WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

SOLAR POWER SATELITE (SPS)

Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. But it has a remarkable capability that can change its form from one form to another!!!

BY: K PRUTHVI (08B81A0267) EEE IV YR CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

A SEMINAR REPORT ON

WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the award of the degree BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN ____________________________________ ENGINEERING SUBMITTED BY

____________ (________)

DEPARTMENT OF _______________________ ENGINEERING __________COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AFFILIATED TO ___________ UNIVERSITY

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation work entitled WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION is the work done in by partial

_______________________________________________submitted

fulfillment for the award of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.E)in __________________________Engineering from______________ College of Engineering affiliated to _________ University , Hyderabad .

________________ (Head of the department, EEE)

____________ (Assistant Professor)

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without the mentioning of the people whose constant guidance and encouragement made it possible. We take pleasure in presenting before you, our project, which is result of studied blend of both research and knowledge.

We express our earnest gratitude to our internal guide, Department of EEE, our project guide, for his constant support, encouragement and guidance. We are grateful for his cooperation and his valuable suggestions.

Finally, we express our gratitude to all other members who are involved either directly or indirectly for the completion of this project.

DECLARATION

I , the undersigned, declare that the Seminar entitled WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION, being submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Electrical And Electronic Engineering, affiliated to _________ University, is the work carried out by me.

__________ __________

_________ _________

_________ _________

ABSTARCT
Using power resources of the outer space and its industrialization have become an urgent task in the development of present day civilization. Solar Energy is the most suitable basis for power supply for the majority of projects in the near-Earth space. Passing on to the large-scale space-based systems of power supply requires putting into life demonstration experiments in which power transmission by Microwaves is supposed. The concepts and the designs have the potential to reduce significantly the complexities and thus, the costs. But the technological demands and operational uncertainties are still immense. Anyhow, major progress with cost reductions of one to two orders of magnitude is required for the space option to become competitive with terrestrial regenerative options. This paper describes the Evolvement of Solar Power Satellite, its Brief History, Its Design ,Energy Conversion, Energy ransmission, Its Advantages are a few to be named are being discussed. The future global supply with Terrestrial Regenerative Energies (Thermal, Wind, Hydro) is compared to energy from space in the form of Solar Power Satellites. It is shown that both have the potential to satisfy global energy needs. Obviously, regenerative solutions must be taken into account and installed with higher priority within the next decades to reduce the deposition of carbon-di-oxide into the atmosphere. This is absolutely necessary to stabilize the climate. In addition, the threatening depletion of fossil and nuclear fuels in the long run forces research into alternative solutions.

CONTENTS:
INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER FUNCTIONING OF WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES CONCLUSION REFERENCE

INTRODUCTION:
A major problem facing Planet Earth is provision of an adequate supply of clean energy. It has been that we face ...three simultaneous challenges population growth, resource consumption, and environmental degradation -- all converging particularly in the matter of sustainable energy supply. It is widely agreed that our current energy practices will not provide for all the world's peoples in an adequate way and still leave our Earth with a livable environment. Hence, a major task for the new century will be to develop sustainable and environmentally friendly sources of energy. Projections of future energy needs over this new century show an increase by a factor of at least two and one Half, perhaps by as much as a factor of five. All of the scenarios from reference 3 indicate continuing use of fossil sources, nuclear, and large hydro. However, the greatest increases come from "new renewables" and all scenarios show extensive use of these sources by 2050. Indeed, the projections indicate that the amount of energy derived from new renewables by 2050 will exceed that presently provided by oil and gas combined. This would imply a major change in the worlds energy infrastructure. It will be a Herculean task to acquire this projected amount of energy. This author asserts that there are really only a few good options for meeting the additional energy needs of the new century in an environmentally acceptable way. One of the so-called new renewables on which major reliance is almost certain to be placed is solar power. Solar power captured on the Earth is familiar to all. However, an alternative approach to exploiting solar power is to capture it in space and convey it to the Earth by wireless means. As with terrestrial capture, Space Solar
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Power (SSP) provides a source that is virtually carbon-free and sustainable. As will be described later, the power-collecting platforms would most likely operate in geosynchronous orbit where they would be illuminated 24 hours a day (except for short eclipse periods around the equinoxes). Thus, unlike systems for the terrestrial capture of solar, a space-based system would not be limited by the vagaries of the day-night cycle. Furthermore, if the transmission frequency is properly chosen, delivery of power can be carried out essentially independent of weather conditions. Thus Space Solar Power could provide base load electricity.

HISTORY:
The SPS concept, originally known as Satellite Solar Power System (SSPS) was first described 1973 by Peter Glaser. In this method of transmitting power over long distances using microwaves from a very large antenna on the satellite to a much larger one on the ground, now known as a Rectenna. They found that, while the concept had several major problems.-- chiefly the expense of putting the required materials in orbit and the lack of experience on projects of this scale in space, it showed enough promise to merit further investigation and research. More recently, the SPS concept has again become interesting, due to increased energy demand, increased energy costs, and emission implications, starting in 1997 with the NASA "Fresh Look".

An Artist's Concept Of A Solar Power Satellite (NASA) US National Space Policy now calls for NASA to make significant investments in technology (not a particular vehicle) to drive the costs of ETO [Earth to Orbit] transportation down dramatically. This is, of course, an absolute requirement of space solar power. A 2007 Fox news report states that "The Pentagon's National Security Space Office (NSSO) may begin a study in the near future on the possibility of using satellites to collect solar energy for use on Earth. An Artist's Concept Of A Solar Power Satellite (NASA)
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FUNCTIONING OF WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER:

SPACECRAFT DESIGN
An SPS essentially consists of three parts: 1. A means of collecting solar power in space, for example via Solar Cells or a Heat Engine. 2. A means of transmitting power to earth, for example via Microwave or Laser. 3. A means of receiving power on earth, for example via A Microwave Antennas (Rectenna).

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SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION (SOLAR PHOTONS TO DC CURRENT)

Two basic methods of converting sunlight to electricity have been studied, Photovoltaic Conversion(PV), Concentrated Photovoltaic Conversion(CPV), And Solar Dynamic (SD) Conversion discussed below. Photovoltaic Conversion (PV) Most analyses of SPS have focused on photovoltaic conversion, commonly known as Solar Cells. Photovoltaic conversion uses semiconductor cells (e.g.,silicon or gallium arsenide) to directly convert photons into electrical power via a Quantum Mechanical Mechanism. Photovoltaic cells are not perfect in practice, as material purity and processing issues during production affect performance; each has been progressively improved for some decades. Some new, thin-film approaches are less efficient (about 20% to 35%), but are much less expensive and generally lighter. In an SPS implementation, solar cells will likely be rather different from the glass-pane protected solar cell panels familiar to many from current terrestrial use, since they will be optimized for weight, and will be designed to be tolerant to the space radiation environment, but will not need to be designed against corrosion by the elements. They may not require the structural support required for terrestrial use, where the considerable gravity loading imposes structural requirements on terrestrial implementations.
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Thin-film Solar Cells Thin film cells represent one better option for the future. They hold promise for low mass, low cost, and high production capability by depositing special materials in very thin (microns) layers on rolled substrates similar to newspaper printing. In addition, they are flexible, which lends themselves for deposition on lightweight deployable / inflatable structures needed for packaging of extremely large arrays in launch vehicles.

Concentrated Photovoltaic Conversion (CPV)

It is also possible to use Concentrating Photovoltaic(CPV) systems, which uses solar systems, mirrors or lenses to achieve a high concentration of sunlight on a much smaller area of solar cells, and are able to reach efficiencies above 40%. In this type of conversion the density of solar cells are higher because of smaller area of solar cells, it is called as Concentrating Photovoltaic Technology. Because the solar cell area required is rather smaller, the majority of the deployed collecting area in CPV systems is lenses or mirrors.

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Solar Dynamic Conversion (SD)

Solar Dynamic conversion uses a Heat Engine, consisting of a Piston or a Turbine which uses expansion of a working fluid to produce motion from heat. This then will connect to a Generator or Dynamo to produce electrical power. Two heat cycles for solar dynamic are thought to be reasonable for this: The Brayton cycle or the Stirling cycle. Terrestrial Solar Dynamic Systems typically use a large reflector to focus sunlight to a high concentration to achieve a high temperature so the heat engine can operate at high efficiencies; an SPS implementation will be similar. Solar dyanamic systems have the disadvantage of requiring moving parts in the electrical conversion element. A possible advantage of space for solar thermal power may be the ease with which
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huge mirrors can be supported and pointed in the freefall and vacuum conditions of space. They can be constructed from very thin aluminum or other metal sheets with very light frames, or from materials available in space (eg., on the Moon's surface).

A solar power satellite beams down energy to a reception area on Earth in the form of microwaves, which would be safe for both birds as well planes to fly through.

WORKING LIFETIME
The lifetime of a PV-based SPS is limited mainly by the ionizing radiation from the radiation of the Sun. Without a protection, this would cause the cells to degrade rapidly; however, use of glass coversheets for the cells reduces the degradation rate to a few percent per year. Deterioration is likely to be more rapid during periods of high exposure to energetic protons from Solar Particle Outburst events. Lifetimes for SD based SPS designs will be similarly limited, though largely for structural or mechanical considerations, such as meteorite impact, metal fatigue of turbine blades, fluid seals or pumps, wear of sliding surfaces degradation or loss of lubricants
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and working fluids in vacuum, and from temperature variation extremes. As well, most mirror surfaces will degrade from meteorite impact, but such mirrors can be designed simply (and so to be light and cheap), and replacement may be practical. In principle, at the end of life, it would be possible to recycle much of the satellite 'on-site', potentially at a significantly lower cost than launching an SPS as new.This might allow an expensive launch cost to be paid for over multiple satellite lifetimes, but would equire an inorbit re-processing facility.

ENERGY PAYBACK
For an SPS system (including manufacture, launch and deployment) to provide net power it must repay the energy needed to construct it. Solar satellites can pay back the energy in a remarkably short time. The satellite generates a 1kW with 2kg of mass; the payback time would be 29.5 hours. Assuming much less efficient (and more realistic) 3% efficient systems and 50W/kg solar arrays, the energy payback time is only extended to about a year for such an SPS. Clearly, for a system (including manufacture, launch and deployment) to provide net power it must repay the energy needed to construct it. For current silicon PV panels this is relatively high. Again, with an SPS, the net energy received on the ground is higher so this energy payback period would be somewhat reduced.

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WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION TO THE EARTH:

Wireless power transmission was early proposed to transfer energy from collection to the Earth's surface.The power could be transmitted as either microwave or laser radiation at a variety of frequencies depending on system design. Whatever choice is made, the transmitting radiation would have to be non-ionizing to avoid potential disturbances either ecologically or biologically if it is to reach the Earth's surface. This established an upper bound for the frequency used, as energy per photon, and so the ability to cause ionization, increases with frequency. Ionization of biological materials doesn't begin until ultraviolet or higher frequencies so most Radio Frequencies will be acceptable for this.

William C. Brown in 1964 demonstrated, a microwavepowered model helicopter that received all the power it needed for flight from a microwave beam. He was able to beam 30 kW of power over a distance of 1 mile at 84% efficiency.To minimize the sizes of the antennas used, the wavelength should be small (and
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frequency correspondingly high) since antenna efficiency increases as antenna size increases relative to the wavelength used. The highest frequencies that can be used are limited by atmospheric absorption (chiefly water vapor and CO2) at higher microwave frequencies. For these reasons, 2.45 GHz has been proposed as being a reasonable compromise. However, that frequency results in large antenna sizes at the Geostationary Orbit distance. An airship has been proposed to receive higher frequencies, converting them to something like 2.45 GHz for retransmission to the ground. Basic idea of SSPS is to collect the solar energy in orbit and send it to ground by microwave, laser beam or some other way. In case of sending the energy by microwave, the solar energy must be converted to electrical energy and then converted further to the microwave. The on-ground rectifying antenna will receive this microwave beam and convert it into the electrical energy. Major hurdle in this power transmission is how to improve efficiency of converting the solar energy to the electrical energy. Many type of solar cells and other type of energy conversion system are being developed. Typical energy conversion ratio from the solar energy to the electrical energy is 10% to 30%. Since other conversion ratio such as from the electricity to the microwave, from the microwave to the electricity are much higher than this conversion ratio, the conversion ratio from the solar energy to the electrical energy will mainly decide the size of the SPS. Another promising energy transmission method is to use Laser Beam. The laser beam will be produced from the solar energy using solid-state laser devices. This laser beam will be collected on ground and will be used to produce electrical energy of other type of energy sources such as hydrogen. Technical challenge of this method is to how to produce laser beam from the solar
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energy, and how to convert the laser beam to other form of storable or transmittable energy forms.

PROPOSED SPS
The goal is set to realize the 1 GW class operational solar power satellite in the Geo-stationary Earth Orbit in 20 to 30 years. 1GW is an output of a popular atomic power plant. There are several concepts of the 1GW class SSPS. Solar lights are collected by mirrors at the generator / transmitter.

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However, still there should be a lot of technical challenges to realize the operational solar power satellite, a road map to realize the operational solar power satellite in 20 years is proposed. The first step is the demonstration of the wireless power transmission (WPT) and evaluation of environmental effects that may be caused by the wireless power transmission. A satellite with solar paddles and a large phased array microwave power transmission antenna will be build for this mission. The second step of the roadmap is development and verification of technologies to build a huge space structure in an economical way. 10MW class experimental solar power satellite that might be a scale model of the operational solar power satellite will be built using robots in a low Earth orbit. Economical building of the SSPS is essential in realizing the operational SSPS. The third step is building a 250MW class prototype solar power satellite will be build in the Geo-stationary Earth Orbit. Economical and Efficient space transportation system must be developed to realize this system. The main operational system coming into the account where the remaining ways to generate the terrestrial electrical power will be completely vanished. At this point of time, the solar power will have tremendous demand over other generation types. 1GW of power will just be sufficient to serve the purposes of the partial basic activities of the world in 2020!!!

LEO/MEO INSTEAD OF GEO

A collection of LEO (Low Earth Orbit) space power stations has been proposed as a precursor to GEO (Geostationary Orbit) space power beaming system(s). There would be both advantages (much shorter energy transmission path lengths allowing smaller antenna sizes, lower cost to orbit, energy delivery to much of the Earth's surface, assuming appropriate
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antennas are available, etc.) and disadvantages (constantly changing antenna geometries, increased debris collision difficulties, requirement of many more power stations to provide continuous power delivery at any particular point on the Earth's surface, etc.). It might be possible to deploy LEO systems sooner than GEO because the antenna development would take less time, but it would certainly take longer to prepare and launch the number of required satellites.

EARTH BASED INFRASTRUCTURE

The Earth-based receiver antenna or rectenna is a critical part of the original SPS concept. It would probably consist of many short dipole antennas, connected via diodes. Microwaves broadcast from the SPS will be received in the dipoles with about 85% efficiency. With a conventional microwave antenna, the reception efficiency is still better, but the cost and complexity is also considerably greater, almost certainly prohibitively so. Rectennas would be multiple kilometers across. Crops and farm animals may be raised underneath a rectenna, as the thin wires used for support and for the dipoles will only slightly reduce sunlight, so such a rectenna would not be as expensive in terms of land use as might be supposed

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ADVANTAGES:
Unlimited energy resource Energy delivered anywhere in the world Zero fuel cost Zero CO2 emission Minimum long-range environmental impact Solar radiation can be more efficiently collected in space

DISADVANTAGES:
Launch costs Capital cost even given cheap launchers Would require a network of hundreds of satellites Possible health hazards The size of the antennas and rectennas Geosynchronous satellites would take up large sections of space Interference with communication satellites
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COMPARISON WITH OTHER RENEWABLES (WIND, TIDAL, HYDRO, GEOTHERMAL)

Most renewable energy sources (For Example, Tidal Energy, Hydro-Electric, Geothermal, Ethanol), have the capacity to supply only a fraction of the global energy requirement, now or in the foreseeable future. For most, the limitation is geography as there simply are very few sites in the world where generating systems can be built, and for hydro-electric projects in particular, there are few sites still open. For 2005, in the US, hydro-electric power accounted for 6.5% of electricity generation, and other renewables 2.3%. The U.S. Govt. Energy Information Administration projects that in 2030 hydropower will decline to 3.4% and other renewables will increase to 2.9%.

EVOLVING WPT MARKETS

Markets that will be made accessible with WPT will have a profound influence on global business activities and industry competitiveness. The following are examples of the future commercial opportunities of WPT: 1. Roadway powered electric vehicles for charging electric batteries with WPT from microwave generators embedded in the roadway while a vehicle is traveling at highway speed, thus eliminating stops to exchange or recharge batteries greatly extending travel range. 2. High-altitude, long-endurance aircraft maintained at a desired location for weeks or months at 20 km for communications and surveillance instead of satellites, at greatly reduced costs.
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3. Power relay satellites to access remote energy sources by uncoupling primary electricity generation from terrestrial transmission lines (15). Power is transmitted from distant sites to geosynchronous orbit and then reflected to a receiver on Earth in a desired location. 4. Solar power satellites in low-Earth or geosynchronous orbit or on the Moon to supply terrestrial power demands on a global scale.

CONCLUSION:
Most renewable energy sources (e.g., tidal energy, hydro-electric, geothermal, ethanol), have the capacity to supply only a tiny fraction of the global energy requirement, now or in the foreseeable future. For most, the limitation is geography as there simply are very few sites in the world where generating systems can be built. The human dependency on carbon based fossil fuels (eg, petroleum, coal and natural gas) is always on the tough side to answer due to its limited quantity. The fossil fuels perish in certain period if at all the intake of the above is at this rate. Solar Power Satellite solves the problem and in the near future and now, research is still in progress it has the ability to overcome the extinction of the natural resources, the human dependency of electricity has the capability to depend on this kind of source that is renewable, costless. Hence the assessment is completed theoretically but practically, not yet. The practical employment of such devices can be done only if we apply it in the real time tasks in as reduced cost as possible and to yield maximum output.

Thanking you
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