Medical Specialists

Medical specialists are doctors who have completed advanced education and clinical training in a specific area of medicine (their specialty area). Examples of medical specialists include the following

Addiction psychiatrist Adolescent medicine specialist Allergist (immunologist) Anesthesiologist Cardiac electrophysiologist Cardiologist Cardiovascular surgeon Colon and rectal surgeon Critical care medicine specialist Dermatologist Developmental pediatrician Diagnostic radiologist Doctor of osteopathy (DO) Emergency medicine specialist Endocrinologist Family medicine physician Forensic pathologist Gastroenterologist General practitioner Geriatric medicine specialist Gynecologist Gynecologic oncologist Hand surgeon Hematologist Hepatologist Hospitalist Hospice and palliative medicine specialist Hyperbaric physician Infectious disease specialist Internist Interventional cardiologist Medical examiner Medical geneticist

Medical oncologist Neonatologist Nephrologist Neurological surgeon Neurologist Nuclear medicine specialist Obstetrician Occupational medicine specialist Ophthalmologist Oral surgeon (maxillofacial surgeon) Orthopedic surgeon Otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat specialist) Pain management specialist Pathologist Pediatrician Perinatologist Physiatrist Plastic surgeon Preventive medicine specialist Psychiatrist Pulmonologist Radiation oncologist Radiologist Reproductive endocrinologist Rheumatologist Sleep disorders specialist Spinal cord injury specialist Sports medicine specialist Surgeon Thoracic surgeon Urologist Vascular surgeon

Addiction Psychiatrist
Addiction psychiatrists are medical doctors who specialize in the treatment of people with addictions to substances such as alcohol, medicines, or illegal drugs. .

Adolescent Medicine Specialist

Adolescent medicine specialists are doctors (sometimes internists or pediatricians) who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases common to teenagers. .

Allergist (Immunologist)
Allergists (also called immunologists) are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of immune system diseases. They treat people with conditions such as asthma, eczema, and allergic reactions to food, medicines, insect stings, or environmental agents such as pollen. Allergists may specialize in treating certain types of conditions, such as food allergies, or they may specialize in treating people in certain age groups, such as pediatric allergists, who treat children. As more is understood about immune system disorders, allergists treat a broader range of conditions caused by immune system problems. .

Anesthesiologist
Anesthesiologists are medical doctors who specialize in anesthesiology, which is the use of pain-blocking techniques or medicines (anesthetics) during surgery and other medical procedures. An anesthesiologist may administer medicine that numbs the area of the body where a procedure is being performed (local or regional anesthesia), inject medicine into the spinal canal to numb an area of the body (spinal or epidural anesthesia), or make sure a person is unconscious and pain-free during a procedure (general anesthesia) while also monitoring heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. An anesthesiologist may also supervise a nurse anesthetist. Anesthesiologists can further specialize in critical care medicine, pain management, pediatrics, or obstetrics. .

Cardiac Electrophysiologist
Cardiac electrophysiologists are cardiology doctors (cardiologists) who have specialized training in the heart's electrical system. They specialize in diagnosing and treating heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias) such as atrial fibrillation.

Cardiologist
Cardiologists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases or conditions of the heart and blood vessels, such as chest pain (angina), irregular heart rhythms, high blood pressure, heart failure, or heart attacks. Cardiologists administer tests that show how well a person's heart is working, such as a treadmill test (exercise electrocardiogram), and perform procedures such as cardiac catheterization and angioplasty. They can further specialize in interventional cardiology (the use of mechanical treatment methods, such as angioplasty) or electrophysiology (treatments involving the heart's electrical system) and may also specialize in treating specific age groups, such as a pediatric cardiologist, who only treats children.

Cardiovascular Surgeon
Cardiovascular surgeons are medical doctors who specialize in surgery of the heart and blood vessels. They generally perform heart surgeries and treat people who have a blockage in the blood vessels leading to the heart (coronary artery disease) or problems with heart valves. Cardiovascular surgeons may further specialize in treating people of specific age groups, such as pediatric cardiovascular surgeons, who only treat children and often treat heart problems related to birth defects.

Colon and Rectal Surgeon

Colon and rectal surgeons are medical doctors who specialize in surgery of the colon and rectum. Colon and rectal surgeons can diagnose and treat diseases such as colon cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases including colitis and regional enteritis (Crohn's disease), and hemorrhoids. They may also perform diagnostic procedures, such as sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy.

Critical Care Medicine Specialist (Intensivist

Critical care medicine specialists (also called intensivists) are medical doctors who specialize in the care of people who are in an intensive care unit (ICU).

In some areas, when a person is very ill and has to spend time in an ICU, he or she is cared for by a critical care medicine specialist. After the person is transferred out of the ICU to a regular hospital unit, another doctor or health professional assumes care. Most critical care specialists are pulmonologists (specializing in lung disease) or cardiologists (specializing in heart disease). Critical care specialists may also first specialize in anesthesiology, internal medicine, neurological surgery, pediatrics, or surgery and then hold a subspecialist certificate in critical care medicine. .

Dermatologist
Dermatologists are medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating diseases and conditions of the skin, hair, or nails, such as acne, psoriasis, warts, or skin cancer. Dermatologists may prescribe medicines as well as perform surgery for skin disorders. They may specialize in treating specific age groups, such as a pediatric dermatologist, who only treats children.

Developmental Pediatrician
Developmental pediatricians are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of children with behavior, communication, or mental problems. These include cerebral palsy, autism, learning disabilities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, failure to thrive, and intellectual disability.

Diagnostic Radiologist
Diagnostic radiologists are radiologists who further specialize in performing tests to diagnose diseases. People might see a diagnostic radiologist to get a test such as an ultrasound.

Doctor of Osteopathy (DO)

Doctors of osteopathy (DOs) are physicians who base diagnosis and treatment on the theory that the body's systems are interconnected, combining disease prevention and health maintenance with conventional medicine. DOs often use a treatment called manipulation or manual medicine, which is a hands-on approach that may include massage or pressure on an area of the body. DOs can prescribe medicine, order medical tests, and perform surgery. They serve as primary care providers, provide care in hospital settings, and may become certified in a specialty, such as anesthesiology, obstetrics and gynecology, or general surgery. Before entering osteopathic medical school, a student generally must have completed a minimum of 3 years of preprofessional education in a college or university setting. Osteopathic doctors must then complete 4 years of medical education followed by an internship and residency program. Accreditation of colleges of osteopathic medicine is recognized by the U.S. Department of Education and the Council on Postsecondary Education. Like MDs, DOs must pass a state medical board examination to obtain a license and enter practice. Each state board sets its own requirements and then issues the license for the osteopathic doctor to practice in that state. All states require licensure for osteopathic doctors.

Emergency Medicine Specialist

Emergency medicine specialists, commonly called ER doctors, are medical doctors who specialize in emergency care. They can diagnose and treat many medical emergencies and can refer people to other health professionals for further treatment. Emergency medicine specialists may further specialize in one area of medicine, such as sports medicine, or they may only treat children (pediatric emergency medicine specialists).

Endocrinologist
Endocrinologists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the endocrine glands, which regulate hormones. Endocrinologists are internists with additional training in endocrinology. They often treat diabetes and thyroid disorders. They may further specialize in treating specific age groups, such as pediatric endocrinologists, who only treat children.

Family Medicine Physician

Family medicine physicians, also called family practice physicians, are medical doctors who specialize in the total health care of the individual and the family. After four years of medical school, they complete an additional three-year residency program. Family medicine physicians can diagnose and treat a variety of health conditions and diseases for people of all ages and both sexes. They may further specialize in another area of medicine, such as the care of older adults (geriatric medicine) or people who have sports injuries (sports medicine).

Forensic Pathologist
Forensic pathologists are medical doctors who examine tissue samples and perform autopsies to find clues about the cause of death when crimes are suspected.

Gastroenterologist
Gastroenterologists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the digestive system, such as hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and colon or rectal cancer. Gastroenterologists may perform many specialized tests, such as endoscopy, to diagnose or treat diseases. When necessary, they may consult with surgeons. Gastroenterologists may further specialize in treating people in certain age groups, such as pediatric gastroenterologists, who only treat children.

General Practitioner
General practitioners are medical doctors who diagnose and treat most types of health conditions or diseases and do not specialize in any particular area of medicine. They provide basic medical service for people of all age groups and both sexes.

Geriatric Medicine Specialist (Geriatrician)

Geriatric medicine specialists (also called geriatricians) are generally family medicine doctors or internists who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of older adults. Geriatric medicine specialists can diagnose and treat many medical and surgical problems and can refer people to other specialists. Geriatric medicine specialists may be board-certified in family medicine, internal medicine, or geriatric medicine

Gynecologist
Gynecologists are medical doctors who diagnose and treat diseases of the female reproductive system. Gynecologists perform surgeries, such as removal of the uterus (hysterectomy) and ovaries (oophorectomy) and also can provide routine care, such as Pap smears or breast examinations. Gynecologists may also practice obstetrics (the management of pregnancy). They may further specialize in gynecologic oncology (the care and treatment of women with cancers of the reproductive organs) or reproductive endocrinology (the care and treatment of women and men who have infertility problems).

Gynecologic Oncologist
Gynecologic oncologists are medical doctors who specialize in the care and treatment of women with cancers of the ovaries, uterus, cervix, and vagina (reproductive organs).

Hand Surgeon
Hand surgeons are orthopedic surgeons (medical doctors who specialize in bone, muscle, and joint surgery) or plastic surgeons who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of hand problems and injuries.

Hematologist
Hematologists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the blood and blood system, such as anemia, blood-clotting disorders, and leukemia. Hematologists may also perform procedures such as bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, order blood transfusions, or diagnose blood disorders. Hematologists may be internists or pathologists who further specialize in disorders of the blood.

Hepatologist

Hepatologists are gastroenterology doctors who further specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the liver, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis, and most have also completed additional study in the area of liver transplantation. Hepatologists may perform many specialized tests to diagnose liver disease or obtain liver biopsies.

Hospitalist
Hospitalists are medical doctors who specialize in hospital care, providing treatment in place of a primary care physician. They usually are general internists, family medicine doctors, pulmonologists, or other specialists. Currently, there is no board certification for hospitalists other than certification in an initial specialty area.

Hospice and Palliative Medicine Specialist

Hospice and palliative medicine specialists are medical doctors who help prevent and relieve suffering of patients who have a serious illness or who have only a short time left to live. They work with a team of other professionals to address the needs of both the patient and loved ones. These specialists can help with relieving symptoms, coordinating care, making legal and ethical decisions, and handling issues around death and dying. They can be board-certified in internal medicine, pediatrics, family medicine, and other specialties.

Hyperbaric Physician
Hyperbaric physicians are medical doctors who specialize in hyperbaric medicine, which uses hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy as a treatment for conditions such as decompression illness and carbon monoxide poisoning. The word hyperbaric means making or using a higher pressure-of oxygen, for example-than is normally found in the air around us. Hyperbaric physicians can be certified through the American College of Hyperbaric Medicine.

Infectious Disease Specialist

Infectious disease specialists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of complex infections. They also treat people who have long-term (chronic) infections, or disorders such as HIV or tuberculosis. Infectious disease specialists may further specialize in treating people in certain age groups, such as pediatric infectious disease specialists, who only treat children. Infectious disease specialists are internists or pediatricians who further specialize in infectious diseases.

Internist
An internist is a medical doctor who specializes in the care of adults. People might choose an internist as their primary doctor for regular checkups and for treating illness. Internists can further specialize in: Adolescent medicine (conditions and diseases common to teenagers). Allergy, or immunology (immune system diseases). Cardiac electrophysiology (problems with the heart's electrical system). Cardiology (diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels). Critical care medicine (the care of people who are in an intensive care unit, or ICU). Endocrinology (diseases of the endocrine glands, which regulate hormones). Gastroenterology (diseases of the digestive system). Geriatric medicine (conditions and diseases in older adults). Hematology (diseases of the blood and blood system). Infectious disease (complex infections). Interventional cardiology (procedures to diagnose and treat heart disease). Nephrology (diseases of the kidney and urinary system). Oncology (cancer). Pulmonology (lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and pneumonia). Rheumatology (immune system diseases and diseases of the joints).

Sports medicine (the treatment of injuries to the bones, muscles, joints, tendons, or ligaments that result from physical activity).

Interventional Cardiologist
Interventional cardiologists are medical doctors who specialize in performing surgical or invasive procedures, such as cardiac catheterization or angioplasty, to diagnose and treat heart disease. Interventional cardiologists can be board-certified as internists or interventional cardiologists through the Board of Internal Medicine, which is recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties.

Medical Examiner
A medical examiner is a public official who investigates deaths defined by law as being important to the public health and welfare. These generally include deaths thought to be from other than natural causes but also may include sudden and unexpected deaths determined later at autopsy to be from natural disease or deaths in people who were not under the immediate care of a doctor at the time of death. Different from coroners, medical examiners must be doctors, most are appointed rather than elected, and many are certified in the specialty of forensic pathology and have expertise in the performance of autopsies.

Medical Geneticist
Medical geneticists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, and hemophilia. They treat patients with a family history of a disease that may be genetic and provide genetic counseling to people before they have children.

Medical Oncologist
Medical oncologists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. They may be involved in determining the type and extent of cancer and providing treatments such as chemotherapy. After treatment, oncologists provide follow-up care to monitor the progress of people who have had cancer and resume care for them if their cancer returns. Medical oncologists may further specialize in treating certain types of cancers or treating specific age groups, such as pediatric oncologists, who only treat children.

Neonatologist
A neonatologist is a pediatric doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders in newborns. Neonatologists are usually consultants and work in neonatal intensive care units, providing care for premature infants or those born with infections or other health problems.

Nephrologist
Nephrologists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the kidney and urinary system, such as inflammation of the kidneys, chronic kidney disease, or cancer. Nephrologists may further specialize in treating certain age groups, such as pediatric nephrologists, who only treat children. Nephrologists may consult with people for short-term illnesses or procedures, such as for a kidney biopsy. Or they may care for people who have long-term (chronic) kidney problems or who are on dialysis.

Neurological Surgeon
Neurological surgeons are medical doctors who specialize in surgery of the brain, spinal column, and nervous system. A person may see a neurological surgeon for a problem such as a pinched nerve in the back or neck, a brain tumor, or damage to the brain or spine from an injury. A neurological surgeon may specialize in the treatment of one area of the body, such as the spinal column, or treatment of certain age groups, such as pediatric neurological surgeons, who only treat children.

Neurologist
Neurologists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of brain, spinal cord, and nervous system diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, headaches, stroke, or injury.

A neurologist can order or interpret tests such as a computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or lumbar puncture to diagnose problems and may conduct tests to evaluate how well a nerve or muscle is working. A neurologist can prescribe medications to treat diseases or may refer a person to another specialist if needed.

Nuclear Medicine Specialist

Nuclear medicine specialists are medical doctors who specialize in performing and evaluating diagnostic tests using different types of radioactive substances. Common nuclear medicine tests include bone scans, lung perfusion scans, and HIDA scans for gallbladder function.

Obstetrician
Obstetricians (also called OBs) are medical doctors who specialize in the care of pregnant women, from the time of conception through delivery and the period following delivery (postpartum). Most obstetricians are also gynecologists who diagnose and treat diseases of the female reproductive system and provide care for women when they are not pregnant. An obstetrician can further specialize in perinatology (maternal-fetal medicine), which focuses on high-risk pregnancies, testing, and fetal development, or an obstetrician may specialize in reproductive endocrinology and infertility (care of women who have hormonal or fertility problems).

Occupational Medicine Specialist

Occupational medicine specialists are medical doctors who specialize in helping organizations maintain a safe and healthy workplace and provide care for injured workers and assist them in getting back to work. An occupational medicine specialist is a preventive medicine specialist who has further specialized in occupational medicine.

Ophthalmologist
Ophthalmologists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of eye problems, diseases, and injuries. Ophthalmologists can diagnose and treat eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma; prescribe eyeglasses and contact lenses; treat eye injuries; and perform eye surgeries, such as cataract removal, glaucoma correction, or LASIK surgery. Ophthalmologists may further specialize in care of the retina (retina specialist) or in the care of children with eye problems (pediatric ophthalmologist).

Oral Surgeon (Maxillofacial Surgeon)

Oral surgeons (also called maxillofacial surgeons) are dentists who specialize in surgery of the mouth and jaw. Oral surgeons treat and reconstruct areas of the face, head, or neck after an injury or surgery. They prepare the jaw for denture construction, treat temporomandibular (TM) joint problems, perform cosmetic surgery, and treat birth defects (such as cleft lip and palate) or growth disturbances of the jaw. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons have graduated from an accredited dental school and completed a residency program approved by the American Dental Association Commission in Dental Accreditation.

Orthopedic Surgeon
Orthopedic surgeons are medical doctors who specialize in bone, muscle, and joint surgery. This includes corrective procedures, such as removing torn cartilage or replacing a joint. Some orthopedic surgeons specialize in specific areas such as shoulder surgery, hand surgery, or joint replacement.

Ear, Nose, and Throat Specialist (Otolaryngologist)

Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases or conditions of the ear, nose, and throat. They may also be called otolaryngologists (say "ohtoh-lair-un-GAWL-uh-jists") or head and neck surgeons. ENT doctors perform surgery for sinus and sleep problems, remove tonsils and tumors, help with hearing and balance problems, and more. Some ENT doctors also do cosmetic and reconstructive surgery (plastic surgery).

Pain Management Specialist

Pain management specialists are medical doctors who specialize in treatment of people who have ongoing (chronic) pain, such as back pain or nerve pain from diabetes. Medical doctors from many

different specialties, such as anesthesiology, neurology, or physiatry, might further specialize in pain management.

Pathologist
Pathologists are medical doctors who specialize in the examination of tissue and blood samples to diagnose disease and who perform autopsies. Pathologists analyze and evaluate all tissues removed from people by such procedures as surgery or biopsy. They also are in charge of the clinical laboratories that analyze blood and body fluid samples. For example, when a person has a mole removed or has a Pap test, a pathologist examines the specimen to determine the diagnosis. Treatment decisions are often made based on the pathology report.

Pediatrician
Pediatricians are medical doctors who specialize in the care of children. Pediatricians can treat children with any type of problem, or they may specialize in specific areas, such as: Adolescent medicine (conditions and diseases common to teenagers). Cardiology (diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels). Developmental disorders (behavior, communication, and mental disorders in children). Endocrinology (diseases of the endocrine glands, which regulate hormones). Gastroenterology (diseases of the digestive system). Infectious disease (complex infections). Nephrology (diseases of the kidney and urinary system). Oncology (cancer). Perinatologist Perinatologists, also known as maternal-fetal medicine (MFM) specialists, are medical doctors who specialize in high-risk pregnancies, maternal and fetal testing, and fetal therapy. Perinatologists can be consultants or primary care providers during a pregnancy. They may provide medical care throughout a pregnancy, particularly if there is a higher risk of complications, an ongoing (chronic) medical condition, or a multiple pregnancy. In addition to a residency in obstetrics and gynecology, a perinatologist has 2 or 3 years of maternal-fetal medicine training.

Physiatrist

Physiatrists are medical doctors who specialize in helping people regain function after surgery, a stroke, or an injury. They may also help people with issues such as controlling pain or regaining strength. A physiatrist often leads a team of health professionals that may include physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, and social workers, all of whom work together to improve a person's recovery. Physiatrists can further specialize in pain management or spinal cord injury.

Plastic Surgeon
Plastic surgeons are medical doctors who specialize in surgery that improves a person's appearance, surgery for a birth defect such as cleft palate, or surgery following an injury or the removal of cancer, such as breast implant surgery after breast removal (mastectomy). Plastic surgeons can further specialize in hand surgery.

Preventive Medicine Specialist

Preventive medicine specialists are medical doctors who specialize in helping people stay healthy and prevent disease. Preventive medicine specialists can further specialize in occupational medicine.

Psychiatrist
Psychiatrists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental health problems, such as depression. They provide counseling and can prescribe medications to treat mental illness. Psychiatrists may further specialize in specific areas, such as addiction psychiatry, or in treating specific age groups, such as adolescents.

Pulmonologist
Pulmonologists are medical doctors who further specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of lung disease, such as asthma, emphysema, or pneumonia. Pulmonologists perform tests to check how well a person is breathing, and they may use procedures such as bronchoscopy to diagnose a breathing problem.

Radiation Oncologist
Radiation oncologists are medical doctors who specialize in using radiation therapy to treat people who have cancer. Most people are referred to a radiation oncologist by their primary doctor after a diagnosis of cancer, and they see the radiation oncologist at his or her office or in a hospital or extended care facility.

Radiologist
Radiologists are medical doctors who specialize in performing and interpreting diagnostic imaging tests. They read X-rays and scans, such as chest X-rays, ultrasounds, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Another specialist or primary care doctor may base treatment decisions on findings reported by the radiologist. Radiologists may also supervise people who perform special tests, such as barium enemas or computed tomography (CT) scans.

Reproductive Endocrinologist
Reproductive endocrinologists are medical doctors who specialize in the care and treatment of women who have trouble becoming pregnant or who have other reproductive or hormonal disorders. Reproductive endocrinologists are gynecologists who specialize in infertility

Rheumatologist
Rheumatologists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the joints. Rheumatologists may further specialize in diagnosing and treating arthritis and other rheumatic conditions, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or lupus

Sleep Disorders Specialist

Sleep disorders specialists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and surgical and nonsurgical treatment of sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea and snoring. Sleep disorders specialists are not recognized as a separate medical subspecialty but are usually pulmonologists or otolaryngologists who are board-certified through either the Board of Internal Medicine or the Board of Otolaryngology

Spinal Cord Injury Specialist

Spinal cord injury specialists are rehabilitation doctors (physiatrists) who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of people with spinal cord injuries. A person is referred to a spinal cord injury specialist because of spinal cord disease or a spinal cord injury

Sports Medicine Specialist

Sports medicine specialists are medical doctors who specialize in the treatment of people with injuries to their bones, muscles, joints, tendons, or ligaments that result from physical activity. Such injuries may include cartilage tears, ligament ruptures of the knee, and shoulder or knee problems.

Sports medicine specialists may be doctors in emergency medicine, family medicine, or internal medicine, or they may be pediatricians who further specialize in sports medicine. Orthopedic surgeons also often specialize in sports medicine.

Surgeon
Surgeons are medical doctors who specialize in evaluating people with potential surgical problems and performing surgical operations and techniques. Common surgeries include hernia repairs, gallbladder removal, and removal of the appendix. There are many subspecialties in surgery, including chest (thoracic) surgery, blood vessel (vascular) surgery, colon and rectal surgery, and plastic surgery. Surgeons may further specialize by limiting their practice to specific age groups, such as pediatric surgeons, who only treat children.

Thoracic Surgeon
Thoracic surgeons are medical doctors who specialize in chest, heart, and lung surgery. Thoracic surgeons may further specialize in one area, such as heart surgery or lung surgery, or in a subspecialty of that area, such as coronary artery bypass surgery.

Urologist
Urologists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the urinary system in men and women and disorders of the male reproductive system. Urologists can prescribe medicines, perform surgery, and treat urination problems, such as problems holding urine (incontinence) and tumors or stones in the urinary system. They treat problems of the male reproductive system such as impotence (erectile dysfunction). Urogynecologists specialize in treating urinary problems involving the female reproductive system, and pediatric urologists specialize in diagnosing and treating urinary problems in children.

Vascular Surgeon
Vascular surgeons are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of diseases of the blood vessels (vascular disease). Vascular surgeons have generally completed 5 years of surgical training and an additional 1 to 2 years of fellowship training.

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Audiologist
Audiologists are hearing specialists who are trained to identify, diagnose, measure, and treat hearing disorders or balance problems. They use a variety of devices to measure hearing and the type and extent of hearing loss. Most states require a license, and the requirements for the license vary; a doctorate or master's degree in audiology is usually required

Certified Diabetes Educator (CDE)

Diabetes educators are health professionals, such as doctors, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, exercise specialists, and social workers, who specialize in the treatment of people with diabetes. Diabetes educators teach about nutrition, exercise, medication, blood sugar monitoring, and emotional adjustment to diabetes. They work in a variety of settings, such as hospitals, doctor's offices, nursing homes, and neighborhood clinics. They may teach people in groups or individually.

Certified Nurse-Midwife
Certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) are registered nurses (RNs) who have specialized education and midwifery training and certification. Nurse-midwives care for women before and after pregnancy, deliver babies in hospitals and in homes, provide family planning and birth control counseling, and provide

gynecological services such as physical and breast exams, Pap smears, pelvic exams, and preventive health screening. They are qualified to order tests and prescribe medicines.

Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA)

Certified nursing assistants (CNAs) are health professionals who work under the direction of a registered nurse, licensed practical nurse, or doctor. CNAs, who are also sometimes referred to as nurse's aides or hospital assistants, assist in the care of hospital, clinic, or nursing home patients.

Certified Professional Midwife

A certified professional midwife (CPM) provides prenatal care for low-risk pregnancies and delivers babies in birthing centers and homes. After training and apprenticeship under an experienced midwife, a CPM takes a written test and a skills exam before being certified by the North American Registry of Midwives.

Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA)

Certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) are registered nurses (RNs) who have advanced education and clinical training in anesthesiology. CRNAs work with anesthesiologists, surgeons, dentists, and podiatrists in administering anesthesia during medical procedures.

Chiropractor (Doctor of Chiropractic Medicine)

Chiropractors are health professionals who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of problems that affect the alignment of the muscles and bones of the body. They use a variety of techniques to adjust the spinal column to prevent and treat muscle, joint, and ligament problems. Chiropractors believe the spinal and musculoskeletal system must be aligned for the body to function properly. They examine the spinal column, nervous system, and circulatory system and consider lifestyle choices, such as eating and exercise habits, when treating illness. Chiropractors can also provide muscle massage and ultrasound stimulation of tissue and may order tests, such as X-rays, but they generally do not prescribe medicines. Chiropractors must complete a minimum of 3 years (90 credits) of undergraduate study, with course work in anatomy, physiology, and chemistry, and then attend chiropractic school. Chiropractic schools require 4 to 5 years of study, including clinical experience. Chiropractors must then pass a national examination and be licensed by the state in which they practice

Coroner
A coroner is a public official who investigates deaths defined by law as being important to the public health and welfare. These generally include deaths thought to be from other than natural causes but also may include sudden and unexpected deaths determined later at autopsy to be from natural disease. In general, coroners are elected and, depending on the local law, do not necessarily have to be medical doctors or other health professionals. But only medical doctors can perform autopsies.

Dental Hygienist
Dental hygienists are licensed health professionals who focus on the prevention and treatment of diseases of the mouth and gums. Dental hygienists work under the direction of dentists and oral surgeons in private dental offices, schools, public health clinics, hospitals, managed care organizations, correctional institutions, and nursing homes. Each state has specific regulations controlling the range of services dental hygienists can perform. Services may include: Providing oral health care assessments that include reviewing individual health histories, dental charting, and oral cancer screening. Taking and processing dental X-rays. Cleaning the teeth by removing plaque and calculus (tartar) from above and below the gumline. Applying cavity-preventing solutions, such as fluorides and sealants, to the teeth. Teaching proper oral hygiene and plaque control techniques. Developing individualized at-home oral hygiene programs.

Endodontist

An endodontist is a dental health professional who specializes in treating damaged root canals in teeth. Endodontists have a college degree and then attend 4 years of dental school. In addition, endodontists have 2 to 3 years of specialized graduate education in endodontic care. Endodontists are licensed by the state in which they practice. While it's not mandatory, endodontists may acquire certification from the American Association of Endodontists' Board of Directors after passing a review and examination. To retain certification, endodontists are required to pass examinations every 10 years.

Genetic Counselor
Working as part of a team of doctors and other health professionals, genetic counselors provide education and support to families with members who have birth defects or genetic disorders such as sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, or hemophilia. They also look at patterns to see how likely a couple is to have a child with a genetic problem. Genetic counselors have graduate degrees and experience in the areas of medical genetics and counseling. Many genetic counselors have worked in other areas, such as nursing, psychology, public health, or social work. Licensing, certification, and registration requirements for genetic counselors vary from state to state.

Lay Midwife
Lay midwives provide prenatal care and deliver babies outside of a traditional medical setting, such as in a birthing center or home. They may be affiliated with a doctor in case an emergency delivery occurs, but they are not supervised by a doctor. Lay midwife training consists of an apprenticeship with an experienced midwife, workshops, and classes. Because a lay midwife does not have professional medical training and is not licensed or certified, he or she may have limited ability and technology for handling complications or sudden emergencies. Experience, training, and medical backup for emergencies are important factors to consider when contracting the services of a lay midwife
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Licensed Mental Health Counselor

Mental health counselors-often social workers or marriage and family therapists-provide counseling services for individuals, couples, families, teens, and children. Mental health counselors must earn a master's degree in counseling or a closely related mental health field and complete a minimum of 2 years of clinical work after earning their degree. Most mental health counselors are licensed by the state in which they practice and have passed a statedeveloped or national licensure or certification exam.

Licensed Nurse (LPN or LVN)

Licensed practical nurses (LPNs) or licensed vocational nurses (LVNs) work under the direction of doctors and registered nurses (RNs). They provide nursing care that requires technical knowledge and skill but not the in-depth professional education and training of a registered nurse. LPNs and LVNs may work in hospitals, clinics, and doctors' offices and for home health agencies. Some LPNs and LVNs work as private-duty nurses, caring for one person at home or in the hospital. Licensed nurses are required to complete an approved nursing program that is usually at least 1 year long and is often 2 years long. Licensed nurses are required to take a licensing examination in the state in which they practice.

Naturopathic Doctor (ND)

Naturopathic doctors often combine different complementary therapies, such as massage, herbal medicine, or diet, to help the body heal itself and stay well. Naturopaths do not prescribe drugs or perform

surgeries, but they may refer people to a medical doctor or specialist when necessary. In some states, naturopaths have a limited ability to prescribe medicines. A licensed naturopathic doctor (ND) attends a 4-year, graduate-level naturopathic medical school and is educated in the same basic sciences as a medical doctor (MD). But the ND also studies alternative approaches to therapy, such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, and bodywork. Naturopathic doctors do not usually continue with postgraduate training, such as internships and residency programs. After completing a 4-year naturopathic medical program, an ND is eligible for a licensing examination in a state with a licensing board and standards of practice. NDs are licensed in many states but also practice in other states without official government sanction. But without licensing standards, individuals with little or no formal education may proclaim themselves naturopathic doctors without medical school education or board testing.

Occupational Therapist (OT)

Occupational therapists are health and rehabilitation professionals who help people regain, develop, and build skills that are important for independent functioning, health, well-being, security, and happiness. Occupational therapists work with people of all ages who, because of illness, injury, developmental delays, or psychological problems, need assistance in learning skills to help them lead independent, productive, and satisfying lives. Occupational therapists (OTs) can be licensed at the professional level after completing a bachelor's or master's degree. In 2007, OTs will be required to have a master's degree. Occupational therapy assistants (OTAs) have usually completed a 2-year associate degree program. Occupational therapists must also complete a supervised fieldwork program and pass a national certification exam. All 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico regulate the practice of occupational therapy.
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Optician
Opticians are skilled technicians who fill optical prescriptions and fit people with glasses or contact lenses. Opticians, unlike ophthalmologists and optometrists, are not licensed to test vision, write medicine prescriptions, or diagnose or treat eye diseases. Opticians can: Fill prescriptions for eyeglasses and contact lenses. Help people select appropriate glasses. Fit lenses into eyeglass frames. Adjust eyeglass frames for comfort and proper lens position. Clean and polish contact lenses. An optician may complete a 2-year training program or a 3-year apprenticeship. But some states do not require a person to complete a program to be licensed as an optician.

Optometrist
Optometrists are health professionals who diagnose and treat vision problems and diseases of the eye. An optometrist is not a medical doctor, but rather a doctor of optometry (OD). Optometrists can perform routine vision testing, prescribe eyeglasses and contact lenses, diagnose vision problems and eye disease, prescribe medicines to treat some diseases of the eye, and provide care before and after eye surgery. Optometrists must complete at least 3 years of undergraduate work and 4 years of optometry school. They must take a national licensing examination and are licensed by the state in which they practice.

Orthodontist
Orthodontists are dentists with extra training who specialize in straightening teeth and correcting a poor bite (malocclusion). They can diagnose, prevent, and treat problems with teeth and jaws.

Orthodontists are skilled in any combination of extraction, braces (fixed appliances), and removable appliances that move the teeth and reshape the jaw. They work with young children, teens, and adults. Orthodontists have at least 2 to 3 years of extra training after dental school. Orthodontists who receive their training in a program accredited by the American Dental Association can be board-certified by the American Board of Orthodontics.

Pharmacist
Pharmacists are licensed health professionals who specialize in the practice of preparing and dispensing both prescription and nonprescription medicines. They are knowledgeable about medicine action, use, dosage, side effects, and interaction with other substances. Pharmacists work with people of all ages and may be employed by a hospital, community organization, or retail outlet. To promote public health, pharmacists may provide education and information about medicines to individuals and develop and manage systems to control and distribute medications. A pharmacist may hold a bachelor's, master's, or doctorate degree in pharmacy. All pharmacists must graduate from an accredited program and successfully pass a board-certified licensing examination. A pharmacist must hold a current license in the state or province in which he or she practices. Licensing requirements are managed by individual state or provincial boards of pharmacy.

Physical Therapist (PT)

Physical therapists are health professionals who evaluate physical problems and injuries, then provide education and treatment to promote health and physical function. Physical therapists also develop programs that include exercise and stretching to increase fitness and prevent injury. A physical therapist provides hands-on treatment to help return normal movement to joints and muscles and gives instruction about exercises to help heal and strengthen the body. Treatment may include physical or mechanical means, such as exercise, heat, or mild electrical current. Physical therapists also use devices such as prosthetics (artificial limbs), orthotics (braces and supports), and equipment to help a person in daily life. Some physical therapists treat a wide range of ailments. Others specialize in areas such as pediatrics, geriatrics, orthopedics, sports physical therapy, neurology, cardiovascular, pulmonary, oncology, and women's health. Physical therapists work for hospitals, nursing homes, home health agencies, rehabilitation facilities, fitness facilities, and schools. Physical therapists earn a master's degree or entry-level doctorate in physical therapy from an accredited physical therapist educational program that includes a period of clinical work. All states require physical therapists to pass a licensure exam before they can practice.

Physician Assistant (PA)

Physician assistants (PAs) are health professionals who practice medicine under a doctor's supervision in medical and surgical settings. They can perform routine exams, order lab work and X-rays, prescribe medicines, and counsel people about their health. Physician assistants attend an accredited 2-year program after at least 2 years of college. After graduating, they are eligible to take the Physician Assistant National Certification Examination (PANCE).

Podiatrist
Podiatrists are health professionals who diagnose and treat medical and surgical problems and injuries of the feet and ankles, such as corns, warts, plantar fasciitis, bunions, or hammer toes. They also perform reconstructive surgery. Podiatrists provide extended care for people who need it, such as those with foot problems caused by diabetes. Podiatrists must have at least 90 semester hours of undergraduate study and then go to a 4-year college of podiatric medicine. After receiving their podiatry degree, most podiatrists spend another 2 to 4 years in a hospital-based residency program. Podiatrists can be board-certified through the Council on Podiatric Medical Education. Certification is not required in every state.

Psychologist
Psychologists are health professionals with training and expertise in human behavior and psychological health. Psychologists are not medical doctors, but they hold a doctor of psychology (PsyD degree) or doctor of philosophy (PhD degree) in clinical psychology, counseling, or school psychology.

Psychologists evaluate and treat people who have mental health problems, such as depression. Psychologists also provide counseling and other mental health services. In most states, psychologists do not prescribe medicine. But many states are reviewing prescription-writing privileges for psychologists, and regulations may change. Some psychologists practicing in New Mexico, Louisiana, the territory of Guam, the U.S. military, Indian Health Services, and other departments of the federal government have prescription privileges.
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Psychiatric Nurse
Psychiatric nurses are registered nurses (RNs) who provide mental health education, treatment, and counseling to individuals and groups in a variety of settings. Psychiatric nurses hold a nursing degree and certification (RN), which requires a bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) from a 4-year university or an associate degree in nursing (ADN) from a 2-year college. All graduates must successfully pass the Registered Nurse Licensing Examination. Graduation from a stateaccredited program is a prerequisite to taking the licensing examination. Advanced practice nurses (APNs) are RNs who have met advanced educational and clinical practice requirements and work as Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNS) or as Nurse Practitioners (NPs). APNs who specialize in mental health nursing diagnose and treat individuals or families, and in many states can prescribe medicines. A registered nurse must hold a current license in the state in which he or she practices. Licensing requirements are managed by individual state boards of nursing.

Radiologic Technologist
Radiologic technologists, also called radiographers, perform imaging tests such as X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They work under the direction of a radiologist, who interprets the images to diagnose illness. Training programs in radiography are 1 to 4 years long and lead to a certificate, associate degree, or bachelors degree. State requirements for licensing vary, and radiologic technologists may be registered through the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists.

Recreational Therapist
Recreational therapists, also called therapeutic recreation specialists, are health and rehabilitation professionals who provide treatment services and recreation activities to people with disabilities or illnesses. Recreational therapists use arts and crafts, animals, sports, games, dance and movement, drama, music, and community outings to help people with disabilities and illnesses be more independent and reduce the depression, stress, and anxiety caused by their disability or illness. Recreational therapists complete 2 to 4 years of undergraduate work. They can be certified through the National Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certification.
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Registered Dietitian (RD)

Registered dietitians (RDs) are health professionals who teach people about nutrition or develop diets to promote health. They can also specialize in nutritional counseling to help treat food-related psychological problems, such as anorexia or bulimia. Dietitians work in hospitals, nursing homes, and schools. Registered dietitians also work in government, restaurant management, fitness, food companies, and private practices. Registered dietitians complete a bachelor's degree at an accredited college or university. They also must complete a 6- to 12-month supervised practice program and pass a national examination sponsored by the Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR). Some RDs hold additional certifications in specialized

areas of practice, such as pediatric or renal nutrition, nutrition support, or diabetes education. These certifications are awarded through the CDR or other medical and nutrition organizations.
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Registered Nurse (RN)

Registered nurses (RNs) provide treatment, counseling, and health education. They provide assessment, plan and implement care, and evaluate outcomes. Nurses work as part of a health care team in a variety of environments, often under the supervision of a doctor. While most nurses work in hospitals, others work in settings such as community or public health, outpatient care, nursing education, occupational health, nursing home agencies, hospice programs, schools, and student health clinics. A registered nurse (RN) may hold either a bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) from a 4-year university or an associate degree in nursing (ADN) from a 2-year college. All graduates must successfully pass the Registered Nurse Licensing Examination to become licensed to practice as a professional RN. Graduation from a state-accredited program is a prerequisite to taking the licensing examination. A registered nurse must hold a current license in the state in which he or she practices. Licensing requirements are managed by individual state boards of nursing.

Respiratory Therapist (RT)

Respiratory therapists (RTs) are health professionals who evaluate, treat, and care for people with breathing problems. Respiratory therapists use oxygen, medications, and mechanical measures such as chest percussion to help people breathe more effectively. Most respiratory therapists work under the direct supervision of a doctor. Respiratory therapists treat people of all ages, from premature babies with undeveloped lungs to older adults with respiratory disease. Most respiratory therapists work in hospitals but some also work in nursing homes and doctor's offices. Respiratory therapists have either a 2-year associate degree or a 4-year bachelor's degree from an accredited college or university. The National Board for Respiratory Care (NBRC) offers voluntary certification and registration to graduates of accredited programs. Two credentials are awarded to respiratory therapists who satisfy the requirements: registered respiratory therapist (RRT) and certified respiratory therapist (CRT). Either the CRT or RRT examination is the standard in the states that require licensure.

Social Worker
Social workers are health professionals who use counseling to help people function in their environment, improve their relationships with others, and solve personal and family problems. They also help people locate and access appropriate resources for their particular needs. A social worker may work in a hospital, community organization, or private counseling. Most social workers concentrate on a specific area of practice. For example, clinical social workers provide psychotherapy or counseling and a range of diagnostic services in public agencies, clinics, and private practice; child or adult protective services social workers investigate reports of abuse and neglect and intervene if necessary; and medical social workers provide counseling to people receiving therapy for physical problems or addictive behaviors in hospitals, nursing homes, and rehabilitation facilities. While many social worker positions, such as a child protective services social worker, require only a bachelor's degree (BSW), most require a master's degree (MSW). All 50 states require licensing, certification, and registration of social workers. Requirements vary from state to state.

Speech-Language Pathologist (Speech Therapist)

Speech-language pathologists assess, diagnose, treat, and help prevent speech, language, and communication disorders. Speech-language pathologists work with people who cannot make speech sounds or cannot make them clearly; have speech rhythm and fluency problems, such as stuttering; have voice quality problems, such

as an inappropriate pitch or harsh voice; have problems understanding and producing language; have cognitive communication problems, such as attention, memory, and problem-solving disorders; or have oral motor problems that cause eating and swallowing difficulties. Speech pathologists work in hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, rehabilitation facilities, schools, and private practices. A speech-language pathologist has a master's degree in speech and language and has completed postgraduate clinical work under the supervision of a licensed speech-language pathologist. Speechlanguage pathologists can acquire the certificate of clinical competence in speech-language pathology (CCC-SLP) offered by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.

Acupuncturist Audiologist Certified diabetes educator (CDE) Certified nurse-midwife Certified nursing assistant (CNA) Certified professional midwife Certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) Chiropractor (doctor of chiropractic medicine) Coroner Dental hygienist Dentist Endodontist Genetic counselor Lay midwife Licensed mental health counselor Licensed nurse (LPN or LVN) Naturopathic doctor (ND) Nurse practitioner (NP) Occupational therapist (OT) Optician Optometrist Orthodontist Pharmacist Physical therapist (PT) Physician assistant (PA) Podiatrist Psychologist Psychiatric nurse Radiologic technologist Recreational therapist Registered dietitian (RD) Registered nurse (RN) Respiratory therapist (RT) Social worker Speech-language pathologist (speech therapist)