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\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ = |
o
|
o
X
VV
X
VV
P P
r
p
) 2 (
2
sin
2
cos
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
10 1
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ = |
o
|
o
X
VV
X
VV
Q Q
r
p
where o
1
= u
1
- u
2
,
2
sin 2
sin
1
1
o
|
V
V
p
=
P
10
and Q
10
are the real power and reactive power in the line 1
(at the receiving end ) when both V
p1
and V
r1
are zero. These
are expressed as:
( ) ) 3 ( cos 1 ,
sin
1
1
2
10
1
1
2
10
o
o
= =
X
V
Q
X
V
P
Similar equations also apply to the support line (# 2) except
that V
p2
is not independent. It is related to V
p1
by the equation.
V
p1
I
1
+ V
p2
I
2
= 0. (4)
The above equation shows that V
p2
is negative if V
p1
is
positive. With the resistance emulation, we have
V
p1
= -R
1
I
1
, V
p2
= - R
2
I
2
. (5)
Substitute equation (5) in equation (4), we get the constraint
involving R
1
and R
2
as R
1
I
1
2
= - R
2
I
2
2
(6)
The constraint equation (4) and (6) can limit the utility of
IPFC. In such a case, an additional shunt converter (forming a
GUPFC) will be useful as shown in figure 5 below:
The concept of combining two or more converters
can be extended to provide flexibility and additional degrees
of freedom. A generalized UPFC refers to three or more
converters out of which one is shunt connected while the
remaining converters are series connected as shown in figure
5.
III. MODELLING OF MULTI CONVERTER FACTS
DEVICES
The studies of multi converter FACTS devices are carried out
from the objectives of planning and operational analysis. The
broad spectrum of the required studies is listed below with
increasing order of complexity.
1. Power flow studies
2. Dynamic stability
VZu1
Vp1
Vp2
Vr1
Vr2
+ +
+ +
j X1
j X2
VZu2
VZu3
o1 = u1 - u2 o2 = u1 - u3
1 2
3
I1
I2
|
.
|
\
|
Z =
1
1
1 1
2
|
o
I I |
.
|
\
|
Z =
2
2
2 2
2
|
o
I I
Fig.4. Representation of IPFC
Fig. 5. A Three Converter GUPFC
VSC1 VSC2
Series Series
Shunt
VSC
Akhilesh A. Nimje et al. Interline Power Flow Controller: Review Paper
553 | P a g e
3. Transient analysis neglecting harmonics
4. Detailed transient analysis considering switching action
in the converters.
The power flow studies involve the computation of
solution of non-linear algebraic equations that relate the
specifications to the system state variables. The constraints
are usually handled by modifying the specifications. For
example, limits on the reactive current/ power are handled by
changing the voltage (magnitude) specification.
The dynamic stability refers to the stability of a power
system influenced by various controllers (AVR, PSS and
network controllers including HVDC and FACTS). There are
different mechanisms of system instability.
Both power flow and dynamic stability analysis are based
on the single - phase models of the network. Since dynamic
stability analysis involves phenomena of frequency below 5
Hz, the network variables (voltage and currents) are
represented by phasors that vary slowly.
However it is essential to test the controller performance
using detailed three phase models to validate the simplified
analysis. For example, the design of AC voltage regulator for
shunt converter requires the study electromagnetic
interactions that result from the network transients. In general,
this is true for all fast acting controllers. The detailed transient
simulation considers three phase nonlinear models of all
relevant components.
For the analysis and simulation of SSR, network
transients (below third harmonic) need to be modeled by
approximate models. For example, a transmission line can be
modeled by a single t equivalent model. There is no need to
consider the switching action in the converters and the
resulting harmonics. The FACTS controllers can be modeled
using dynamic phasors or d q variables referred to a
synchronously rotating reference frame.
It would be desirable to employ a common model for all
types of studies. For multi-converter circuits, a converter can
be modeled by a variable voltage source in series with
inductive impedance as shown in figure 6. Here the voltage
source is related to the voltage across the DC capacitor based
on the converter topology and control action. For three phase
models, the voltage source is defined instantaneously and
contains harmonics. Neglecting harmonics, we can represent
the voltage by d q components (dynamic phasors) that are
determined by exact controller models.
The phasor inj V
.
is expressed differently for the shunt
and series converters. For the shunt converter,
( ). | |
1
o u + Z =
.
sh
inj V V For the series converter,
( ). | | | + Z =
.
se
inj V V
For transient or dynamic stability analysis, the converter
model shown above can be represented conveniently by
Norton equivalent that simplifies the network solution using
the admittance matrix. For power flow analysis, a shunt
converter in isolation can be modeled as synchronous
condenser with the specification of bus voltage (magnitude).
The two control variables |V
sh
| and o are calculated from the
specified voltage magnitude and the constraint equation that
relates the power drawn to the losses in the converter. For the
series converter, the specification in the line power flow (P)
and the constraint is the power supplied by the series
converter which may be assumed as zero. For the coupled
converters such as UPFC, the four control variables, |V
sh
|,
|V
se
|, o and can be computed from the three specified
variables, (say V
1
, P
2
, Q
2
) and the constraint that relates the
power balance in the DC circuit.
IV. APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS
The concept and basic operating principles of the IPFC
are explained in this paper. In practical applications the IPFC
would, in general, have to manage the power flow control of a
complex, multi-line system in which the length, voltage, and
capacity of the individual lines could widely differ. One of the
attractive features of the IPFC is that, although it may pose
engineering challenges particularly in the area of control, it is
inherently flexible to accommodate complex systems and diverse
operating requirements. A few relevant points to consider are briefly
mentioned below.
(1) The IPFC is particularly advantageous when controlled
series compensation or other series power flow control
(e.g., phase shifting) is contemplated. This is because the
IPFC simply combines the otherwise independent series
compensators (SSSCs), without any significant hardware
addition, and provides some of those with greatly
enhanced functional capability.
(2) The operating areas of the individual inverters of the
IPFC can differ significantly, depending on the voltage
and power ratings of the individual lines and on the
amount of compensation desired. It is evident that a high
power line may supply the necessary real power for a low
capacity line to optimize its power transmission, without
significantly affecting its own transmission.
(3) The IPFC is an ideal solution to balance both the real and
reactive power flow in a multi-line system.
(4) The prime inverters of the IPFC can be controlled to
provide totally different operating functions, e.g.,
independent P and Q control, phase shifting
(transmission angle regulation), transmission impedance
control, etc. These functions can be selected according to
prevailing system operating requirements.
V1Zu1
Vinj
+
V2Zu2
IZ|
Lt
Rt
Fig. 6. Model of a SVC
International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ)
Vol. 2 (2011) No. 3, pp. 550-554
ISSN 2078-2365
554
V. CONCLUSION
IPFC like other FACTS Controller contribute to the
optimal system operation by reducing the power loss and
improving the voltage profile. The IPFC is a kind of
combined compensators, which combines at least two SSSCs
via a common DC voltage link. This DC voltage link provides
the device with an active power transfer path among the
converters, which enables the IPFC to compensate multiple
transmission lines at a given substation. This is a very
attractive feature of this FACTS device.
REFERENCES
[1] Narain G. Hingorani, Laszlo Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS
Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems,
IEEE Press, Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi.
[2] K. R Padiyar, FACTS Controllers in Power Transmission and
Distribution, New Age International Publishers (formerly Wiley
Eastern Limited), New Delhi.
[3] Laszlo Gyugyi, Kalyan K. Sen, Colin D. Schauder, The Interline
Power Flow Controller Concept : A New Approach to the Power Flow
Management, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.14, no. 3, pp 1115
1123, July 1999.
[4] Kishor Porate, K. L. Thakre, G. L. Bodhe, Voltage Stability
Enhancement of Low Voltage Radial Distribution Network Using
Static VAR Compensator: A Case Study, WSEAS Transactions on
Power Systems, Issue 1, vol. 4, pp 32 41, January 2009.
[5] R. Strzelecki, G. Benysek, Interline Power Flow Controller
New Concept in Multiline Transmission Systems.