would make the frequency interference out of control. In this case, we can set up new GSM1800 BTSs, and make them co-site with those of GSM900 to absorb some traffic.
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6 Typical cases
6.1 High TCH congestion rate at an overseas BTS after site swap
Problem description: TCH congestion rate at an overseas BTS was shown higher than usual after it's been swapped with ZTE equipment. Problem analysis: From the dynamic data management, we observed that all FR TCHs have been occupied, while a lot of HR TCHs were idle in 3 cells. After investigating TCH configuration in the 3 cells, we found that except the BCCH TRX all the other 3 TRXs in the cells were configured with HR TCH, while the BCCH TRX was just configured with 3 FR TCH. Therefore, the congestion probably occurred on FR TCH. Through signaling analysis, we found congestion just occurred on the assigned FR TCH. Basically, it was confirmed that the assignment failure was caused by congestion due to lack of FR TCH. From the recorded signaling, we didnt find assignment failure of HR TCH. After checking the channel assignment parameters of MSC, BSC and cells, we found the system takes the first speech version assigned by MSC as default; after most TRXs were configured with HR TCH, the channel assignment priority in radio parameters has not been changed accordingly, which led to channel assignment according to the default, while there were only 3 FR TCH, thus TCH congestion was inevitably resulted. The primary cause of this problem is that certain percent to MSs do not support HR. Problem handling: Adjust ChanSelectPrio (channel selection priority), change the default No Select to half Rate First as shown in Fig 6-1:
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Considering that about 1015 of MSs do not support HR TCH, increase number of FR TCH to 15% of total TCH. After parameter adjustment, congestion rate dropped obviously.
Table 6-1
Related congestion indicators before parameter adjustment TCH TCH attempt TOTAL CALLS KEY total num(exclude handover) TCH overflow total num(exclude handover)
date
UserLabel
CONGESTION KEY
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e Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. TCH attempt TOTAL CALLS KEY total num(exclude handover) TCH overflow total num(exclude handover)
010:00 - 24:00
Table 6-2
Related congestion indicators after parameter adjustment TOTAL CALLS KEY 1272 902 174 TCH attempt total num(exclude handover) 1282 925 177 6 18 0 TCH overflow total num(exclude handover)
date
UserLabel
0.64 1.59 0
Cell congestion indicator TCH traffic TCH congestion rate TCH overflow times TCH call attempts
Date
UserLabel
26 25 26
23
- 22:00 - 22:00
Site93_bts2
25 26 25
Problem analysis: We checked hardware warning and TCH availability rate, but no problem was found. However, the report showed that traffic during this period increased obviously. After observation of a week, we found that the traffic increased regularly during this period. We doubted traffic burst happened in the area. From testing, we found that the two cells covered a high school. After school, traffic burst emerged apparently, it wasn't caused by reasons like abnormal calls. Problem handling: From planning software we found that the dormitory building area was mainly covered by the two cells, and other cells were a bit far from the school, so its difficult to reach traffic balance. We checked the two cells' configuration, which has already reached the max allowed and the TRXs could not be expanded. After checking we found HR in the two cells was off, so its suggested that HR be open for cell expansion. Through analysis of the cells actual traffic, we found that the traffic undertaken by the two cells has already reached 2324ERL; considering the high congestion rate, we supposed the actual traffic could be even higher. It's stipulated in Erl B that 33 TCHs are needed to support traffic of 2324ERL, while there were only 26 TCHs available, and 30% of HR needed to be open to satisfy traffic need. Besides, HR needed to be open since the congestion was caused by burst traffic. Opened dynamic HR in the two cells, and set the HR threshold as 70%. We checked indicators during the same period for two days thereafter, the congestion problem was found disappeared.
Table 6-4
Congestion disappeared when HR was on TCH available TCH traffic TCH congestion rate TCH overflow times TCH call attempts
Date
UserLabel
2008-4-11 21:00
Site77_bts1
26
24
24.78
23.51
612
2603
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Error! Use th
e Home tab to apply 1 to the text that you want to appear here. TCH available TCH traffic TCH congestion rate TCH overflow times TCH call attempts
Date
UserLabel
- 22:00 2008-4-12 21:00 - 22:00 2008-4-12 21:00 - 22:00 2008-4-14 21:00 - 22:00 2008-4-15 21:00 - 22:00
25 26 25 26 25 37 35 40 36
25