Lecture1-4 NG

Electromagnetic Fields and Waves
EEE C 433 Lecture 1-4

Dr. Navneet Gupta
Assistant Professor, EEE Group
1/19/2009
BITS, PILANI
Gupta
Dr. Navneet
Course Description
Course No. Course Title : EEE C433 : Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Instructor-in-charge : Dr. Navneet Gupta
(email: ngupta@bits-pilani.ac.in) (Chamber: 2210-H, FD-II)
Instructors
: Dr. Niladri Sarkar, Mr. G. Meenakshi Sundran, Mr. Mahesh Angira

BITS, PILANI Dr. Navneet Gupta 2
1/19/2009
Scope and objective of the course:

Most fundamental topics in Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Thorough understanding of many areas such as VLSI, PCBs operating at GHz clocks, rotating machines, microwaves and antennas depends upon electromagnetics. To provide the students with the basic understanding of electromagnetic fields and waves.
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Text Book
Text Book : John D. Kraus and Daniel A. Fleisch, Electromagnetics, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999. Total: 11 Chapters
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Reference Books
Reference Books :
David K.Cheng, Field and Wave Electromagnetics 2nd ed. Addison Wesley Longman, Singapore 1999. (R1) Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Electromagnetics for Engineers, Pearson Education India, 2005.(R2) EDD Notes: Smith Chart and its Applications, BITS, Pilani, 2008 (R3) R.K.Shevgaonkar, Electromagnetic Waves, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, 2006. (R4) Constantine A. Balanis Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 2nd. Ed. John Wiley & Sons (ASIA) Pte Ltd, Singapore 2005. (R5)
Course Plan
Total Lectures: 40 Broad Topics:
Foundation of Electromagnetics EM Wave Propagation Transmission lines Smith Chart Waveguides Antennas Radio Wave Propagation
Evaluation Scheme
No make-up will be given for Assignment and Quizzes however for Tests and Comprehensive Examination make-up examination will be given only in genuine cases for which prior permission of the instructor-in-charge is required.
Introduction to Electromagnetics
What is electromagnetics?
Electromagnetics is the study of the mutual interactions between electric charges. Charges may be stationary, they may move with constant velocity (v=const) or they may be in accelerated motion .
What is electrostatics?
Electrostatics deals stationary charges.
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with
the
interactions
between
Dr. Navneet Gupta
Introduction to Electromagnetics
Electromagnetics is important because it provides a real-world, three-dimensional understanding of electricity and magnetism.
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Center for Electromagnetic Theory and Applications (CETA)

Research Laboratory of Electronics Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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10
Foundation of Electromagnetics:
M. Faraday (1831):
Faraday showed that a magnetic field which varied in time-like the one produced by an alternating current (AC)-could drive electric currents, if (say) copper wires were placed in it in the appropriate way. That was "magnetic induction," the phenomenon on which electric transformers are based.
Changing magnetic fields could produce electric currents

We already know that electric currents produce magnetic fields. Would it perhaps be possible for space to support a wave motion alternating between the two?
magnetic field ---> electric current ---> magnetic field ---> electric current ---> ...
There was one stumbling block. Such a wave could not exist in empty space, because empty space contained no copper wires and could not carry the currents needed to complete the above cycle. A brilliant young Scotsman, James Clerk Maxwell, solved the riddle in 1861 by proposing the equations that relate electricity and magnetism
Electricity and magnetism were originally thought to be unrelated in 1861, James Clerk Maxwell provided a mathematical theory that showed a close relationship between all electric and magnetic phenomena
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FOUNDER OF EMT
13
Then Heinrich Hertz in Germany showed that an electric current bouncing back and forth in a wire (nowadays it would be called an "antenna") could be the source of such waves. Electric sparks create such back-and-forth currents when they jump across a gap--hence the crackling caused by lightning on AM radio--and Hertz in 1886 used such sparks to send a radio signal across his lab. Later the Italian Marconi, with more sensitive detectors, extended the range of radio reception, and in 1903 detected signals from Europe as far as Cape Cod, Massachussets.
JAGADISH CHANDRA BOSE
The First Indian Scientist who marked his footprints in the world of Electromagnetics. In fact, Bose generated millimeter waves using a circuit developed in his laboratory and used these waves for communication, much earlier than the western scientists. He also developed microwave antennas (horns) which are still considered to be ideal feeds
Maxwells predictions
Electric field lines originate on positive charges and terminate on negative charges
Electric field is produced by charges
Magnetic field lines always form closed loops they do not begin or end anywhere
Magnetic fleld is produced by currents (moving charges)
A varying magnetic field induces an emf and hence an electric field (Faradays Law)
Electric field is also produced by changing magnetic field
Question: is there a symmetry between electric and magnetic fields, i.e. can magnetic field be produced by changing electric field??? Maxwell: YES!!!
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Magnetic field is also produced Dr. Navneet Gupta electric field. by changing BITS, PILANI
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Note: Charges and Fields

Stationary charges produce only electric fields Charges in uniform motion (constant velocity) produce electric and magnetic fields Charges that are accelerated produce electric and magnetic fields and electromagnetic waves These fields are in phase
At any point, both fields reach their maximum value at the same time
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Electromagnetic Waves
The E and B fields are perpendicular to each other Both fields are perpendicular to the direction of motion
Therefore, em waves are transverse waves
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Properties of EM Waves
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light
c=
o o
= 2.99792 10 m s
8
Because em waves travel at a speed that is precisely the speed of light, light is an electromagnetic wave
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Properties of EM Waves, 2
The ratio of the electric field to the magnetic field is equal to the speed of light
E c= B
Electromagnetic waves carry energy as they travel through space, and this energy can be transferred to objects placed in their path
The Spectrum of EM Waves

Forms of electromagnetic waves exist that are distinguished by their frequencies and wavelengths c = Wavelengths for visible light range from 400 nm to 700 nm There is no sharp division between one kind of em wave and the next
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The EM Spectrum
Note the overlap between types of waves Visible light is a small portion of the spectrum Types are distinguished by frequency or wavelength
The EM Spectrum
Radio Waves
Used in radio and television communication systems
Microwaves
Wavelengths from about 1 mm to 30 cm Well suited for radar systems Microwave ovens are an application
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The EM Spectrum, 2
Infrared waves
Incorrectly called heat waves Produced by hot objects and molecules Readily absorbed by most materials
Visible light
Part of the spectrum detected by the human eye Most sensitive at about 560 nm (yellow-green)
The EM Spectrum, 3
Ultraviolet light
Covers about 400 nm to 0.6 nm Sun is an important source of uv light Most uv light from the sun is absorbed in the stratosphere by ozone
X-rays
Most common source is acceleration of high-energy electrons striking a metal target Used as a diagnostic tool in medicine
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The EM Spectrum, final

Gamma rays
Emitted by radioactive nuclei Highly penetrating and cause serious damage when absorbed by living tissue
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Review problem: car radio

An RLC circuit is used to tune a radio to an FM station broadcasting at 88.9 MHz. The resistance in the circuit is 12.0 and the capacitance is 1.40 pF. What inductance should be present in the circuit?
Given: RLC circuit f0=88.9 Hz R = 12.0 C = 1.40 pF Find:
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The resonance frequency of the circuit should be chosen to match that of the radio station
Fundamentals of Electromagnetics
Fundamental vector field quantities in electromagnetics
Electric field intensity (E) Volts/meter Electric flux density (Electric Displacement) (D) Coulombs / meter2 Magnetic field intensity (B) Tesla = Webers / meter2 Magnetic flux density (H) Amps per meter (A/m)
Universal constants in electromagnetics:

Velocity of an electromagnetic wave (e.g., light) in free space (perfect vacuum)
0 = 4 10 7 H/m Permeability of free space

Permittivity of free space 0 8.854 10 12 F/m Intrinsic impedance of free space 0 120
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c 3 10 m/s
8
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Constitutive Relations:
Electric and magnetic flux densities (E and B) are related to the field intensities (D and H) by constitutive relations: Vacuum :
Simple media
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and
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Vector Analysis : Mathematical Shorthand Coordinate Systems:
Rectangular/Cartesian Coordinate Systems Cylindrical Coordinate Systems Spherical Coordinate Systems
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Rectangular/Cartesian Coordinate Systems
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Cylindrical Coordinate Systems
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Spherical Coordinate Systems
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Example: Coordinate transformation

Transform the vector
r A = ar (3 cos ) a 2r + a z 5
in cartesian coordinates
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Line, Surface and Volume Integral

An important application of the scalar (or dot ) product involves the line integral We take surface integral to calculate the total quantity like flux or current crossing the area. If any physical quantity like charge or mass of an object is distributed in the volume of an object the total quantity can be found out by taking the volume integral.
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Example:
Use the cylindrical coordinate system to find the area of a curved surface on the right circular cylinder having radius = 3m and height = 6m
30
120
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Coulombs Law
Q1
r12
Q2
Force due to Q1 acting on Q2
r F12 r Q1 Q2 F12 = r12 2 4 0 r12
Unit vector in direction of r12
electrical permittivity of free space [0 = 8.854X10-12 F/m].

Electric Field and electric field strength (intensity) E

r r F Q1 12 (N / C) E = = r12 2 Q2 40r12
Er =
L
2
Line Charges:
r 2 0 r + 1 a a >> r
L Er = 2 0 r
Example: dc transmission line

Two long parallel conductors of a dc transmission line separated by 2 m have charges of L= 5C/m of opposite sign. Both lines are 8 m above ground. What is the magnitude of the electric field 4 m directly below one of the wires? r=1
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Electric Potential V and its Gradient E

Gradient: an operation performed on a scalar function which results in a vector function. E= -grad V
E = - V (moving against the electric field results in +ve work done)
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Divergence and Curl of a vector field

Divergence of a vector field A at a point is defined as the net outward flux of A per unit volume as the volume about the point tends to zero. Curl of a vector field A, is a vector whose magnitude is the maximum net circulation of A per unit area as the area tends to zero and whose direction is the normal direction of the area when the area is oriented to make the net circulation maximum.
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Poissons Equation: Laplaces Law (for free space)
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Divergence Theorem:
convert volume integral to surface integral using divergence of a vector field.
Stokes Theorem:
convert surface integral to line integral using curl of a vector field
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Laplacian
Laplacian of a scalar: Laplacian of a vector: r r r 2 A = . A A
( )
NULL IDENTITIES:
The curl of the gradient of any scalar field is identically zero. The divergence of the curl of any vector field is identically zero.
ELECTRIC DIPOLE
An electric dipole is a separation of positive and negative charge. The simplest example of this is a pair of electric charge of equal magnitude but opposite sign, separated by some, usually small, distance.
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Electric Dipole Potential
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Equipotential lines: dipole

Equipotential lines are like contour lines on a map which trace lines of equal altitude. In this case the "altitude" is electric potential or voltage. Equipotential lines are always perpendicular to the electric field. In three dimensions, the lines form equipotential surfaces.
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Movement along an equipotential surface requires no work because such movement is always perpendicular to the electric field.
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Superposition of Potential
The total electric potential at a point is the algebraic sum of the individual potentials at the point.
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The total electric potential at a point: V=Vp+VL+Vs+Vv
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Electric Flux Density

Uniform Case:
The electric flux through a surface area is the integral of the normal component of electric field (times ) over the area.
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Flux density D = E (C/m2)
Isotropic medium: D and E are in the same direction Anisotropic medium: D and E may be in different direction.
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Nonuniform case:
Total electric flux over the sphere is equal to the charge Q enclosed by the sphere.
r D . dS = Q
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Gausss Law
Total electric flux out of a closed surface is equal to the net charge within the surface.
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Boundary Conditions:
Two Dielectric media:
The tangential component of E is continuous across the boundary Et1=Et2 Dn1- Dn2=
A dielectric and a conductor:

The tangential component of the E field on a conductor surface is zero. Et=0 while En= /
Example: Fields at charge-free boundary at oblique incidence

Find the magnitude of EF in medium 2. assume 1 > 2 D or E
1 1
1 En1 1 2 En2 2 D2 or E2
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Et1
Boundary between two media
Et2
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Capacitance
When a conductor acquires charge, it is distributed on the surface, such as to nullify E inside and its tangential components on the surface. In general, potential charge acquired,
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Parallel-plate Capacitor
w
A
A
C = Q / V= DA/Ed=EA/Ed= A/d
Capacitor cell:
When w = d the capacitor becomes a capacitor cell
Capacitor Energy and Energy Density

Work done to move a charge through a potential difference of V is, dW = V dQ W = dW = Q dQ/C
Energy density: w = E2/2 (J/m3)
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Example: Sandwich capacitor

Capacitor plate
V1 V2 d d E1 E2 r = 2 r=3 D1 D2
10 V
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Electric Current
Electric current is the flow of electric charge.
Conductors: motion of electrons Gaseous conductors: charge is carried by electrons & +ve ions. Liquid conductors: charge is carried by ions (+ve and ve). semiconductors: charge is carried by electrons and holes.
Electric current can be represented as the time rate of change of charge, or I = dQ/dt Current density is a measure of the density of an electric current. It is defined as a vector whose magnitude is the electric current per cross-sectional area.
Electric Current
Field E Force F
Test charge +e
Field E vd
vd = e E
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Electric Current
I = vdA J = I/A = vd If current density is not uniform
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Electric Current
Ohms Law
V = IR
Joules Law:
Power = V.I = I2 R
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Divergence of J
Kirchhoffs current law
r .J = 0
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Boundary Conditions For Current Density: Conducting Media
J n1 = J n 2 J t1 1 = Jt2 2
Steady Magnetic Field

Motion of free charges gives current and the current produces magnetic field around it. Biot-Savart Law: This law gives the magnetic field intensity dH due to a current element Idl
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Amperes circuital law

Amperes Circuital Law says that the integration of H around any closed path is equal to the net current enclosed by that path.
r r H .dl = I r r H = J
c
Integral Form
Differential Form
The line integral of H around a closed path is termed the circulation of H.

Gausss Law for magnetic fields

For a closed surface
r r B .d S = 0
r .B = 0
Total magnetic flux through any surface bound by a common closed contour is the same.
Boundary conditions for magnetostatic field

Normal component:
The normal component of B is continuous across an interface The normal component of H is discontinuous by the ratio 1/2.
Tangential component:
Ht1 Ht2 = K If the surface current density is zero. Ht1 = Ht2
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Inductance and Magnetic energy
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Inductance and Magnetic energy
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Magnetic Energy Density

Imagine a current generator connected to a coil, which increases current from 0 to I. The inductor coil will stores an incremental energy dW = V I dt where, V = dI/dt so, the total energy W = I dI = I2/2 = = BANI/2 = BHAL/2 where AL is the volume of the coil (m3) Hence, energy density w = H2/2
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(J m-3)
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Inductor cell
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Electromagnetic Fields and Waves

EEE C 433 Lecture 1-4

: Dr. Niladri Sarkar, Mr. G. Meenakshi Sundran, Mr. Mahesh Angira

Scope and objective of the course:

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Center for Electromagnetic Theory and Applications (CETA)

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Changing magnetic fields could produce electric currents

Note: Charges and Fields

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Dr. Navneet Gupta

The Spectrum of EM Waves

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Dr. Navneet Gupta

The EM Spectrum, final

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Review problem: car radio

Universal constants in electromagnetics:

0 = 4 10 7 H/m Permeability of free space

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Example: Coordinate transformation

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Line, Surface and Volume Integral

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Force due to Q1 acting on Q2

r F12 r Q1 Q2 F12 = r12 2 4 0 r12

Unit vector in direction of r12

electrical permittivity of free space [0 = 8.854X10-12 F/m].

Electric Field and electric field strength (intensity) E

Example: dc transmission line

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Electric Potential V and its Gradient E

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Divergence and Curl of a vector field

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Poissons Equation: Laplaces Law (for free space)

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Electric Dipole Potential

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Equipotential lines: dipole

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Dr. Navneet Gupta

The total electric potential at a point: V=Vp+VL+Vs+Vv

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Electric Flux Density

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Electric Flux Density

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Electric Flux Density

Dr. Navneet Gupta