Biomaterials

Class #02 Biomaterials, Introduction

Biomateriais
MIEB/MEMAT 2011/2012

Jorge F J Coelho
Departamento de Engenharia Qumica Faculdade de Cincias e Tecnologia Universidade de Coimbra

Summary

Definition History Classification Applications

Definition

is any material, natural or man-made, that comprises whole or part of a living structure or biomedical device which performs, augments, or replaces a natural function is a nonviable material used in medical device, intended to interact with a biological systems is a synthetic or natural material used to replace part of a living system or to function in intimate contact with living tissue

Definition

A biomaterial can be defined as any material used to make devices to replace a part or a function of the body in a safe, reliable, economic, and physiologically acceptable manner.

Park Joon, Lakes R.S., Biomaterials An Introduction, 3rd edition, Springer;

Definition

is a systematically and pharmacologically inert substance designed for implantation within or incorporation with living systems constitute part of medical implants, extracorporeal devices, and disposables that have been utilized in medicine, surgery, dentistry, and veterinary medicine as well as in every aspect of patient health care is any substance (other than a drug) or combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system which treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body

Definition

WHAT??????
There is no definition universally accepted of biomaterial!

We will address in our lectures biomaterials as materials (synthetic and natural) that are used in contact with biological systems

History Dental Implants in Early Civilizations

Mayan People Nacre teeth from sea shells 600 A.D.

200 A.D.

Iron and gold teeth

Romans

History
Sutures

600 A.D.
Egyptians

Linen Sutures 200 A.D. 1816 Philip Physick

Greeks Lead wire sutures Silver wire sutures

Gold wire sutures 1849 J. Marion Sims

History Contact Lenses

1860 Adolf Fick 1508 Leonardo DaVinci Contact lenses concept

Glass contact lens

History 20th Century Materials Revolution

Early 1900s

Bone plates used to fix fractures Introduction of stainless steel and cobalt chromium alloys First total hip prosthesis (P. Wiles)

1930s 1938

Most implants prior to 1939 had a low probability of success because of poor understanding of biocompatibility and sterilization

History

1940s 1952 1953 1958 1960 1970s 1976

Polymers in medicine: PMMA bone repair; cellulose for dialysis; nylon sutures Mechanical heart valve PET (polymer fiber) vascular grafts Cemented* (PMMA) joint replacement First commercial heart valves PEO** (polyethyleneoxide) protein resistant thin film coating Artificial heart (W. Kolff, Prof. Emeritus)

History

1980

Cleaned up commodity materials used extensively

Lycra, Teflon, Polyethene, GoreTex, Silastic, Dacron 1987 Definition of a biomaterial (Williams)

A biomaterial is a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems 1994 The word nonviable is removed from the definition of a biomaterial

A biomaterial is a material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems

History After 1980 Tissue Engineering Revolution

1980

1993

Yannas et al. Artificial skin from collagen and glycosaminoglycan Langer and Vacanti Definition of Tissue Engineering

Tissue engineered skin

Metallic tantalum foam bone scaffold

History

History

Biomaterials Today
Protein adsorption Biospecific biomaterials Nonfouling materials Healing and the foreign body reaction

History

Biomaterials Today
Controlled release Tissue engineering Regenerative medicine Biomimetics Nanobiotechnology

Biomimetics is the process of understanding and applying biological principles to human designs. When scientists make a machine that mimics what an organism does

Biomaterials - Classification

Biomaterials - Classification

Polymers
Natural Polymers
Cellulose

Hydrogels Silicones

Polymers
Natural Altered Polymers

Poly(vinyl chloride) Polyethylene Teflon

Synthetic Polymers

Nylon

Biomaterials -Polymers

Biomaterials -Polymers

Nylon , Silicone , Rubber , Polyester , Polytetrafluoroethylene

Biomaterials -Polymers

Advantages
Resilient; easy to fabricate; high elasticity; low density; price

Disadvantages
Not strong; low mechanical strain; deforms with time; may degrade

Examples
Sutures, blood vessels, other soft tissues, hip socket, tissue engineering

Biomaterials -Ceramics

Alumina

CalciumPhosphates

Carbon

Hydroxyapatite Silicates

Ceramics

Ceramic-Glasses Glasses
Zirconia Bioglass Titania

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioactive_glass http://www.azom.com/Details.asp?ArticleID=3625

Biomaterials -Ceramics

Alumina Zirconia , Calcium Phosphates Including Hydroxyapatite , Carbon

Biomaterials -Ceramics

Biomaterials -Ceramics

Ceramics
Advantages
Good compatibility; corrosion resistance; inert

Disadvantages
Brittle; not resilient; week in tension; difficult to manufacture; high density; price

Examples
Dental and orthopedic implants, neuroestimulation

Biomaterials - Metals

Platinum Gold Titanium-Based Alloys

Metals

Cobalt-Based Alloys Stainless Steels Silver

Biomaterials - Metals

Ti and its alloys , Co-Cr alloys , Au , Ag Stainless Steels

Biomaterials - Metals

Biomaterials - Metals

Metals
Advantages
High tension force; high use resistance; strong; tough ductile;

Disadvantages
Corrosion in physiological medium; high density; low biocompatibility, difficult to make; price

Examples
Joint replacements, dental root implants, pacer and suture wires, bone plates and screws

Biomaterials - Composites

Hydrogels/PET fibers

Fiber-Reinforced

Composites
Particle-Reinforced
PE / HA particles

Composites are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties and which remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level within the finished structure.

Biomaterials - Composites

Composites

Biomaterials - Composites

Composites
Advantages
Good compatibility; corrosion resistance; inert material; strong; tailor-made

Disadvantages
Difficult to manufacture; price

Examples
Bone cement, dental resin, artificial valves

Biomaterials

Non-carcinogenic, non-pyrogenic, nontoxic, non-allergenic, blood compatible, non-inflammatory, non degradable (only if that is pretended)

Not destroyed or changed by typical sterilizing techniques such as autoclaving, dry heat, radiation, ethylene oxide

Mechanical, Chemical, Physical and Surface Properties

Capacity to be machinable, moldable, extrudable, etc

Biomaterials - Features

To be used as a biomaterial
Right density Biocompatible Sterilizable Right mechanical strength Chemically inert and stable Non toxic and no carcinogenic

Biomaterials - Features

Biomaterials - Features

To be used as a biomaterial
The material must not leach or release soluble components into the living system, unless that release is intentional The living systems must not degrade the implant, unless this degradation is intentional Relatively inexpensive, reproducible and easy to fabricate and process on a large scale

Biomaterials Main Characterizations

Chemical analysis Physical analysis Biocompatibility analysis in vivo tests in vitro tests Surface characterization

Ideal Biomaterial

should carry out the task for which was thought and must NOT cause

Cancer Thrombosis Destruction of enzymes Toxic or allergic reactions Adverse immune responses Damage to adjacent tissues Alteration of plasma proteins

Biomaterials Applications

Biomaterials Applications

Biomaterials Applications
The need for biomaterials stems from inability to treat many diseases, injuries and conditions with other therapies or procedures: Replacement of body part that lost function (total hip, heart)

Biomaterials Applications

Correct abnormalities (spinal rod)

Biomaterials Applications

Assist in healing (sutures, drug release)

Biomaterials Applications
Improve function (intraocular lenses)

Biomaterials Applications

Intraocular lenses usually replace the existing crystalline lens because it has been clouded over by a cataract, or as a form of refractive surgery to change the eyes optical power.

It usually consists of a plastic lens with plastic side struts, called haptics, to hold the lens in place within the capsular bag.

Biomaterials Applications

Intraocular lenses

There are foldable intraocular lenses made of acrylic or silicone (simple surgery) or inflexible lenses (typically made of PMMA) that require a larger incision.

Major complication: Capsule opacification caused by proliferation and migration of residual lens epithelial cells into the visual axis

Biomaterials Applications

Intraocular lenses

Cataract is a clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its envelope, varying in degree from slight to complete opacity and obstructing the passage of light.

The lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina.

Biomaterials Applications

Intraocular lenses

Biomaterials Applications

Improve function (pacemaker, stent)

Biomaterials Applications

Stents
A stent is either an expandable wire form or perforated tube that is inserted into an artery, blood vessel, or other duct to hold the structure open. They are to unblock and keep open tube-shaped structures in the body.

Biomaterials Applications

Stents
An intraluminal coronary artery stent is a small, self-expanding, metal mesh tube that is placed inside a coronary artery after balloon angioplasty to prevent the artery from reclosing.

Risks of stents and stent placement may include: Blood clot Allergic reaction to stent material Rupture of the duct or vessel when the stent is inserted

Biomaterials Applications

Further references

Further references

RATNER, B.; HOFFMAN A.; SCHOEN, F.; LEMONS, J.; Biomaterials Science, 2nd Edition, Elsevier DEE, K.; PULEO, D.; BIZIOS, R.; Tissue-Biomaterial Interactions, Wiley PARK, J.; LAKES, S.; Biomaterials: An Introduction, 3rd Edition, Springer CALLISTER J., Material Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 6th Edition, Wiley GIL, H.; ROCHA, J.; BRANQUINHO, J.; ALVES, P.; CALVINHO, P.; Polymeric Biomaterials, Open and Distance Learning for Training in Biotechnology, Universidade de Coimbra

Acknowledgement

For the content of this lecture:

Carlos Boto Rita Gabriel Eduardo Palmieri Nathlia Schmidt Vinicius Magalhes Joana Mendes Mariline Alves