EL 114 Digital Logic Design

Instructor: Dr. Mazad S. Zaveri Faculty Block 4, Room 4206 Email: mazad_zaveri@daiict.ac.in http://intranet.daiict.ac.in/~mazad_zaveri/

Digital Logic Design

Course Material
Lecture slides, etc will be available on \\daiictpdc
Lecture
Mazad Zaveri
Winter_2012

Digital Logic Design

Course Grading Policy

Distribution:
InSem Exam-1: InSem Exam-2: Labs (attendance, performance, etc): Final Exam: Other (Quiz, Attendance, etc): TOTAL 20% 20% 30% 25% 5% 100%

Relative or absolute grading?

Depends on class performance

Digital Logic Design

EL114 Digital Logic Design

B.Tech Core Course (Semester-2) Credit Structure (LTPC): 3 - 0 - 3 - 4.5 Lecture Location: LT-2 Lecture Timings:
Tuesday: 8.30 am to 9.25 am Thursday: 8.30 am to 9.25 am Friday: 11 am to 11.55 am

Digital Logic Design

Lab Timings

Group-4: Monday (2 pm to 5* pm) Group-1: Tuesday (2 pm to 5* pm) Group-3: Wednesday (2 pm to 5* pm) Group-2: Thursday (2 pm to 5* pm)

* Some labs may continue till 6 pm

Digital Logic Design

Books
Text Books:
Digital Design, M. Morris Mano, and Michael Ciletti, 4rd Edition, Prentice Hall (Pearson) Fundamentals of Digital Logic with Verilog Design, Stephen Brown, and Zvonko Vranesic, 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill

Other:
Verilog HDL: A Guide to Digital Design and Synthesis, Samir Palnitkar, Pearson
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Requirements
Attend the lectures regularly Try out all assignments on time Complete each lab during the assigned lab time
Prepare the lab report (observations, etc) on time, and get TAs signature for every lab Attendance is compulsory in the lab

Do NOT use cell-phones during lecture and lab sessions

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Analog Versus Digital Signals

Analog signals use continuous values to represent information
For example, in electronics we can use continuous voltage, current, or charge Real-world signals are mostly analog
For example, signals from light sensor (solar cell), temperature sensor (thermometer), pressure sensors, seismic sensors, etc For example (biological system)
Light information that falls on your retina, inside the eye Auditory information going to your ear

Digital Logic Design

Analog Versus Digital Signals

Digital systems use (limited) discrete levels to represent analog information
This discretized information is represented using a combinations of 1 and 0
Also termed as binary information

Example of digital system

Digital watch Digital thermometer Digital micro-processor or computers
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Requirements for Digital System

Because most of the real-world data is analog in nature, analog-to-digital converter is required in the front-end Most systems these days, have digital components at the back-end for faster data processing

Input Signal (Analog)

A/D
Converter

binary Digital

binary D/A
Converter

System
Back-End

Output Signal (Analog)

Front-End

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Benefits of digital system

Analog signal

Digital signal

Cheap to make digital electronic circuits

Made of very tiny MOSFETs or MOS transistors, that function as an ON/OFF switch

Easier to calibrate and adjust Easy to design, implement and test Easy to interface and control with software
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Benefits of digital information/signal

More immune to signal noise Information can be restored and recovered
Voltage levels can be restored

Many digital circuits are programmable

Functionality can be changed, without any additional cost

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Number Representation
Numbers
Are used to:
Measure and Quantify data
Interpret data as information Qualitative meaning to data

To perform mathematical calculations and operations on the data To determine the relative meaning
For e.g., 5 < 7

To communicate data

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Commonly Known Number systems

Roman Numbers
I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, and M=1,000

Decimal Numbers (Radix-10 numbers)

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 What are the possible values of the digits? How are they related to the radix-10?

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Number Systems
Radix-weighted positional system
Decimal numbers: most commonly used
Uses radix 10

Binary numbers: extensively used electronics and computer systems

Uses radix 2

in

digital

Octal system
uses radix 8

Hexadecimal system
uses radix 16

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Weighted Positional Number System

The value of the number depends on the position of the digits Value of each digit depends on its position in the full number Rightmost position has the lowest corresponding value The value of number is the weighted sum of its digits Example, 123 = 1x102 + 2x101 + 3x100
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Decimal Number System

Rightmost position represents the "ones" column, the next position represents the "tens" column, the next position represents "hundreds", etc Base or radix is 10 Uses 10 numerals: 0 - 9 Decimal point allows positive and negative powers of 10 521.45 = 5x102 + 2x101 +1x100 + 4x10-1 + 5x10-2 Formal notation: (521.45)10

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Radix-r Number System

Any integer 2 can serve as the radix-r or base-r Digit position i has weight ri In general, a number expressed in radix-r system has coefficient multiplied by power of r

an rn + an-1 rn-1 + + a1 r1 + a0 r0 + a-1 r-1 + a-2 r-2 + + a-m r-m

Coefficients ai range in the value from 0 to r-1 n digits to the left of the point and m digit to the right of the point

Number of different bases are represented as (coefficients)radix.

Ex. (3014)5, (201.3)5, (BF65C)16 etc.

A number (471)5 is not a valid number as ai for radix-5 is 0,1,2,3 and 4 Leading zeros have no values

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(Radix-2) Binary Number system

Uses 2 as its radix Uses two numerals: 0 and 1
Called binary digits

Bit: binary digit - a single binary digit Example of non-fractional binary number
(N)2 = (10110110)2

Example of Fractional binary number

(M)2 = (110.10)2

LSB/LSD: Least significant bit (digit) : the right most bit MSB/MSD: Most significant bit (digit): the left most non-zero bit

MSD

10110110.101
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Binary to Decimal
(N)2 = (10110110)2
Its decimal equivalent is: (N)2 = 1x27 + 0x26 + 1x25 + 1x24 + 0x23 + 1x22 + 1x21 + 0x20 = 128 +0 +32 +16 +0 +4 +2 + 0 = (182)10 : (10110110)2 = (182)10

Ex: (101101.101)2
= 1x25 + 0x24 + 1x23 + 1x22 + 0x21+ 1x20 + 1x2-1 + 0x2-2 + 1x2-3 = 32 + 0 +8 +4 +0 +1 +0.5 + 0 + 0.125 = (45.625)10
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