A BANDWIDTH EFFICIENT OFDM SYSTEM BY CHANNEL IMPULSE TRUNCATION METHODS- A REVIEW Vijay Kumar, Bibhudendra Acharya, Ganapati Panda

and Sarat Kumar Patra Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Orissa-769008, India nitrkl.vijay@gmail.com, bibhudendra@gmail.com, {gpanda,skpatra}@nitrkl.ac.in
ABSTRACT The Cyclic Prefix (CP) is added in front of each OFDM symbol frame, to mitigate the effect of IBI (Inter-Block Interference), which might otherwise be experienced during the demodulation of the transmitted signal. The variation in channel and the effect of multipath, places limitations on the performance of an OFDM system, especially when the order of one channel is larger than the cyclic prefix. In this case, we experience IBI, which would affect the SINR (Signal to Inference+Noise Ratio) of the received signal. The time domain equalization appears to be an attractive option to boost the SINR of the received signal as well as mitigate IBI. In the recent years different algorithms have been proposed to reduce the channel length and to enable a bandwidth efficient transmission in OFDM system. In this paper we present a review on methods truncating the channel impulse response & building the CSP (Channel Shortening Prefilter), are aimed at reducing the effective channel length, such that the effect of IBI is reduced. 1. INTRODUCTION Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is a technology that transmits multiple signals simultaneously over a wired or a wireless system. Each signal is limited by a specific frequency band, and is modulated by data stream. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) [4, 5] is a special case of this, where the data is distributed over a large number of carriers, which are 'orthogonal' to each other. OFDM is spectrally efficient compared to the conventional FDM systems, since it doesn't need guard bands between adjacent channels. This orthogonality property of the carriers is at the heart of OFDM, since the interference due to the other carriers is prevented, when the receiver demodulates a particular carrier. IEEE 802.16: Wireless MAN and WiMAX (World wide Interoperability for Microwave Access), are one of the standards of IEEE which utilizes the idea of OFDM, and is aimed to provide high-throughput broadband connections over long distances. To prevent intersymbol-interference (ISI) and inter-carrier-interference (ICI) a guard interval, containing a cyclic prex [12], is included. The guard length must be equal or greater than the maximum relative channel delay. In this paper we have analysed 20 related research papers on bandwidth efficient OFDM system by channel impulse truncation methods. The intersymbol interference (ISI) effects of a dispersive channel can be mitigated by dividing the spectrum into N approximately nondispersive sub channels, a process which is known as discrete multitone (DMT) modulation. This can be implemented efficiently by means of a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) based transmultiplexer in conjunction with a cyclic prefix (CP) on each DMT symbol. The CP converts linear convolution in the channel into circular convolution, which is equivalent to easily recoverable scalar multiplication in the discrete frequency domain. This technique will only work if the CP length L is longer than the length of the channel impulse response (CIR). In order to minimize the bit-rate reduction caused by this redundancy, it is desirable to transmit over a short channel. To this end, a channel-shortening equalizer is commonly employed in a DMT receiver, generally referred to as a time-domain equalizer (TEQ). The organization of the paper is as follows. Following the brief introduction, the basic concepts of OFDM system model are outlined in section 2. Section 3 discusses channel shortening filter using MMSE, maximum shortening SNR and CSP methods. In section 4, analysis of all the methods and results are discussed. Finally, section 5 describes the concluding remarks. 2. OFDM SYSTEM MODEL Simplified OFDM system model is shown in Fig.1. Where ( ) is the transmitted symbols, ( ) is the channel impulse response, ( ) is the white Gaussian noise added, is the highest channel order. Then the channel output of the system described in Fig. 1 can be written as = + ( ) (1)

2.1 OFDM Model Parameters Mobile WiMAX uses OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access), a multi-user version of OFDM. Here, the used model uses the wireless system of our consideration as 'closely' as possible to the WiMAX system.

Published in National Conference CECET 2009 Proceeding, GBPUT, Uttarakhnad, India

w(n)
X
N IFFT

3. CHANNEL SHORTENING FILTER

y(n)

x
Add CP P/S

s(n)
Channel h(n)

CSP f (n)

Z
FEQ N FFT

z
Remove CP P/S

Fig. 1. Simplified OFDM System with CSP IEEE 802.16e supports the FFT sizes of 2048, 1024, 512 and 128, so that it can support data transmission at various bandwidths [9]. The 802.16 specification applies across a wide range of the RF spectrum, and WiMAX could function on any frequency below 66 GHz [10]. However, the most globalized spectrum used for the WiMAX is at 3.5 GHz. The important parameters related to such a channel model are the following: Doppler spread coherence time, and multipath delay spread and coherence bandwidth of the channel. When a user (or reflectors in its environment) is moving, the user's velocity causes a shift in the frequency of the signal transmitted along each signal path. This phenomenon is known as the Doppler shift. If we consider the maximum speed of the mobile, its environments at 125 Kmph, and the frequency of 3.5 GHz, the Doppler shift at this speed would be,

Time domain Channel shortening filter aims at limiting the delay spread of the effective channel. When ISI/IBI effects for a high channel delay spread, results a higher error, the impulse shortening methods forms an attractive choice to save the system functionality. Generally, these time domain channel impulse shortening is non-adaptive, although it is reconstructed afresh as the channel properties change. However, there are adaptivechannel shortening methods, which vary through a feedback and are convergent [11]. The length of the CSP (Channel Shortening Pre-filter) directly affects the complexity of the computations and subsequently increases the cost of the computations. That is the reason which would discourage a large CSP, although it might decrease the IBI [18] to a great extent, since it adversely affects us in terms of the computational costs and duration. 3.1 MMSE Channel Shortening The Minimum Mean-Squared Error (MMSE) method (a.k.a. time domain equalizer or TEQ) [4, 14, 19, 20] uses the structure shown in Fig. 2 to calculate the equalizer coefficients. If the error in Fig. 2 could be forced to be zero [16], and then the equalized impulse response would be equal to the target impulse response (TIR) with a time delay difference. By controlling the TIR length, we control the length of the equalized channel. Given the length of the TIR, the goal is to find the best TIR and an equalizer which minimize the MSE. For minimum MSE, the TIR and equalizer must satisfy
Channel h Equalizer w

35 = 408 0.086

(2)

The coherence time TC of the channel is a measure of time variation in the channel, is inversely proportional to the Doppler spread and is calculated as: = 2.2 Channel Model The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) models [8, 13] the temporal dispersion of the time variant wireless propagation channel, ( , ) as a discrete tapped-delay-line with K taps. (4) = 1.03 (3)

+
Delay Target Impulse b Response

Fig. 2 MMSE equalizer = (5)

Where and are the input-output cross correlation and output autocorrelation matrices respectively. Then (6) = MSE= | Adding a constraint on to prevent the trivial solution = 0, the equalizer design problem becomes
|

This tapped-delay-line model represents a WSSUS channel as long as the tap coefficients are uncorrelated Gaussian Random processes. All the ITU channels have Zero mean Complex Gaussian coefficients, which are independent from each other.

. . = 1

(7)

The solution for is the eigenvector of | corresponding to the minimum eigenvalue. The corresponding equalizer settings can be calculated from (5). This channel shortening method does not maximize bit rate because minimizing the MSE does not necessarily increase the bit rate. 3.2 Maximum Shortening SNR Method This method minimizes the energy [1, 6, 3, 13] of the effective channel impulse response outside a window with the desired length v while keeping the energy within the window constant. No TIR is used, so only the upper path in Fig. 2 is used. The equalized impulse response can be written in matrix form as where H is the convolution matrix of the channel impulse response. Construct the vector hwin from the samples of heff which are in a given window of size v and hwall from the samples outside the window. The channel shortening problem is defined as minimizing the energy = 1 to of hwall while satisfying the constraint prevent the trivial solution. The energy outside and inside the window, respectively, can be expressed as (8) (9) while satisfying Thus, the aim is to minimize the constraint =1. The solution is given by (10)

Where , Es is the average energy of CSP. & are the residual and large component groups of effective channel convolution matrix. f is the pre-filter in vector form. 0 1 (14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

The objective of the optimisation process here is to design a pre-filter f such that, the SINR defined in (13) is maximised.Clearly, there are many ways to maximise the SINR. A method involving the use of eigenvalues and eigenvectors is discussed in this Section as the solution to the optimisation problem. This method maximise the numerator of SINR subject to the constraint of keeping the denominator to unity, or , 1 (18)

Where is the eigenvector corresponding to the minimum eigenvalue of the matrix (11)

The columns of Q consists of orthonormal eigenvectors of B and A is a diagonal matrix with the entries of the eigenvalues.This approach is optimum in the sense of maximum shortening SNR which is defined as 10 10 1 (12) The simulation result shows that this approach is in fact near optimum. 3.3 Optimization of SINR, CSP Method From [2], Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) is given by (13)

This is generalised eigenvalue problem. Let us first define and , where A and B are symmetrical and semi definite matrices. Since B is always invertible for a physical channel, it can decompose by Cholesky decomposition into to . By defining , the CSP coefficients can be defined as (19) Where is the eigenvector corresponding to the maximum eigenvalue of C. The maximum SINR in decibels can now be calculated as (20) 10 In this method, an intermediate matrix C is constructed. This matrix depends on both the large components and the residual components of the original channel. The maximum SINR can be determined directly by the maximum eigenvalue of C, and the coefficients of the CSP are the linear transform of the eigenvector corresponding to this maximum eigenvalue. Substituting

into (13) it can be shown that the numerator of SINR has the maximum value and the denominator of SINR becomes 1. Alternatively, the SINR in (13) can be maximized by minimizing the denominator of SINR, subject to the constraint of keeping its numerator to unity, or (21) 1 Fig. 3 MMSE Method Simulation of SNR distribution over frequency (G. Arslan et al. 2000)

This is also a generalized eigenvalue problem and can be solved in a similar way by and . The CSP coefficients are now given by (22) Where is the eigenvector corresponding to the minimum eigenvalue of C. The maximum SINR in decibels can now be calculated as (23) 10 1/ The difference between the two methods above is that the second method is only workable for When has deficient rank and thus does not ex, ist, and the method is no longer applicable. The first method, on the other hand, can be used to calculate the coefficients of CSP with an arbitrary channel length even when . This is possible as is always positive definite in practice and hence will always exist. 4. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS 4.1 MMSE & Maximum Shortening SNR (SSNR) Simulations carried out by G. Arslan et al. [7], use the carrier-serving-area loop number one and process 512 samples sampled at 2.208 MHz. The two ided white Gaussian noise powers is -110 dBm/Hz. Crosstalk noise / | is modeled as| 10 . Input power is set so that the matched filter bound of the SNR is 25 dB. We use a 21-tap equalizer, a cyclic prefix length v of 16, and an FFT size of N = 128. A coding gain of 5 dB and a margin of 6 dB are assumed when calculating bDMT. In the maximum geometric SNR method, the MSE threshold (MSEmax) is chosen to be 0.025. Frequency distribution of the SNR after equalization, and the upper bound of the SNR are shown in the Fig. 3 & Fig. 4. SNR distributions for maximum shortening SNR methods exactly follow the upper bound at high frequencies. The maximum shortening SNR solution diverges from the upper bound at the lower frequencies. Although the divergence is very small, the effect on the geometric SNR is dramatic. The SNR distributions for MMSE and geometric TEQ (time domain equalizer) methods appear similar.

Fig. 4 Maximum SSNR Method Simulation of SNR distribution over frequency (G. Arslan et al. 2000)

4.2 Channel Shortening Pre-filter Method The performance of CSP based method can be tested by using different channel. Here in this paper we have reviewed the performance of CSP based method using channel 2. Channel 2 is selected to be the T1.601 loop#9 [15] with low pass and high pass filter truncated to 180 taps, 0.7 /3 , where T is the sample period and p(t) is the rasied-cosine pulse, with roll off factor 0.1 given by sin / / cos 0.1 / 1 0.04 / (24)

The SINR values at different values of cyclic prefix are given in Fig. 5. These results that the CSP method performs better than those of [6] and [7]. From Fig. 5 it is clear that the SINR reaches to steady state value when we increase the cyclic prefix to certain length. Particularly the CSP method more quickly reaches to steady state value. And also there is effectively no channel shortening when the CP length is equal to the channel order. It can be observed from the Fig.6 that at all CSP length, CSP methods SINR performance is better than the other two methods. Also it can be seen that when the CSP length increases beyond a certain value the SINR reaches a steady-state value for all the methods.

From these simulation results we can conclude that the channel-shortening pre-filter (CSP) plays an important role in OFDM systems when the cyclic prefix is shorter than the channel order. Even when the channel impulse response and the noise are known exactly, OFDM systems without CSP have a poor symbol error rate (SER) performance when the channel order is greater than the CP length. 5. CONCLUSION In this paper, we have studied different algorithms to reduce the effect of ISI and ICI in case of OFDM system. We studied well known MMSE, maximum SSNR and CSP method for computing the coefficients of the shortening impulse response filter (SIRF). In this paper we have analyzed an optimization criterion and which is used to determine the coefficients of the channel shortening pre-filter. The criterion and the channel shortening pre-filtering method studied takes into account the effect of both IS1 and noise effectively. Unlike some existing methods, the CSP method studied in this paper does not require the channel length to be subjected to any constraint. Analyzed results show that the CSP method performs better than two other existing methods in SINR, over all the CP lengths, CSP lengths and SNR values considered. Hence we can conclude that the CSP method is robust against channel and noise estimation errors in symbol error rate performance. We suggest that future research work can be extended to increase the bandwidth efficiency in OFDM system by the use of adaptive cyclic prefix instead of adaptive CSP along with non-adaptive CSP. 6. REFERENCES [1] H.Schmidt, Karl-Dirk Kammeyer, Impulse Truncation for wireless OFDM systems, 5th International OFDM-workshop 2000, Hamburg. [2] J.Zhang, W.Ser and J.Zhu, Effective optimisation method for channle shortening in OFDM systems, IEE Proc-Comm, Vol 150, No.2, April 2003. [3] J.Zhang, W.Ser, Joint impulse shortening for DMT receivers, Electronic letters, 21st November, 2002, Vol.38, No.24. [4] D. Daly. C. Heneghan, and A. D. Fagan, "A Minimum Mean-Squared Error Interpretation of Residual IS1 Channel Shortening for Discrete Multitone Transceivers:' in Poceeding IEEE Int. Conf on Acoustics; Speech. and Signal Processing, May 2001, vol. 4, pp. 2065-2068. [5] R.W. Chang, Synthesis of Band-Limited Orthogonal Signal for Multichannel Data Transmission, Bell System Technical Journal, December 1966, pp. 17751796. [6]. P. J. W. Melsa, R. C. Younce, and C. E. Rhors, "Impulse response shortening for discrete multitone transceivers," IEEE Trans. on Communications, vol. 44, pp. 1662-1672, Dec. 1996

Fig. 5. SINR against CP length for channel 2 when N=512, L=32, SNR=20dB and channel order M=179 (J. Zhang et al. 2003)

Fig. 6. SINR against CSP length for channel 2 when N=512, v=32, SNR=20dB (J. Zhang et al. 2003)

Fig. 7. SINR against SNR length for channel 2 when N=512, L=64 & v=32(J. Zhang et al. 2003) This steady-state value is much higher for the CSP method than for the other two methods. Comparison of the SINR values at different SNR values is shown in Fig. 7. This figure also shows that the CSP method shows a significant improvement in SINR performance over the other two methods.

[7]. G.Arslan, B.L.Evans, Optimum Channel shortening for discrete multitone transceivers. Proceedings of Intemational Conference on Acoustics, speech and signal processing, ICASSPOO, Istanbul, Turkey, May, 2000, pp. 2965-2968 [8] ITU-R Recommendation M.1225, "Guidelines for evaluation of radio transmission technologies for IMT-2000," 1997. [9] IEEE 802.16 Standard, 2005, Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems. [10] Practical tips on making WiMAX field measurements, Part-1 rfdesignline.com, Retrieved on 25th March, 2008. [11] R. K. Martin, J. Balakrishnan,W. A. Sethares, and C. R. Johnson Jr., A blind, adaptive TEQ for multicarrier systems IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Vol. 9, No. 11, November 2002 [12] W.Henkel, G. Taoubock Et.al., The Cyclic prefix of OFDM & DMT An analysis, IEEE 2002 Zurich International Seminar for Broadband communications [13] Channel Model: A tutorial, Vol 1.0, 21st February, 2007, WiMAX Forum [14] N. Al-Dahir and J.M. Cioffi, "Optimum FiniteLength Equalization for Multicarrier Transceivers, IEEE Trans Commun, vol. 44, No. 1, Jan. 1996, pp. 56-64

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