1450-1560: Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration 1. Chambers, Chapters 12, 13, and 14. Sherman, Chapters 1, 2, and 3.

Primary sources: Transcript of the Marburg Colloqu; Erasmus, In Praise of Folly. 2. Terms: Humanism- Intellectual movement during Renaissance that turned to Classical scholarship. Encouraged sense of self and human values instead of divine concerns alone. Looks back to Roman and Greek eras. Encouraged education with grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and philosophy. Scholasticism- Changed in the 15th and 16th centuries: formerly the belief that reason could create a philosophy connecting and understanding all truths and conflicts. More people started doubting human reason. Became more focused on analysis. Transubstantiation- Belief that priests change bread and wine into the substance of Christ during mass. John Wycliffe attacked this belief that emphasized priest power. Point of argument during the reformations. Indulgences- Indulgences was previously a theory that if one went on a crusade, they would draw credit that would allow them to spend less time in purgatory before heaven. Tetzel, a friar, sold indulgences to raise money to build a church, going against the belief that one must receive repentance for their sins before forgiveness from God. Inspired Luthers 95 theses. Augsburg Confession- Document compiled by Luther and Melanchthon. Lays out the foundation for Lutheranism. Bible is the only religious authority, not popes and church councils. Salvation by faith, not by good works or sacraments. Only sacraments are baptism and the Eucharist. Consubstantiation instead of transubstantiation. Catholic Reformation/Counter-Reformation- Catholic revival, possibly in response to Protestantism. Many had converted, though more stayed loyal. Pope Paul III is elected in 1534, determined to revive Catholicism, one way was by calling the Council of Trent to resolve the uncertainties in Catholic doctrine (justification, salvation, and the sacraments.) Appointments to the College of Cardinals allowed a succession of popes that restored the morality of the Catholic church. Emphasis on rituals, power of priests. Transubstantiation, good works and faith to achieve salvation, and the seven sacraments are still fully believed, despite the rising opposition from Protestants.

Erasmus, The Praise of Folly- Christian Humanist wrote best-selling book created by printing press, satirizing the hypocrisy of the Church. Believed that faith would guide a moral life, not meaningless ceremonies. Inspires others to criticize the church. Commercial Revolution- In the 1500s, trade rose with a population increase and material goods from the New World, resulting in a need for large-scale, organized ways of keeping track of finances. More banking, loans, inflation, imports from New World. Fuggers finance Charles V, king of Spain and HRE. Not everyone benefittedlaborers receive the same wages as before, despite inflation, causing more crime and poverty. Columbian Exchange- the flow of ideas, things, diseases, people, animals, materials, etc. back and forth between the New and Old worlds. Many were able to retain old ideas but adapt new ones as well. Allowed for much change in the 16th century. Many died from disease spread. Parliament- English assembly of gentry who could give the rulers actions approval. Less powerful than the king, though the king couldnt raise taxes without their consent. Shows progression of representing a countys ideas.

3. Trends: Demographic: Europes population drops in the 1300s because of the black plague but quickly grows between 1470 and 1620. More people move to towns and cities because of enclosures. Political: France, Spain, and England become successful at centralizing power, Governments encourage growth of trade, overseas expansion, and social distress relief. Rulers must limit the power of the nobles while also gaining their loyalty. The Pope has political power. Religious: Religion once unified Western Europe, but criticisms of the Church for being materialistic and hypocritical emerge with the Hussites and the Lollards in the 1400s, and result in the Religious Reformation and Protestantism. Intellectual: Humanism encourages a study of classical scholarship that leads to more universities. The Printing Press makes reading more available, though education is still mostly limited to the upper classes. Scholastic thought becomes more analytical. Ockham believes that the mind is too limited to understand God and other things and that one should rely on direct experience for knowledge. Artistic: The Renaissance results in art that aims to be more realistic and detailed, as well as emulate Roman art and glorify the individual. Artists gain social status instead of just being tradesmen and patrons sponsor art. Northern renaissance art shows more religious concern and a fascination with death.

4. People and Events The Great Schism- (1378-1417) 1377, the pope returns to Rome and dies. Cardinals tried to elect pope that appealed to the French and Italians, but the French dont like him. Majority of Cardinals declare his election invalid and elect new pope to Avignon. Both popes refuse to step down, Christendom is split. Ended with Council of Constance, greatest international gathering of the time. Voted to elect new Roman pope. Causes loss of faith for some in the Catholic Church. Conciliar Movement- Due to the Great Schism, many people began to support the idea of a general council of the Church, which would reduce the popes power. Council of Pisa first tests this, but it is not till the Council of Constance that it works and ends the Great Schism. The council is declared supreme within the church until another dispute with the pope. Unsuccessful: disbands. John Wycliffe, Lollards- English professor argued for church reform in the 1300s. Church was disconnected, should rely on the Scriptures. Wanted less power for priests, possibly because of his relations with the royal court, who feared French influence on the papacy due to their moving to Avignon, because they were at war with France. Branded as a heretic by most, but had followers called the Lollards who later disbanded during the Protestant Reformation. Jan Hus, Hussites- Bohemian priest who followed Wycliffes beliefs, but was executed. His followers launched a resistance against the emperor. Allowed to establish own Church, but most demands were not met. Martin Luther- Monk who believes that salvation came from the believers faith, not the ceremonies of the Church. Started the religious reformations, broke off from the Catholic Church. Later condemned all other religions, as the Catholics had condemned his. Wrote the Ninety-Nine Theses about all his problems with the Church, especially indulgences. Zwingli- Humanist Protestant Priest. Less conservative than Luther- all sacraments including communion are symbolic. Emphasis on Scripture and faith, as well as extreme discipline and supervision of the faithful to make sure they were staying moral. Never grew into a major religion, but did have effects on other forms of Protestantism. Anabaptists- Religious following wanting even less church authority, which drew the hatred of many people who still wanted power. Believed baptism should be administered to adults instead of babies, who had no choice. Persecuted. Francis I- French king (1515-1547) who increased the power of the monarchy. During reign, office sales made up much of the revenue, which increased the size

and power of government. Success in Italian wars led to his power and respect. Gained right to appoint all French bishops and abbots. Controlled French church without breaking with Rome. Gave him power to reward his followers or raise money. Lit de justice: Francis I goes against the parlements by allowing that he or later kings may go to assemblies delaying the approval of his edicts or ordinances and declare them law. The Inquisition- In an attempt to increase unity in Spain through religion, Jews and Muslims were ordered out of Spain, even some who had converted to Catholicism for suspicions they were still practicing their former religion. Happens under rule of Ferdinand and Isabella. Italian Wars- French, Spanish, and Hapsburg armies invade Italy, which crumbles despite its esteemed reputation. Hapsburgs take control of most of Italy at the wars end in 1559. Papacy gains territory. Showed importance of large, centralized governments instead of city-states. Italian prestige begins to fade, Italian renaissance ends. 5. Maps Map 13.1 on page 391 shows religious divisions in the sixteenth century. While Europe was once culturally unified, religious beliefs begin to divide them. Map 14.1 on page 402 shows the exploration by the Portuguese and Spanish, though later the French, Dutch, and British would have more possessions. 6.

Advances in art materials and techniques made art more realistic than in the Middle Ages. The Italian Renaissance was concerned with reviving classical times, as influenced by humanism, while the Northern Renaissance had more religious artwork and portraits.

7. Questions Analyze the appeal of different Protestant sects to groups (nobles, peasants) in the 16th century. What are the motives behind Protestant and Catholic views of transubstantiation? Italy had one of the best reputations during the Renaissance, but fails in the Italian wars in the 16th century. What factors contributed to their downfall and the rise of other European countries?