Doc Brown's Advanced Level Inorganic Chemistry Periodic Table Revision Notes Part 2 Electronic Structure, Spectroscopy &

Doc Brown's Advanced Level Inorganic Chemistry Periodic Table Revision Notes Part 2 Electronic Structure, Spectroscopy & Ionisation Energies Electron Configurations of Elements
e.g. 26

Iron, Fe

1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

[Ar]3d

4s

4p

Sections 2.3 Electron configurations for elements of atomic number Z = 1 to 56

ses the rules on assigning electron arrangements, and how the quantum level notation is written out, and using boxes to represen is given for elements Z = 1 to 56

2.4 The relationship between electron configuration and the Periodic Table

.4 uses the electron configurations to show how the Periodic Table arises, i.e. an element's position in the Periodic Table and hen chemistry, is primarily determined by the arrangement of its outer valency electrons.

2.5 The electron configuration of ions and oxidation states

shows how to work out the configuration of ions, (positive cations or negative anions formed by the loss or gain of valence electro also, relating electron arrangements to the oxidation states exhibited by selected elements.

GCSE/IGCSE/AS Atomic Structure Notes * GCSE/IGCSE Periodic Table notes GANIC Part 2 sub-index: 2.1 The electronic basis of the modern Periodic Table * 2.2 The electronic structure of atoms (including s s/orbitals/notation) * 2.3 Electron configurations of elements (Z = 1 to 56) * 2.4 Electron configuration and the Periodic Table * 2.5 E tion of ions and oxidation states * 2.6 Spectroscopy and the hydrogen spectrum * 2.7 Evidence of quantum levels from ionisation

d Level Inorganic Chemistry Periodic Table Index * Part 1 Periodic Table history * Part 2 Electron configurations, spectroscopy, h m, ionisation energies * Part 3 Period 1 survey H to He * Part 4 Period 2 survey Li to Ne * Part 5 Period 3 survey Na to Ar * Part 6 P o Kr and important trends down a group * Part 7 s-block Groups 1/2 Alkali Metals/Alkaline Earth Metals * Part 8 p-block Groups 3/ roup 7/17 The Halogens * Part 10 3d block elements & Transition Metal Series * Part 11 Group & Series data & periodicity plots * Al have their own sub-indexes near the top of the pages

2.3 List of the Electronic Configuration of Elements 1 to 56 using the advanced notation

ST STUDY Parts 2.1 and 2.2 before studying 2.3 - The rules of how to assign electrons in multi-electron atoms to the appropriate q re explained in section 2.2. The list below quotes the ground state electron configurations i.e. the lowest available state according to th principle (previously described).

on Box diagrams of the outer electron arrangement and examples of the simple electron notation (e.g. 2.8.1) are also included, wit ents in the end right hand column e.g. element symbol, group, series etc. The electrons-in-boxes notation for subshells: Boxes are u

an individual orbital or set of orbitals in the electrons are shown as arrows. The pairs up/down arrows represent a full orbital with electrons o spin and note how the half-filled boxes/orbitals illustrate Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity. The energy level filling order up to Z = 56 is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p (for Z = 1 to 36) 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f/5d? (for Z = 37 to 56) However, when writing out the electron configuration you must write them out in order of strict principal quantum with the accompanying s, p, d, f notation i.e. the order 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s (upto Z = 58)

number Z ement name symbol 1s

1

Electron configuration

Box diagram of outer electron orbitals (representing the superscripted electron numbers beyond the inner noble gas core in [He/Ne/Ar/Kr] Symbol, group/series/block and Co which is never involved in chemical bonding/reactions) 1s H, no Gp really, a bit unique! He, Gp 0/18 Noble Gas, 2p 2p 2p 2p 2p 2p 2p 2p 3p 3p 3p 3p 3p 3p 3p 3p 4s 4s 4p 4p Li, s-block, Gp1 Alkali Metal,

n, H

He

1s = [He] 1s 2s (simple notation: 2.1) 1s 2s (2.2) 1s 2s 2p (2.3) 1s 2s 2p (2.4) 1s 2s 2p (2.5) 1s 2s 2p (2.6) 1s 2s 2p (2.7) 1s 2s 2p = [Ne] (2.8) 1s 2s 2p 3s (2.8.1) 1s 2s 2p 3s (2.8.2) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (2.8.3) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (2.8.4) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (2.8.5) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (2.8.6) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (2.8.7) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p = [Ar] (2.8.8) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s (2.8.8.1) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s (2.8.8.1)
2 2 6 2 6 2 2 2 6 2 6 1 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 5 2 2 6 2 4 2 2 6 2 3 2 2 6 2 2 2 2 6 2 1 2 2 6 2 2 2 6 1 2 2 6 2 2 5 2 2 4 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1

2s [He]2s [He]2s [He]2s [He]2s [He]2s [He]2s [He]2s [He]2s [Ne]3s [Ne]3s [Ne]3s [Ne]3s [Ne]3s [Ne]3s [Ne]3s [Ne]3s [Ar]3d [Ar]3d

Li

m, Be

Be, s-block, Gp2 Alkaline Earth Meta B, p-block, Gp3/13 C, p-block, Gp4/14, N, p-block, Gp5/15, O, p-block, Gp6/16, F, p-block, Gp7/17 Halogen, Ne, p-block, Gp 0/18 Noble Gas, Na, Gp1 Alkali Metal,

,N

O F

Ne

, Na

sium, Mg

Mg, s-block, Gp2 Alkaline Earth Meta Al, p-block, Gp3/13, Si, p-block, Gp4/14, P, p-block, Gp5/15, S, p-block, Gp6/16, Cl, p-block, Gp7/17 Halogen, Ar, p-block, Gp 0/18 Noble Gas, K, s-block, Gp1 Alkali Metal,

um, Al Si

orus, P

,S

e, Cl

Ar

um, K

m, Ca

Ca, s-block, Gp2 Alkaline Earth Meta

um, Sc

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
2 2 6 2 6 6 2 2 6 2 6 5 2 2 6 2 6 5 2 2 6 2 6 3 2 2 6 2 6 2

[Ar]3d [Ar]3d [Ar]3d [Ar]3d [Ar]3d [Ar]3d [Ar]3d [Ar]3d

1

4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s

4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p

Sc, 3d block, not true Transition Meta Ti, 3d block, a true Transition Metal V, 3d block, a true Transition Metal Cr, 3d block, a true Transition Metal Mn, 3d block, a true Transition Metal Fe, 3d block, a true Transition Metal Co, 3d block, a true Transition Metal Ni, 3d block, a true Transition Metal Cu, 3d block, a true Transition Metal

m, Ti

um, V

um, Cr

nese, Mn

Co

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
2 2 6 2 6 10 2 2 6 2 6 8

Ni

, Cu

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p

10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2 1 2 2 6 2 6 10

[Ar]3d
2

[Ar]3d [Ar]3d

Zn, 3d block, not true Transition Meta Ga, p-block, Gp3/13, Ge, p-block, Gp4/14, As, p-block, Gp5/15, Se, p-block, Gp6/16, Br, p-block, Gp7/17 Halogen, Kr, p-block, Gp 0/18 Noble Gas, Rb, s-block, Gp1 Alkali Metal,

, Ga

nium, Ge

[Ar]3d
3

, As

[Ar]3d
4

m, Se

[Ar]3d
5

e, Br

[Ar]3d
6

n, Kr

[Ar]3d 4s 4p = [Kr] [Kr]5s [Kr]5s

1

[Ar]3d [Kr]5s

m, Rb

m, Sr

[Kr]5s
1 2

Sr, s-block, Gp2 Alkaline Earth Metal 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s 5p Y, 4d block, not true Transition Metal Zr, 4d block, a true Transition Metal Nb, 4d block, a true Transition Metal Mo, 4d block, a true Transition Metal Tc, 4d block, a true Transition Metal Ru, 4d block, a true Transition Metal Rh, 4d block, a true Transition Metal Pd, 4d block, a true Transition Metal Ag, 4d block, a true Transition Metal

,Y

[Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d

10 8 7 5 5 4 2

[Kr]4d [Kr]4d [Kr]4d [Kr]4d [Kr]4d [Kr]4d [Kr]4d [Kr]4d

um, Zr

m, Nb

enum, Mo

tium, Tc

ium, Ru

m, Rh

um, Pd

Ag

[Kr]4d 5s

10

[Kr]4d

um, Cd In

[Kr]4d 5s
10

10

[Kr]4d
1

5s 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s

5p 5p 5p 5p 5p 5p 5p

Cd, 4d block, not true Transition Meta In, p-block, Gp3/13, Sn, p-block, Gp4/14, Sb, p-block, Gp5/14, Te, p-block, Gp6/16, I, p-block, Gp7/17 Halogen, Xe, p-block, Gp 0/18 Noble Gas, Cs, s-block, Gp1 Alkali Metal,

[Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p

10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2

[Kr]4d
2

[Kr]4d
3

ny, Sb

[Kr]4d
4

m, Te

[Kr]4d
5

[Kr]4d
6

Xe

[Kr]4d 5s 5p = [Xe] [Xe]6s [Xe]6s

1

[Kr]4d [Xe]6s

m, Cs

, Ba

[Xe]6s
1 2

Ba, s-block, Gp2 Alkaline Earth Meta 6s

num, La

[Xe]5d 6s
2

[Xe]5d
1 1 2

La, start of 5d-bock and Lanthanide S

, Ce

[Xe]4f 6s not 4f 5d 6s

things get a bit less systematic in the f blocks

Ce, 1st of f-block in the Lanthanides M

********** ************************** ************************************* ****************************

2.4 Electron configuration and the Periodic Table

Not all the elements are shown but the position of s, p, d and f blocks are shown and explained after the table p block elements 3d/4d blocks of Transition Metals (Periods 4/5), the 1st/10th are NOT true transition elements, they have no partially filled d shell in an ion. Gp3 Gp4 Gp5 Gp6 Gp7 1 1H 1s The electronic structure of Elements 1 to 56, ZSymbol, Z = atomic or 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 proton number = total electrons in neutral atom, [He] = 1s , [Ne] = [He]2s 2p [He]2s 2p [He]2s 2p [He]2s 2p [He]2s 2p 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1s 2s 2p , [Ar] = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p , [Kr] = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p Between Groups 2 and 3 (13) are the d-blocks and f-blocks where the quantum energy level rules permit their inclusion and electron filling. Periods 4 and 5 have 18 elements each, including the 3d and 4d blocks of elements respectively. 21Sc 22Ti 23V 24Cr 25Mn 26Fe 27Co 28Ni 29Cu 30Zn [Ar] [Ar] [Ar] [Ar] [Ar] [Ar] [Ar] [Ar] [Ar] [Ar] 1 2 2 2 3 2 5 1 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 10 1 10 2 3d 4s 3d 4s 3d 4s 3d 4s 3d 4s 3d 4s 3d 4s 3d 4s 3d 4s 3d 4s 39Y 40Zr 41Nb 42Mo 43Tc 44Ru 45Rh 46Pd 47Ag 48Cd [Kr] [Kr] [Kr] [Kr] [Kr] [Kr] [Kr] [Kr] [Kr] [Kr] 1 2 2 2 4 1 5 1 5 2 7 1 8 1 10 10 1 10 2 4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 4d 5s 4d 5s 4f-block (14) and 5d-block (10) 32 elements in period 6 including the Lanthanide Series of Metals. 5f-block and 6d-block including the Actinide Series of Metals.
13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p

block Gp2
4Be 2 [He]2s

12Mg 2 [Ne]3s

20Ca 2 [Ar]4s 38Sr 2 [Kr]5s 56Ba 2 [Xe]6s 88Ra

31Ga [Ar] 32Ge [Ar] 33As [Ar] 34Se [Ar] 35Br [Ar] 10 2 1 10 2 2 10 2 3 10 2 4 10 2 5 3d 4s 4p 3d 4s 4p 3d 4s 4p 3d 4s 4p 3d 4s 4p 49In [Kr] 50Sn [Kr] 51Sb [Kr] 52Te [Kr] 53I [Kr] 10 2 1 10 2 2 10 2 3 10 2 4 10 2 5 4d 5s 5p 4d 5s 5p 4d 5s 5p 4d 5s 5p 4d 5s 5p 81Tl [Xe] 82Pb [Xe] 83Bi [Xe] 84Po [Xe] 85At [Xe] 10 2 1 10 2 2 10 2 3 10 2 4 10 2 5 5d 6s 6p 5d 6s 6p 5d 6s 6p 5d 6s 6p 5d 6s 6p

[Rn]7s

te: Using 0 to denote the Group number of Noble Gases is very historic now since compounds of xenon known exhibiting a valency of 8. Be horizontal series of elements e.g. like the Sc to Zn block (10 elements), Groups 3 to 0 can also be numbered as Groups 13 to 18 to fit in wi ual number of vertical columns of elements. This can make things confusing, but there it is, classification is still in progress! The atomic/prot mber, decides which element an atom is and the outer electron structure decides which group/block/series the element belongs to and ultim emistry. o The s p d f blocks are shown in the Periodic Table above. oups of elements: o The vertical 'group' connection of similar outer electron configuration is consistent except for V/Nb, Fe/Ru, Co/Rh, Ni/Pd where th and 4d/5s pairs of levels are of very similar energy and small differences in outer electron configuration occur. Never-the-less these pa elements show strong similarities as part of the justification for denoting the Transition Metals plus Groups 4 to 0 as Groups 3 to 18. ocks of elements - an electronic classification: o The s-block consists of Groups 1 and 2 where the only outer electrons are in an s sub-energy level orbital (no outer p electrons, 2 per o The p-block corresponds to Groups 3 to 0 (or 3 to 18) where the three p sub-energy level orbitals are being filled (6 per period). o Starting with period 4, where the first of the d sub-shells is low enough in energy to be filled, there are ten elements 'inserted' between and 3, the so-called d blocks of ten elements (the 1st block, the 3d block Sc-Zn is on Period 4). Similarly on period 5 there is a 4d bloc the 4d sub-shell level is filled. So 10 d block elements per period where permitted. o Starting with cerium (Z=58, period 6), see in full table below, there is a further insertion of fourteen elements where the seven f-orbital is being filled after the first of the d-block metals and similarly with thorium (Z=90) in period 7 and these are known as the f blocks (14 where permitted). ries of elements: o The 1st Transition Metals and other 'horizontal blocks' are sometimes called a 'series' but they are better described as the '3d block' or '3d series of elements' The reference to the electronic structure is very important, the word series is a bit vague! Technically, (Sc, Z = 21) and zinc (Zn, Z = 30), are NOT true transition metals BUT they are true 3d block elements! Detailed Advanced Level Tra Metal Notes e full Periodic Table is shown below without the electron configurations.
1

ock tals Gp2

4Be 12Mg 20Ca 38Sr 56Ba 88Ra

Gp3/*13 Gp4/*14 Gp5/*15 Gp6/*16 Gp7/*17 1H Note: (i) H does not readily fit into any group, (ii) He not strictly a 'p' element but does belong in Gp 0/18 Full IUPAC modern Periodic Table of Elements ZSymbol, z = atomic or proton 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F number *Gp3 *Gp4 *Gp5 *Gp6 *Gp7 *Gp8 *Gp9 *Gp10 *Gp11 *Gp12 13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 21Sc 22Ti 23V 24Cr 25Mn 26Fe 27Co 28Ni 29Cu 30Zn 31Ga 32Ge 33As 34Se 35Br 39Y 40Zr 41Nb 42Mo 43Tc 44Ru 45Rh 46Pd 47Ag 48Cd 49In 50Sn 51Sb 52Te 53I 57La* 72Hf 73Ta 74W 75Re 76Os 77Ir 78Pt 79Au 80Hg 81Tl 82Pb 83Bi 84Po 85At 89Ac* 104Rf 105Db 106Sg 107Bh 108Hs 109Mt 110Ds 111Rg 112Cp 113? 114? 115? 116? 117?

3d to 6d blocks of Transition Metals (Periods 4 to 7), note that the 1st (d ) 10 and 10th (d ) are NOT true transition elements.

p-block non-metals and metals

Gp

Alkali Metals

Alkaline Earth Metals

*57La 58Ce 59Pr 60Nd 61Pm 62Sm 63Eu 64Gd 65Tb 66Dy 67Ho 68Er 69Tm 70Yb *89Ac 90Th 91Pa 92U 93Np 94Pu 95Am 96Cm 97Bk 98Cf 99Es 100Fm 101Md 102No *Horizontal insert in Period 6 of the Lanthanide Metal Series (Lanthanides/Lanthanoids) Z=57 to 71 includes 4f-block s 71).

17 Halogens Noble Gases

*Horizontal insert in Period 7 of the Actinide Series of Metals (Actinides/Actinoids) Z=89-103 including the 5f-block seri 103).

1. Using 0 to denote the Group number of the Noble Gases is historic i.e. when its valency was considered zero sinc 2.

ote of the four on the right

compounds were known. However, from 1961 stable compounds of xenon have been synthesised exhibiting up to maximum possible expected valency of 8 e.g. in XeO 4. * 21Sc to 30Zn can be considered as the top elements in the vertical Groups 3 to 12 (marked as *Gp3 to *Gp1

3. *Therefore Groups 3-7 and 0 can also be numbered as Groups 13 to 18 (marked as *13, *14, *15, *16, *17 and
in with the maximum number of vertical columns of elements in periods 4 and 5 (18 elements per period).

4. I'm afraid this can make things confusing, but there it is, classification is still in progress and the notation Group 1
seems due to become universal.

tes:

1. The Noble Gases have been referred to as Group 0 because they were believed not to form compounds with other elements. Howeve

1961, many compounds of xenon have been prepared including xenon(VIII) oxide, XeO 4, thus attaining the expected maximum possib oxidation state, so Group seems most appropriate these days. 2. The d block elements are sometimes referred in terms of vertical columns as Groups 3 to 12, and the subsequent p-block group colum Groups 13 to 18. Whether this will become standard at pre-university level, I don't know? but I think its a bit confusing for school level c e s p d f blocks are shown in the Periodic Table above.

2.5 Electronic configuration of ions and oxidation states

e electron configuration of ions: o Beware in quoting the configurations for simple ions where, although the order of removal is basically the reverse of the order for fil energy levels, there is one important exception you should know. p electrons are remove before the s electrons for the same principal quantum number. For d/transition blocks/series the 4s electrons are 'removed' before the 3d electrons and similarly the 5s electrons are 'remove the 4d electrons. o Positive ions are formed by electron loss and the order of removal is the reverse of the order the full electron configuration is written o 2 2 6 1 + 2 2 6 sodium atom Na = 1s 2s 2p 3s , sodium ion Na = 1s 2s 2p = [Ne] 2 2 6 2 6 2 2+ 2 2 6 2 6 calcium atom is Ca = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s , calcium ion Ca = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p = [Ar] 6 2 2+ 6 3+ 5 iron atom Fe = [Ar]3d 4s , iron(II) ion Fe = [Ar]3d , iron(III) ion Fe = [Ar]3d 10 2 2 2+ 10 2 4+ 10 germanium atom Ge = [Ar]3d 4s 4p , germanium(II) ion Ge = [Ar]3d 4s , germanium(IV) ion Ge = [Ar]3d o Negative ions are formed by electron gain and the filling order rule is continued e.g. 2 5 2 6 chlorine Cl = [Ne]3s 3p , chloride ion Cl = [Ne]3s 3p = [Ar] 2 4 22 6 oxygen: O = [He]2s 2p , oxide ion O = [He]2s 2p = [Ne] 2 3 32 3 phosphorus: P = [Ne]3s 3p , phosphide ion P = [Ne]3s 3p = [Ar] Note the maximum negative oxidation state is governed by the number of electrons needed to complete a noble gas structure covalent or ionic bonding situation. idation state and electronic structure: For more details see also the notes on oxidation state and redox reactions. o The maximum oxidation state is often, but not always, limited by an inner full noble gas structure with or without a full d/f sub-shell. o The maximum oxidation state from Group 1 Alkali Metals (+1) to Group 0 Noble Gases (+8) is numerically equal to the number of oute electrons, i.e. those beyond an inner noble gas core or inner noble gas plus a full d/f sub-shell e.g. Group 1, sodium is +1 in sodium chloride NaCl Group 2 magnesium is +2 in magnesium oxide MgO Group 3 (13) aluminium is +3in aluminium fluoride AlF3 Group 4 (14) silicon is +4 in silicon dioxide SiO 2 3 Group 5 (15) phosphorus is +5 in the phosphate(V) ion PO 4 Group 6 (16) sulphur is +6 in sulphur trioxide SO 3 Group 7 (17) chlorine is +7 in the chlorate(VII) ion ClO 4 Group 0 (18) xenon is +8 in xenon tetraoxide, xenon(VIII) oxide XeO4 The maximum oxidation state pattern for the d blocks is a bit more complicated and the trend goes through a maximum maximum oxidation states for the 3d block and transition Metal Series: Sc (+3), Ti (+4), V (+5), Cr (+6), Mn (+7), Fe (+3, maybe +6?), Co (+3), Ni (+3), Cu (+3), Zn (+2)

SPECTROSCOPY, the HYDROGEN SPECTRUM and IONISATION ENERGY PATTERNS are on a separate page now

evel Theoretical Physical Chemistry A level Revision notes for GCE Advanced Subsidiary Level AS Advanced Level A2 IB Revise AQA GCE Chemistry OCR GCE Chemistry E alters Chemistry CIE Chemistry, WJEC GCE AS A2 Chemistry, CCEA/CEA GCE AS A2 Chemistry revising courses for pre-university students (equal to US grade 11 and grad Honours/honors level courses)

otation: 1s1 1s2 1s22s1 1s22s2 1s22s22p1 1s22s22p2 1s22s22p3 1s22s22p4 1s22s22p5 1s22s22p6 1s22s22p63s1 1s22s22p63s2 1s22s22p63s23p1 1s22s22p63s23p2 1s22s2 s22s22p63s23p4 1s22s22p63s23p5 1s22s22p63s23p6 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 1s22s22p63s23p63d14s2 1s22s22p63s23p63d24s2 1s22s22p63s23p63d34s s23p63d54s1 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2 1s22s22p63s23p63d74s2 1s22s22p63s23p63d84s2 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s2 [Ar] p2 [Ar]3d104s24p3 [Ar]3d104s24p4 [Ar]3d104s24p5 [Ar]3d104s24p6 [Kr]5s1 [Kr]5s2 [Kr]4d15s2 [Kr]4d25s2 [Kr]4d45s1 [Kr]4d55s1 [Kr]4d55s2 [Kr]4d75s1 [Kr]4d85s1 [Kr]4d10 [Kr]4d105s2 [Kr]4d105s25p1 [Kr]4d105s25p2 [Kr]4d105s25p3 [Kr]4d105s25p4 [Kr]4d105s25p5 [Kr]4d105s25p6 [Xe]6s1 [Xe]6s2 [Xe]5d16s2 [Xe]4f26s2

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Energies Electron Configurations of Elements

e.g. 26

Iron, Fe

1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

[Ar]3d

4s

4p

Sections 2.3 Electron configurations for elements of atomic number Z = 1 to 56

ses the rules on assigning electron arrangements, and how the quantum level notation is written out, and using boxes to represen is given for elements Z = 1 to 56

2.4 The relationship between electron configuration and the Periodic Table

.4 uses the electron configurations to show how the Periodic Table arises, i.e. an element's position in the Periodic Table and hen chemistry, is primarily determined by the arrangement of its outer valency electrons.

2.5 The electron configuration of ions and oxidation states

shows how to work out the configuration of ions, (positive cations or negative anions formed by the loss or gain of valence electro also, relating electron arrangements to the oxidation states exhibited by selected elements. GCSE/IGCSE/AS Atomic Structure Notes * GCSE/IGCSE Periodic Table notes

Doc Brown's Advanced Level Inorganic Chemistry Periodic Table Revision Notes Part 2 Electronic Structure, Spectroscopy & Ionisation Energies Electron Configurations of Elements
e.g. 26

Iron, Fe

1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

[Ar]3d

4s

4p

Sections 2.3 Electron configurations for elements of atomic number Z = 1 to 56

ses the rules on assigning electron arrangements, and how the quantum level notation is written out, and using boxes to represen is given for elements Z = 1 to 56 2.4 The relationship between electron configuration and the Periodic Table

.4 uses the electron configurations to show how the Periodic Table arises, i.e. an element's position in the Periodic Table and hen chemistry, is primarily determined by the arrangement of its outer valency electrons. 2.5 The electron configuration of ions and oxidation states

hows how to work out the configuration of ions, (positive cations or negative anions formed by the loss or gain of valence electr also, relating electron arrangements to the oxidation states exhibited by selected elements. GCSE/IGCSE/AS Atomic Structure Notes * GCSE/IGCSE Periodic Table notes

GANIC Part 2 sub-index: 2.1 The electronic basis of the modern Periodic Table * 2.2 The electronic structure of atoms (including ells/orbitals/notation) * 2.3 Electron configurations of elements (Z = 1 to 56) * 2.4 Electron configuration and the Periodic Table onfiguration of ions and oxidation states * 2.6 Spectroscopy and the hydrogen spectrum * 2.7 Evidence of quantum levels from energies

Level Inorganic Chemistry Periodic Table Index * Part 1 Periodic Table history * Part 2 Electron configurations, spectroscopy, ionisation energies * Part 3 Period 1 survey H to He * Part 4 Period 2 survey Li to Ne * Part 5 Period 3 survey Na to Ar * Part 6 o Kr and important trends down a group * Part 7 s-block Groups 1/2 Alkali Metals/Alkaline Earth Metals * Part 8 p-block Grou rt 9 Group 7/17 The Halogens * Part 10 3d block elements & Transition Metal Series * Part 11 Group & Series data & periodici All 11 Parts have their own sub-indexes near the top of the pages

2.3 List of the Electronic Configuration of Elements 1 to 56 using the advanced notation

ST STUDY Parts 2.1 and 2.2 before studying 2.3 - The rules of how to assign electrons in multi-electron atoms to the appropriat ere explained in section 2.2. The list below quotes the ground state electron configurations i.e. the lowest available state accordin Aufbau principle (previously described).

n Box diagrams of the outer electron arrangement and examples of the simple electron notation (e.g. 2.8.1) are also included, wi nts in the end right hand column e.g. element symbol, group, series etc. The electrons-in-boxes notation for subshells: Boxes are an individual orbital or set of orbitals in the electrons are shown as arrows. The pairs up/down arrows represent a full orbital with of opposite spin and note how the half-filled boxes/orbitals illustrate Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity. The energy level filling order up to Z = 56 is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p (for Z = 1 to 36) 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f/5d? (for Z = 37 to 56)

ver, when writing out the electron configuration you must write them out in order of strict principal quantum with the accompanying s, p, d, f notation i.e. the order 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s (upto Z = 58)

umber Z and nt name and mbol 1s

1

Electron configuration

Box diagram of outer electron orbitals (representing the superscripted electron numbers beyond the inner noble gas core in [He/Ne/Ar/Kr] Symbol, group/series/block and C which is never involved in chemical bonding/reactions) 1s H, no Gp really, a bit unique! He, Gp 0/18 Noble Gas, 2p 2p 2p 2p 2p Li, s-block, Gp1 Alkali Metal,

n, H

He

1s = [He] 1s 2s (simple notation: 2.1) 1s 2s (2.2) 1s 2s 2p (2.3) 1s 2s 2p (2.4) 1s 2s 2p (2.5)

2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1

2s [He]2s [He]2s [He]2s [He]2s [He]2s

Li

, Be

Be, s-block, Gp2 Alkaline Earth Meta B, p-block, Gp3/13 C, p-block, Gp4/14, N, p-block, Gp5/15,

C N

O F

1s 2s 2p (2.6) 1s 2s 2p (2.7) 1s 2s 2p = [Ne] (2.8) 1s 2s 2p 3s (2.8.1) 1s 2s 2p 3s (2.8.2) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (2.8.3) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (2.8.4) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (2.8.5) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (2.8.6) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (2.8.7) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p = [Ar] (2.8.8) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s (2.8.8.1) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s (2.8.8.1) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
2 2 6 2 6 10 2 2 6 2 6 8 2 2 6 2 6 7 2 2 6 2 6 6 2 2 6 2 6 5 2 2 6 2 6 5 2 2 6 2 6 3 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 2 6 2 6 1 2 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 2 6 2 6 1 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 5 2 2 6 2 4 2 2 6 2 3 2 2 6 2 2 2 2 6 2 1 2 2 6 2 2 2 6 1 2 2 6 2 2 5

[He]2s [He]2s [He]2s [Ne]3s [Ne]3s [Ne]3s [Ne]3s [Ne]3s [Ne]3s [Ne]3s [Ne]3s [Ar]3d [Ar]3d [Ar]3d [Ar]3d [Ar]3d [Ar]3d [Ar]3d [Ar]3d [Ar]3d [Ar]3d
1

2p 2p 2p 3p 3p 3p 3p 3p 3p 3p 3p 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p 4p

O, p-block, Gp6/16, F, p-block, Gp7/17 Halogen, Ne, p-block, Gp 0/18 Noble Gas, Na, Gp1 Alkali Metal,

Ne

, Na

ium, Mg

Mg, s-block, Gp2 Alkaline Earth Meta Al, p-block, Gp3/13, Si, p-block, Gp4/14, P, p-block, Gp5/15, S, p-block, Gp6/16, Cl, p-block, Gp7/17 Halogen, Ar, p-block, Gp 0/18 Noble Gas, K, s-block, Gp1 Alkali Metal,

um, Al

Si

orus, P

,S

e, Cl

Ar

um, K

m, Ca

Ca, s-block, Gp2 Alkaline Earth Meta

um, Sc

Sc, 3d block, not true Transition Meta Ti, 3d block, a true Transition Metal V, 3d block, a true Transition Metal Cr, 3d block, a true Transition Metal

m, Ti

um, V

um, Cr

nese, Mn

Mn, 3d block, a true Transition Metal Fe, 3d block, a true Transition Metal

Co

Co, 3d block, a true Transition Metal Ni, 3d block, a true Transition Metal

Ni Cu

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p

10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2 1 2 2 6 2 6 10

[Ar]3d
2

Cu, 3d block, a true Transition Metal

[Ar]3d [Ar]3d

Zn, 3d block, not true Transition Meta Ga, p-block, Gp3/13, Ge, p-block, Gp4/14, As, p-block, Gp5/15, Se, p-block, Gp6/16,

, Ga

nium, Ge

[Ar]3d
3

, As

[Ar]3d
4

m, Se

[Ar]3d

e, Br

[Ar]3d 4s 4p
10 2

10

[Ar]3d
6

4s 4s

4p 4p

Br, p-block, Gp7/17 Halogen, Kr, p-block, Gp 0/18 Noble Gas, Rb, s-block, Gp1 Alkali Metal,

, Kr

[Ar]3d 4s 4p = [Kr] [Kr]5s [Kr]5s

1

[Ar]3d [Kr]5s

m, Rb

m, Sr Y

[Kr]5s
1 2

Sr, s-block, Gp2 Alkaline Earth Meta 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s 5p 5p 5p 5p 5p 5p 5p 5p

[Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d

10 8 7 5 5 4 2

[Kr]4d [Kr]4d [Kr]4d [Kr]4d [Kr]4d [Kr]4d [Kr]4d [Kr]4d

Y, 4d block, not true Transition Metal Zr, 4d block, a true Transition Metal

m, Zr

m, Nb

Nb, 4d block, a true Transition Metal

enum, Mo

Mo, 4d block, a true Transition Metal Tc, 4d block, a true Transition Metal

tium, Tc

um, Ru

Ru, 4d block, a true Transition Metal

m, Rh

Rh, 4d block, a true Transition Metal Pd, 4d block, a true Transition Metal

m, Pd

Ag

[Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s
10 10

10

[Kr]4d [Kr]4d
1

Ag, 4d block, a true Transition Metal

m, Cd

Cd, 4d block, not true Transition Met In, p-block, Gp3/13, Sn, p-block, Gp4/14, Sb, p-block, Gp5/14, Te, p-block, Gp6/16, I, p-block, Gp7/17 Halogen, Xe, p-block, Gp 0/18 Noble Gas, Cs, s-block, Gp1 Alkali Metal,

In

[Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p

10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2

[Kr]4d
2

[Kr]4d
3

ny, Sb

[Kr]4d
4

m, Te

[Kr]4d
5

[Kr]4d
6

Xe

[Kr]4d 5s 5p = [Xe] [Xe]6s [Xe]6s

1

[Kr]4d [Xe]6s

m, Cs Ba

[Xe]6s
1 2

Ba, s-block, Gp2 Alkaline Earth Meta 6s

num, La Ce

[Xe]5d 6s
2

[Xe]5d
1 1 2

La, start of 5d-bock and Lanthanide S Ce, 1st of f-block in the Lanthanides

[Xe]4f 6s not 4f 5d 6s

things get a bit less systematic in the f blocks

********** ************************** ************************************* ***************************

2.4 Electron configuration and the Periodic Table Not all the elements are shown but the position of s, p, d and f blocks are shown and explained after the table

block Gp2
4Be 2 [He]2s

p block elements 3d/4d blocks of Transition Metals (Periods 4/5), the 1st/10th are NOT true transition elements, they have no partially filled d shell in an ion. Gp3 Gp4 Gp5 Gp6 Gp7 1 H 1s 1 The electronic structure of Elements 1 to 56, ZSymbol, Z = atomic or 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 proton number = total electrons in neutral atom, [He] = 1s , [Ne] = [He]2s 2p [He]2s 2p [He]2s 2p [He]2s 2p [He]2s 2p 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1s 2s 2p , [Ar] = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p , [Kr] = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p

Between Groups 2 and 3 (13) are the d-blocks and f-blocks where the quantum energy level rules permit their inclusion and electron filling. Periods 4 and 5 have 18 elements each, including the 3d and 4d blocks of elements respectively. Sc 22Ti V 24Cr 25Mn 26Fe 27Co 28Ni 21 23 29Cu 30Zn 20Ca [Ar] [Ar] [Ar] [Ar] [Ar] [Ar] [Ar] [Ar] [Ar] [Ar] 2 [Ar]4s 1 2 2 2 3 2 5 1 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 10 1 10 2 3d 4s 3d 4s 3d 4s 3d 4s 3d 4s 3d 4s 3d 4s 3d 4s 3d 4s 3d 4s 39Y 40Zr 41Nb 42Mo 43Tc 44Ru 45Rh 46Pd 47Ag 48Cd 2 Sr [Kr]5s [Kr] [Kr] [Kr] [Kr] [Kr] [Kr] [Kr] [Kr] [Kr] [Kr] 38 1 2 2 2 4 1 5 1 5 2 7 1 8 1 10 10 1 10 2 4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 4d 5s 4d 5s 4f-block (14) and 5d-block (10) 32 elements in period 6 including 56Ba 2 the Lanthanide Series of Metals. [Xe]6s 88Ra 5f-block and 6d-block including the Actinide Series of Metals. 2 [Rn]7s

12Mg 2 [Ne]3s

13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p

31Ga [Ar] 32Ge [Ar] 33As [Ar] 34Se [Ar] 35Br [Ar] 10 2 1 10 2 2 10 2 3 10 2 4 10 2 5 3d 4s 4p 3d 4s 4p 3d 4s 4p 3d 4s 4p 3d 4s 4p

49In [Kr] 50Sn [Kr] 51Sb [Kr] 52Te [Kr] 53I [Kr] 10 2 1 10 2 2 10 2 3 10 2 4 10 2 5 4d 5s 5p 4d 5s 5p 4d 5s 5p 4d 5s 5p 4d 5s 5p

81Tl [Xe] 82Pb [Xe] 83Bi [Xe] 84Po [Xe] 85At [Xe] 10 2 1 10 2 2 10 2 3 10 2 4 10 2 5 5d 6s 6p 5d 6s 6p 5d 6s 6p 5d 6s 6p 5d 6s 6p

te: Using 0 to denote the Group number of Noble Gases is very historic now since compounds of xenon known exhibiting a vale cause of the horizontal series of elements e.g. like the Sc to Zn block (10 elements), Groups 3 to 0 can also be numbered as Grou to fit in with the actual number of vertical columns of elements. This can make things confusing, but there it is, classification is gress! The atomic/proton number, decides which element an atom is and the outer electron structure decides which group/block ment belongs to and ultimately its chemistry. o The s p d f blocks are shown in the Periodic Table above. oups of elements: o The vertical 'group' connection of similar outer electron configuration is consistent except for V/Nb, Fe/Ru, Co/Rh, Ni/Pd w 3d/4s and 4d/5s pairs of levels are of very similar energy and small differences in outer electron configuration occur. Neverthese pairs of elements show strong similarities as part of the justification for denoting the Transition Metals plus Groups 4 Groups 3 to 18. ocks of elements - an electronic classification: o The s-block consists of Groups 1 and 2 where the only outer electrons are in an s sub-energy level orbital (no outer p electro period). o The p-block corresponds to Groups 3 to 0 (or 3 to 18) where the three p sub-energy level orbitals are being filled (6 per peri o Starting with period 4, where the first of the d sub-shells is low enough in energy to be filled, there are ten elements 'inserted groups 2 and 3, the so-called d blocks of ten elements (the 1st block, the 3d block Sc-Zn is on Period 4). Similarly on period a 4d block where the 4d sub-shell level is filled. So 10 d block elements per period where permitted. o Starting with cerium (Z=58, period 6), see in full table below, there is a further insertion of fourteen elements where the sev orbital sub-shell is being filled after the first of the d-block metals and similarly with thorium (Z=90) in period 7 and these a as the f blocks (14 per period where permitted). ies of elements:

The 1st Transition Metals and other 'horizontal blocks' are sometimes called a 'series' but they are better described as the '3d '3d series of elements' The reference to the electronic structure is very important, the word series is a bit vague! Technically scandium (Sc, Z = 21) and zinc (Zn, Z = 30), are NOT true transition metals BUT they are true 3d block elements! Detailed Advanced Level Transition Metal Notes e full Periodic Table is shown below without the electron configurations.
3d to 6d blocks of Transition Metals (Periods 4 to 7), note that the 1st (d ) 10 and 10th (d ) are NOT true transition elements.
1

ock tals Gp2

p-block non-metals and metals

Gp3/*13 Gp4/*14 Gp5/*15 Gp6/*16 Gp7/*17 H Note: (i) H does not readily fit into any group, (ii) He not strictly a 'p' element but does belong in Gp 0/18 1 Full IUPAC modern Periodic Table of Elements ZSymbol, z = atomic or proton 4Be 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F number *Gp3 *Gp4 *Gp5 *Gp6 *Gp7 *Gp8 *Gp9 *Gp10 *Gp11 *Gp12 13Al 12Mg 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 20Ca 21Sc 22Ti 23V 24Cr 25Mn 26Fe 27Co 28Ni 29Cu 30Zn 31Ga 32Ge 33As 34Se 35Br 38Sr 39Y 40Zr 41Nb 42Mo 43Tc 44Ru 45Rh 46Pd 47Ag 48Cd 49In 50Sn 51Sb 52Te 53I Ba La* Hf Ta W Re 76Os Ir Pt Au 80Hg Tl Pb Bi Po 56 57 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 81 82 83 84 85At 88Ra 89Ac* 104Rf 105Db 106Sg 107Bh 108Hs 109Mt 110Ds 111Rg 112Cp 113? 114? 115? 116? 117?

Alkali Metals

*57La 58Ce 59Pr 60Nd 61Pm 62Sm 63Eu 64Gd 65Tb 66Dy 67Ho 68Er 69Tm 70Yb *89Ac 90Th Pa U Np 94Pu 95Am 96Cm 97Bk Cf Es Fm 101Md 102No 91 92 93 98 99 100 *Horizontal insert in Period 6 of the Lanthanide Metal Series (Lanthanides/Lanthanoids) Z=57 to 71 includes 4f-block s 71).

lkaline Earth Metals

*Horizontal insert in Period 7 of the Actinide Series of Metals (Actinides/Actinoids) Z=89-103 including the 5f-block seri 103).

17 Halogens Noble Gases

1. Using 0 to denote the Group number of the Noble Gases is historic i.e. when its valency was considered zero sinc 2. 3. 4.

ote of the four on the right

compounds were known. However, from 1961 stable compounds of xenon have been synthesised exhibiting up to maximum possible expected valency of 8 e.g. in XeO 4. * 21Sc to 30Zn can be considered as the top elements in the vertical Groups 3 to 12 (marked as *Gp3 to *Gp1 *Therefore Groups 3-7 and 0 can also be numbered as Groups 13 to 18 (marked as *13, *14, *15, *16, *17 and in with the maximum number of vertical columns of elements in periods 4 and 5 (18 elements per period). I'm afraid this can make things confusing, but there it is, classification is still in progress and the notation Group 1 seems due to become universal.

tes: 1. The Noble Gases have been referred to as Group 0 because they were believed not to form compounds with other elements. since 1961, many compounds of xenon have been prepared including xenon(VIII) oxide, XeO4, thus attaining the expected possible oxidation state, so Group seems most appropriate these days. 2. The d block elements are sometimes referred in terms of vertical columns as Groups 3 to 12, and the subsequent p-block gro columns as Groups 13 to 18. Whether this will become standard at pre-university level, I don't know? but I think its a bit co for school level chemistry. e s p d f blocks are shown in the Periodic Table above.

2.5 Electronic configuration of ions and oxidation states

e electron configuration of ions: o Beware in quoting the configurations for simple ions where, although the order of removal is basically the reverse of the ord filling the energy levels, there is one important exception you should know. p electrons are remove before the s electrons for the same principal quantum number. For d/transition blocks/series the 4s electrons are 'removed' before the 3d electrons and similarly the 5s electrons are before the 4d electrons. o Positive ions are formed by electron loss and the order of removal is the reverse of the order the full electron configuration i out e.g. sodium atom Na = 1s22s22p63s1 , sodium ion Na+ = 1s22s22p6 = [Ne] calcium atom is Ca = 1s22s22p63s23p64s2, calcium ion Ca2+ = 1s22s22p63s23p6 = [Ar] iron atom Fe = [Ar]3d64s2, iron(II) ion Fe2+ = [Ar]3d6, iron(III) ion Fe3+ = [Ar]3d5 germanium atom Ge = [Ar]3d104s24p2, germanium(II) ion Ge2+ = [Ar]3d104s2, germanium(IV) ion Ge4+ = [Ar]3 o Negative ions are formed by electron gain and the filling order rule is continued e.g. chlorine Cl = [Ne]3s23p5, chloride ion Cl- = [Ne]3s23p6 = [Ar] oxygen: O = [He]2s22p4, oxide ion O2- = [He]2s22p6 = [Ne] phosphorus: P = [Ne]3s23p3, phosphide ion P3- = [Ne]3s23p3 = [Ar] Note the maximum negative oxidation state is governed by the number of electrons needed to complete a noble gas s in the covalent or ionic bonding situation. idation state and electronic structure: For more details see also the notes on oxidation state and redox reactions. o The maximum oxidation state is often, but not always, limited by an inner full noble gas structure with or without a full d/f o The maximum oxidation state from Group 1 Alkali Metals (+1) to Group 0 Noble Gases (+8) is numerically equal to the nu outer electrons, i.e. those beyond an inner noble gas core or inner noble gas plus a full d/f sub-shell e.g. Group 1, sodium is +1 in sodium chloride NaCl Group 2 magnesium is +2 in magnesium oxide MgO Group 3 (13) aluminium is +3in aluminium fluoride AlF3 Group 4 (14) silicon is +4 in silicon dioxide SiO2 Group 5 (15) phosphorus is +5 in the phosphate(V) ion PO43 Group 6 (16) sulphur is +6 in sulphur trioxide SO3 Group 7 (17) chlorine is +7 in the chlorate(VII) ion ClO4 Group 0 (18) xenon is +8 in xenon tetraoxide, xenon(VIII) oxide XeO4 The maximum oxidation state pattern for the d blocks is a bit more complicated and the trend goes through a maximum e.g. maximum oxidation states for the 3d block and transition Metal Series: Sc (+3), Ti (+4), V (+5), Cr (+6), Mn (+7), Fe (+3, maybe +6?), Co (+3), Ni (+3), Cu (+3), Zn (+2)

TROSCOPY, the HYDROGEN SPECTRUM and IONISATION ENERGY PATTERNS are on a separate page now

ed Level Theoretical Physical Chemistry A level Revision notes for GCE Advanced Subsidiary Level AS Advanced Level A2 IB A GCE Chemistry OCR GCE Chemistry Edexcel GCE Chemistry Salters Chemistry CIE Chemistry, WJEC GCE AS A2 Chemi EA GCE AS A2 Chemistry revising courses for pre-university students (equal to US grade 11 and grade 12 and AP Honours/hon courses)

ords-notation: 1s1 1s2 1s22s1 1s22s2 1s22s22p1 1s22s22p2 1s22s22p3 1s22s22p4 1s22s22p5 1s22s22p6 1s22s22p63s1 1s22s22 22s22p63s23p1 1s22s22p63s23p2 1s22s22p63s23p3 1s22s22p63s23p4 1s22s22p63s23p5 1s22s22p63s23p6 1s22s22p63s23p64 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 1s22s22p63s23p63d14s2 1s22s22p63s23p63d24s2 1s22s22p63s23p63d34s2 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2 1s22s22p63s23p63d74s2 1s22s22p63s23p63d84s2 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1 p63s23p63d104s2 [Ar]3d104s24p1 [Ar]3d104s24p2 [Ar]3d104s24p3 [Ar]3d104s24p4 [Ar]3d104s24p5 [Ar]3d104s24p6 [Kr]5s1 4d15s2 [Kr]4d25s2 [Kr]4d45s1 [Kr]4d55s1 [Kr]4d55s2 [Kr]4d75s1 [Kr]4d85s1 [Kr]4d10 [Kr]4d105s1 [Kr]4d105s2 [Kr]4d105s [Kr]4d105s25p2 [Kr]4d105s25p3 [Kr]4d105s25p4 [Kr]4d105s25p5 [Kr]4d105s25p6 [Xe]6s1 [Xe]6s2 [Xe]5d16s2 [Xe]4f26s2

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