Exam Study Sheet Turn of the Century Wilfred Laurier Immigration-Discrimination The Boer War The Naval Crisis

Henry Bourassa The National Policy Reciprocity Nellie McClung World War II Raise of fascism / Adolf Hitler The battles of WWII Blitzkrieg Mackenzie King Japanese Canadians The holocaust Plebiscite and conscription The atomic bombs After the War The creation of UN The cold war NATO / NORAD The baby boom Residential schools The Suez Crisis John Diefenbaker /Lester Pearson / Pierre Trudeau Since the War The Quiet Revolution The Avro Arrow The Quebec separatism Tommy Douglas The Cuban Missile Crisis Creation of CBC Official languages Act

World War I The alliances The causes of the war Conscription The battles \The home front The War measure Act The treaty of Versailles Halifax Explosion

The Roaring Twenties Cars, entertainment, consumerism, The flappers/ Jazz The group of Seven Emily Carr Prohibition

The Great Depression The causes and the consequences of the Great depression Riding the roads Labeling the places on the map of Europe The Relief camps The Dionne Quintuplets The Statue of Westminster Governments solutions (Benets New Deal) CCF The On-To-Ottawa trek

Wilfred Laurier and his government Laurier liked compromise, and welcomed immigration. He won the election in 1896, and had 3 policies: abandoning free trade with the US, having more railways and immigrants. His undoing was the naval crisis and the Boer War where his compromise failed and he was viewed as a betrayer from both sides Immigration-Discrimination Immigrants were seen as cheap laborers who could work at low wages in harsh conditions, they were discriminated against such as the Chinese head tax Boer War The Boer War was fought in South Africa in 1899 1902 between Britain and South Africa. Britain wanted Canadas help in the war, and so requested in 1902. Quebec didnt want to join the war because it was not involving Canadians, but English Canadians wanted to fight because they would be supporting Britain, of whom they still had a strong tie with. Laurier, the prime minister at the time decided to settle this problem with an incident by sending 1000 volunteers that Britain would have to pay for. The Quebecois were still very upset at this uproar saying that Canadian lives should not be sacrificed, whereas the English complained that not enough soldiers were sent overseas. Naval Crisis Following the Boer War, Laurier worked hard to make sure that Canada was no longer involved in any wars. Germanys navy was growing larger and larger at a rapid rate, and Britain was scared of being overrun by Germany and demanded that Canada help to protect the seas of which Britain used to rule. In 1909, again, another fight came up again between the Quebecois and the Anglo-Canadians. The Anglo-Canadians felt that they should contribute forces to the British navy, as they benefited from the British defence system whereas the Quebecois felt that they should not have to contribute forces as it is not involving their country directly. Laurier devised another compromise, which led to his defeat, and the Naval Service Act stated that a small army was to be created that could become part of the imperial army. Henry Bourassa He was Lauriers Quebec protg. He quit when Laurier tried to compromise with the Boer War. This made his position in Quebec shaky. The National Policy Reciprocity Laurier was offered Reciprocity (free-trade) agreement in 1910 by the United States. It allowed free trade between natural resources but allowed Canada to keep its tariffs on manufactured goods. At first popular, this idea lost popularity and proved to be another one of his undoing. He was attacked by business owners but was supported by farmers. Nellie McClung She was the leader of the womens suffrage movement and was a part of the Persons case (famous five). She created the mock trial in Manitoba which gave women the right to

vote in Manitoba on January 1916. She got the right to be a person and be a politician on 1929. The alliances The alliances During World War 1 were the Triple Entente (Russia, Britain, and France) and the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) The causes of the war Indirect Militarism policy of building up strong military forces to prepare for war Alliances - agreements between nations to aid and protect one another Imperialism policy by which one country takes control of the economic and political affairs of another country Nationalism pride in or devotion to ones country Direct June 28, 1914 Assassination of Archduke F.F, the heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne by Serbian terrorists Conscription A crisis that came up twice, during WWI and WWII, conscription tore Canada apart due to differentiating differences. In WWI, the Quebecois did not believe that soldiers should be forced to join the war, whereas the Anglo-Canadians felt it was their duty to not only fight in the name of their country, but for their homelands as well. Borden called for conscription; something that Laurier knew would alienate Quebec from the remainder of Canada. Nevertheless, Borden enacted the Military Service act in 1917 requiring all men 19 to 45 of age enlist for the army. In WWII, King called for a plebiscite that allowed for him to go back on his word of refusing having conscription. No soldiers that conscripted were forced to go to war, as it was not necessary. The battles \The home front Second Battle of Ypres April 1915 Battle of Somme July to November 1916 Battle of Vimy Ridge - April 9-12 1917 Hill 70: August 15 1917 Passendale July to November 1917 On the home front investors were buying bonds to help fund the war. Income tax was also introduced. Women also worked at ammunition factories increasing the output of ammunitions. Women sold victory bonds and in their free time knit garments for the soldiers. The War Measures Act It gives the Canadian government extraordinary power allowed for the government to pass laws immediately and came up during WWI and WWII. Due to the FLQs behaviour during the October Crisis, Trudeau called for the War Measures Act to hopefully put an end to the FLQs behaviour.

Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles was signed in Versailles in the early 1919 and was the treaty that ended WWI. It is the reason for sparking WWII, as it left Germany in the most horrible situation possible. It left Germany helpless, and shattered its economy by forcing Germany to pay off all damages that occurred during the war. Germany was forced to reduce its army, and many of its colonies were taken away. Halifax Explosion The Halifax Explosion was the crash between two boats, one carrying munitions, the St. Mont-Blanc, and the Imo, a Norwegian boat carrying relief supplies. The Mont-Blanc caught fire 10 minutes after the crash, and exploded 25 minutes after. It killed 6000 people and injured 19 000. It was the biggest explosion before the nuclear age. Cars, entertainment, consumerism By the 1920s the economy grew and many people were working full time with regular paycheques. They even had a surplus amount of money left over to spend. Many people were becoming middle class. Many people also bought cars as their prices were dropping. The radio was also a new type of entertainment. It was used as a form to deliver news quickly, play music, and deliver advertisements. Flappers Flappers were young women who revolutionized the image of female citizens in the 1920s. They smoked and drank in public, and wore short dresses above their knees and had short haircuts. The image of an average woman was changed significantly. They danced to the newest crazes and didnt always wear stockings, and drove their own cars. Jazz was a new type of music that defined the 1920s. It was developed by AfricaAmericans in Louisiana. It expanded into urban night clubs all across Canada and United States of America. The Group of Seven They are a group of commercial painters that formed in Toronto in the 1920s. They drew their inspiration from the rugged landscapes of Canada and rejected the traditional European style of plain pastoral land. Their new style of painting were originally rejected but it soon became embraced. Emily Carr She was a famous painter from British Columbia who painted the BC landscape, and focused on the aboriginal/native American artifacts of the Northwest Coast. Originally rejected for her art style, she began teaching until she met the group of 7. Her art work was then look upon. She also began writing journals after she was too old to travel. She is known to be one of the people who have pioneered Canadian culture. Prohibition Prohibition occurred from 1915 to 1917, and every province except Quebec outlawed the sale and consumption of alcohol. Prohibition sparked a wave of crime creating tension between Canada and the US, and many people were prepared to break the laws. They

liked to drink and could get rich selling alcohol illegally to the US. After a while, the government gave up on prohibition. The causes and the consequences of the Great depression Taking place in the 1930s, it was a time period when the unemployment rate was 22%, and many people were suffering. The three reasons for the depression was Canadas reliance on exports, easy credit, and the high expectations of the economy. Riding the roads Riding the roads meant hopping on trains to travel from one end of the country to the other The Relief camps Relief Camps were a result of people who were out of work, and the government needed a place to put them so they were not causing problems on the streets. The conditions were poor and wages were even lower than expected, and led to the Regina Riot. The Dionne Quintuplets The Dionne Quintuplets were born on May 28, 1934 in Ontario. They brought hope and realization of the miracle of medical advancement. Every day they lived broke the record of surviving quintuplets. The quintuplets brought in more than $ 1 million dollars, and the tourist revenue was 51 times as much. The Statue of Westminster The Statute of Westminster is the 1926 Imperial conference which produced the Balfour Report, recognizing autonomy if the dominions as well as the special ties that existed in the British commonwealth of nations agreed that the dominions would be equal in status. Meaning Canada is no longer a colony of Britain. New Deal Bennetts version of the Roosevelt Deal for the 1935, allowing for progressive taxation, a maximum work week, a minimum wage, stronger regulation for working conditions, unemployment insurance, health and accident insurance and a revised old age pension plan as well as an agricultural support program. It was rejected though, as people felt it was out of federal control, and had to go through Britain. CCF and Leader The CCF stood for the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, formed in 1933, and their leader was J.S. Woodsworth. They wanted universal pensions, workers compensation, childrens allowance and nationalization. They believed that their policy could help the situation during the Depression On-To-Ottawa Trek Due to the depression, many people left their homes to find work in other regions of their province or country. Due to this, people ended up in relief camps to keep them off the

streets, but the conditions of the camps were horrid. Many people travelled to Ottawa on top of train cars to speak to R.B. Bennett. Rise of fascism / Adolf Hitler Fascism came around as an extreme party relied heavily on nationalism. The first Fascist government was founded in 1919 by Benito Mussolini. It was founded because of dissatisfaction with traditional methods of dealing with the bad economy. Marked by totalitarian government, socioeconomic is controlled, suppression of opposition, and there is usually a policy of aggressive nationalism and racism. Adolf Hitler came from Austria and tried to overthrow the government in Germany in 1923. After failing he joined the Nazi Party on 1925. Taking advantage of the bad economical situation in Germany he became Chancellor in 1933 and took complete control of his state. The battles of WWII Battle of Atlantic Bombs Rain on London - 1940 Battle of Dieppe 1942 Operation Overlord 1944 D-Day June 6, 1944 Blitzkrieg Blitzkrieg, meaning lightning war, was a form of bombardment from the Germans utilizing the sense of surprise. It was a form used in WWII by Germans. Mackenzie King and his government He was the Prime Minister during the 1920s and beginning of the 1930s, and criticized British imperialism and conscription, and stood for unity among Canadians. He was a leader of the Liberal party, and lost the election in 1930, but came back after R.B. Bennett failed as a Prime Minister. He was the Prime Minister in WWII, and had promised no conscription, but called for a plebiscite. He supported free trade and favoured protectionism, lowering tariffs enough to keep international trade, but high enough so it did not anger industrialists. He believed that an idea lied in its practical consequences. Japanese Canadians The Japanese Canadians were treated as second-class citizens well before the war but the attack on Pearl Harbour made things worse. 20000 of them were moved to internment camps in poor and inadequate shelter in B.C. there were also no official reports from RCMP that there were spies. In the camp they made very little money and had their rights and property confiscated and sold. Holocaust The Holocaust was the Final Solution devised by Hitler. It was the attempt of elimination of all Jews in Europe throughout WWII. The Holocaust consisted of concentration camps and ghettos, and there was a massive genocide of over 5 million Jews died.

Plebiscite and conscription A plebiscite is a simple vote, whether yes or no, and it was used by King in WWII in order to see if conscription was wanted by the other members of the country. It took place in 1942, although it was passed 72% of Quebecs population voted against it. The atomic bomb Hiroshima was victim to one of the two nuclear bombs dropped by the US in August, it suffered almost 200 000 deaths in total. Nagasaki suffered another 200 000 deaths, and Emperor Hirohito surrendered, ending the war in Japan. It was dropped on August 6, 1945 and again on August 9, 1945. The creation of UN A global organization that would help keep peace, defend human rights, economic and health developments around the world. It was formed after World War 2 in 1945 in San Francisco. It started things such as the WHO. It also guaranteed that Canada, being a middle country, would not be dragged into a war by the bigger countries without first being consulted, US, UK, USSR, China, and France. The Cold War The Cold War was a conflict between the US and the USSR, where both countries were very powerful and had access to nuclear weapons. If one country were to attack the other, the other could equally retaliate and it would launch the world into a nuclear war. Economic and political measures were used to fight instead of military aggression, and propaganda and espionage became critical to the war. Each side built up their military arsenal though no wars were fought directly between them. There was a huge atmosphere of fear in the hearts of every Canadian because of a threat of a nuclear war. NATO / NORAD NATO stands for the North American Treaty Organization that was established during the Cold War in 1949. It was an alliance between all the commonwealth countries to defend against a Russian attack. NORAD (North American Air Defence Agreement) was formed in 1950s as a unified defence plan. Canada now had to join wars it didnt and had to give up sovereignty over vast tracts of northern territory for defence in exchange for American defence. The Baby Boom Following WWII, when men came home from the war, many children were born soon after the war and the Baby Boom generation is very important to the population, and influence much of society. They brought to Canada the rock and roll movement, and helped to gain individual rights for handicaps and homosexual people. They were also the first generation to have a proper education due to their parents influence forcing them to have a good education. Many of their parents had less than a grade five students education, and wanted a good future for their children. They also introduced the hippie and drug culture.

Residential Schools Schools developed to assimilate aboriginal children, where they were physically, emotionally and sexually abused. They were not accepted in white society or aboriginal, and they were not allowed to do anything related to their traditional ways, and prevented from seeing their families. The Suez Crisis In 1956, Gamel Abdel Nasser, the president of Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal so it would belong to Egypt and did not allow Britains ship from passing through so it would belong to Egypt. Britain owned the canal. In response Britain and France threatened to wage war and bombed the area. Russia threatened to nuke London and France, US were angry because they were not consulted. Pearson, from Canada, came in with a plan that involved peacekeeping to diffuse the situation. John Diefenbaker He was the Conservative Prime Minister during the Cold War and cancelled the Avro Arrow. He was the first Prime Minister that was of neither French nor English background, but of German descent. He brought the first Chinese Member of parliament, Ukrainian Minister of Labour, and the first woman Cabinet minister. For the first time since the days of Sir John A. MacDonald, the Conservative party had strong support from Quebec. He passed the Canadian Bill of Rights into law in 1960, and led to the 1982 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. He could not help fix the economic recession of the late 1950s, and had a tendency to put off decisions and then make the decisions all by himself. After his cancellation of the Avro Arrow he tried to replace it with the Bomarc Missile as defence. It could also carry nuclear weapons if it was overseen by Americans. He lost popularity and was voted out on February 5, 1963. Lester Pearson Lester Pearson is the person credited to defusing the Suez Crisis in 1956 peacefully by suggesting the idea of peacekeeping. He also gave Canada a bigger role in the UN. He was voted as the Liberal Prime Minister on February 5, 1963. He was credited in influencing the change of flag. He retired and was replaced with Pierre Trudeau. Pierre Trudeau He became Prime Minister on June 25, 1968. He appealed to Canadians as a fearless, spontaneous, and charismatic leader. He visualized a just and equal society. He proclaimed and promoted multiculturalism allowing immigrants to preserve their cultural heritage. He tried passing the white paper in 1969, which takes the individual rights away from Indians, and make them normal citizens again but it failed. He passed the War Measures act in 1970 in response to the October Crisis. He also kept Canada together in the Quebec Referendum of 1979. He also passed the official languages act and made French and English both official languages of Canada. The Quiet Revolution Two major reform programs were needed, the 1963 Parent Report on Education recommended that the province control education, and that there was responsibility for

welfare and health going to the state, and the Liberals nationalized the hydro-electricity industry. It was a period of rapid change for Quebec from 1960 to 1966. The Avro Arrow The Avro Arrow was the Canadians response to Russias successful production of nuclear weapon. It was the most advanced interceptor of its time. But with the advent of new technology and rising costs the project was becoming controversial. It was unvield on October 4, 1957 and was cancelled on February 20, 1959. 14 000 employees were laid off as a result. The Quebec separatism Tommy Douglas Premier of Saskatchewan, and he fought for medicare. He was the leader of the CCF party in Saskatchewan in 1944 and passed the Medicare act in 1962. This caused a strike but Tommy Douglas did not budge. Medicare was soon expanded to all provinces and soon the nation. The Cuban Missile Crisis Premier of Saskatchewan, and he fought for medicare. He was the leader of the CCF party in Saskatchewan in 1944 and passed the Medicare act in 1962. This caused a strike but Tommy Douglas did not budge. Medicare was soon expanded to all provinces and soon the nation. Creation of CBC The CBC was founded on November on 1936 by Mackenzie King. It served 2 purposes, to create a distinctly Canadian radio broadcasting station, and regulate private broadcasters. Official languages Act This act recognizes English and French as the two official languages of Canada. It was enacted on 1969. It allowed French and English to be used in federal buildings, courts, and offices. In the end, the French were not satisfied as it did not grant them special rights nor did they think that it would improve relations. Trudeau was not satisfied because it did not change anything constitutional. More parents, however, did send their kids to french immersion schools.